This presentation focuses on the losses caused due to shortcoming in irrigation facilities and way out

1. Institute Of Agricultural Sciences—f"k foKku
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Rural Awareness Work Experience
EXT-411
Course Instructors:
Prof. O. P. Mishra
Proof. B. Jirli
Presented By:
Anandwardhan(14018)

2. Doubling The Farmers’
Income

9. Rainfed Agriculture
• 55% of net-sown area of India & 82% of the world is
rainfed.
• Rainfed area support 40% of population, 66% livestock
and contribute 40% to the food production.
• About 87% area of pulses and minor millets, 77% oil
seeds, 66% cotton & 50% cereals are rain dependent.
• 100% of forest and grazing lands, 80% of apples,
mangoes and temperate fruits are un-irrigated.
• Seed spices, herbals, guar gum and other special attribute
crops are unique for the rainfed area.
• Even after realizing the full irrigation potential, about 50
per cent of the cultivated area will remain rainfed. 9

10. Marginal
Farmers
Small
Farmers
Semi-
Medium
Farmers
Medium
Farmers
Large
Farmers
Total
Partially or Wholly
Unirrigated
17395 20297 22157 19750 10122 89721
Wholly Irrigated 14824 11678 11621 9692 3742 51557
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
‘000ha Chart Title

12. Yieldsand water requirements of irrigated and
rainfedagriculture

14. Socio-Economic Status

16. The Need For
More Storage

17. Indigenous
Technology &
Knowledge

18. Ahar Pynes
• Ahar Pynes are traditional floodwater
harvesting systems indigenous to South
Bihar. Ahars are reservoirs with embankments
on three sides that are built at the end of
diversion channels like pynes. Pynes are
artificial rivulets led off from rivers to collect
water in the ahars for irrigation in the dry
months. Paddy cultivation in this relatively
low rainfall area depends mostly on ahar
pynes.

19. Bawari
• Bawaris are unique stepwells that were once a
part of the ancient networks of water storage in
the cities of Rajasthan. The little rain that the
region received would be diverted to man-made
tanks through canals built on the hilly outskirts of
cities. The water would then percolate into the
ground, raising the water table and recharging a
deep and intricate network of aquifers. To
minimise water loss through evaporation, a series
of layered steps were built around the reservoirs
to narrow and deepen the wells.

20. Bhandara Phad
• Phad, a community-managed irrigation system,
probably came into existence a few centuries
ago. The system starts with a bhandhara (check
dam) built across a river, from which kalvas
(canals) branch out to carry water into the fields
in the phad (agricultural block).
Sandams (escapes outlets) ensure that the excess
water is removed from the canals by charis
(distributaries) and sarangs (field channels). The
Phad system is operated on three rivers in the
Tapi basin – Panjhra, Mosam and Aram – in the
Dhule and Nasik districts of Maharashtra.

21. Jhalara
• Jhalaras are typically rectangular-shaped
stepwells that have tiered steps on three or
four sides. These stepwells collect the
subterranean seepage of an upstream
reservoir or a lake. Jhalaras were built to
ensure easy and regular supply of water for
religious rites, royal ceremonies and
community use. The city of Jodhpur has eight
jhalaras, the oldest being the Mahamandir
Jhalara that dates back to 1660 AD.

22. Johads
• Johads, one of the oldest systems used to conserve and
recharge ground water, are small earthen check dams
that capture and store rainwater. Constructed in an
area with naturally high elevation on three sides, a
storage pit is made by excavating the area, and
excavated soil is used to create a wall on the fourth
side. Sometimes, several johads are interconnected
through deep channels, with a single outlet opening
into a river or stream nearby. This prevents structural
damage to the water pits that are also called madakas
in Karnataka and pemghara in Odisha.

23. Khadin
• Khadins are ingenious constructions designed to
harvest surface runoff water for agriculture. The
main feature of a khadin, also called dhora, is a
long earthen embankment that is built across the
hill slopes of gravelly uplands. Sluices and
spillways allow the excess water to drain off and
the water-saturated land is then used for crop
production. First designed by the Paliwal
Brahmins of Jaisalmer in the 15th century, this
system is very similar to the irrigation methods of
the people of ancient Ur (present Iraq).

24. Pat System
• The Pat system, in which the peculiarities of the
terrain are used to divert water from hill streams
into irrigation channels, was developed in the
Bhitada village in Jhabua district of Madhya
Pradesh. Diversion bunds are made across a
stream near the village by piling up stones and
then lining them with teak leaves and mud to
make them leak-proof. The Pat channel then
passes through deep ditches and stone
aqueducts that are skilfully cut info stone cliffs to
create an irrigation system that the villagers use
in turn.

25. Talab /Bandhi
• Talabs are reservoirs that store water for
household consumption and drinking
purposes. They may be natural, such as
the pokhariyan ponds at Tikamgarh in the
Bundelkhand region or man made, such as the
lakes of Udaipur. A reservoir with an area less
than five bighas is called a talai, a medium
sized lake is called a bandhi and bigger lakes
are called sagar or samand.

26. Zabo
• The Zabo (meaning ‘impounding run-off’) system
combines water conservation with forestry, agriculture
and animal care. Practised in Nagaland, Zabo is also
known as the Ruza system. Rainwater that falls on
forested hilltops is collected by channels that deposit
the run-off water in pond-like structures created on the
terraced hillsides. The channels also pass through
cattle yards, collecting the dung and urine of animals,
before ultimately meandering into paddy fields at the
foot of the hill. Ponds created in the paddy field are
then used to rear fish and foster the growth of
medicinal plants.

27. Intervention
s

30. Ashkelon Desalination Plant

31. Interlinking of
Rivers

34. Using wastewater
for irrigation

35. Soil Aquifer Treatment of Wastewater
Shafdan
Wastewater
Treatment
Plant

36. Six keys to improving irrigation
efficiency
• Reduce seepage losses in channels by lining them or
using closed conduits;
• Reduce evaporation by avoiding mid-day irrigation and
using under-canopy rather than overhead sprinkling;
• Avoid over-irrigation;
• Control weeds on inter-row strips and keep them dry;
• Plant and harvest at optimal times; and
• Irrigate frequently with just the right amount of water
to avoid crop distress.

37. Economics from 1 Acre Area of Farming System Options in Rainfed
(Under Rice Wheat cropping system)
Crop/Enterpris
es
Rice Wheat Pulses Rice +
Banana
Rice+ Fish Maize+
Potato
Season Kharif/Rainy Rabi/Winter Rabi/Winter Full Year Kharif Rabi
Traditional
Long
duration
Fine
Quality
Medium
Duration
Scented
Quality
Medium
Duration
Late Sown Timely
sown
Lentil Gram Rajmash
Situation Pre Canal Modernization
Production
In Qt,/Acre
24.0 Negligibl
e
Negligible 8.0 Negligible 3.0 2.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gross Return
(Rs.)
26800.00 14000.00 15000 12500.00
Net Return
(Rs.)
16800.00 7500.00 7000.00 4500.00
Crop/Enterpris
es
Orchard Vegetables Medicinal
Plant
Dairy Poultry Apiculture Mushroom
Season Kharif/Rainy Rabi/Winter
Mango, Jackfruits, Guava,
Lemon, Marigold,
Gladiolus/ Cut flowers
Elephant foot yam,
okra, sweet potato,
leafy vegetables,
cucurbits
Beans, tomato,
potato, Cole crop,
root crops, cucurbits,
onion, chilly
Ocimum
/Mentha/
Kalmegh
Production
In Qt,/Acre
Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Marginal Marginal Negligible Negligible
Gross Return
(Rs.)
Net Return
(Rs.)
Net Return=₹ 35,800

38. Economics from 1 Acre Area of Farming System Options with Assured Water Availability
(Under Rice Wheat cropping system)
Crop/Enterpris
es
Rice Wheat Pulses Rice +
Banana
Rice+ Fish Maize+
Potato
Season Kharif/Rainy Rabi/Winter Rabi/Winter Full Year Kharif Rabi
Traditional
Long
duration
Fine
Quality
Medium
Duration
Scented
Quality
Medium
Duration
Late Sown Timely
sown
Lentil Gram Rajmash 1000
banana /
Acre
Cv G-9
4000
Fingerlings/
Acre
Production
In Qt,/Acre
24.0 20.0 18.0 8.0 18.0 4.0 3.5 6.00 16.0+ 1000
x40 kg
24.0+ Rice
10.0 Fish
40.0 maize
+ 50.0
potato
Gross Return
(Rs.)
26800.00 50000.00 63000.00 14000.00 27000.00 20000.00 17500.00 36000.00 167200.00 206800.00 76000.00
Net Return
(Rs.)
16800.00 38000.00 49000.00 7500.00 19000.00 12000.00 9500.00 26000.00 107200.00 150800.00 46000.00
Crop/Enterpris
es
Orchard Vegetables Medicinal
Plant
Dairy Poultry Apiculture Mushroom
Season Kharif/Rainy Rabi/Winter Summer Full Year Full Year Full Year Rabi/Winter
Mango, Jackfruits, Guava,
Lemon, Marigold,
Gladiolus/ Cut flowers
( After one or more Year)
Elephant foot yam,
okra, sweet potato,
leafy vegetables,
cucurbits
Beans, tomato,
potato, Cole crop,
root crops, cucurbits,
onion, chilly
Ocimum
/Mentha
4 Animals 1000/
5000 Birds
and 6
cycles
20
colony/boxe
s
300 Bag
3 Cycles
Production
In Qt,/Acre
From125 Plan @ 50
Kg/Plant Total 62.50 Qt
100.00 (approx) 110.00(approx) 32.00 60.00 18.0 Or
95.0/Cycle
10.0/Annual 4.4 Qt/Cycle
Gross Return
(Rs.)
135000.00 from mango
150000.00 from cut flowers
80000.00 88000.00 32000.00 150000.00+
4 Calves
126000.00
or
595000.00
200000.00 44000.00
Net Return
(Rs.)
75000.00
90000.00
55000.00 58000.00 22000.00 70000.00 70000.00o
r
371000.00
110000.00 24000.00/
Cycle
Net Return=Starts from ₹ 79,000

39. Conclusion
Increasing the water availability to agriculture will not
only increase the income of the farm household, but will
significantly add to the standard of living and thus help in
the social upliftment of farming community, particularly
the small and marginal ones.
Furthermore, it will also ensure the water security in India
and help manage the health and sanitation related
problems.
Also, the environmental impact will add to the well-being
of the entire society as it will reduce water pollution and
encourages recycling of resources, hence reducing the
burden on natural resources.

40. Thank You