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NAME: ANIKESH ANAND
TOPIC: POLLUTION

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INDEX
SL. No. PARTICULARS PAGE
No.
1. Introduction 4
2. Water Pollution 5
3. Sources, Effects & Control measures of Water pollution 5-6
4. Air pollution 7
5. Types of sources & Types of Air pollutants 7-8
6. Causes and Effects of Air pollution 9
7. Air pollution Control 9
8. Noise Pollution 10
9. Causes & Sources of noise pollution 11
10. Effects of noise pollution on human health 12
12. Prevention of noise pollution 12
13. Soil Pollution 13
14. Effects & Controls of soil pollution 14
15. Conclusion 15
16. Acknowledgement 16
17. Bibliography 17

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TOPIC
TOPIC
P O L L U T I O N

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INTRODUCTION
POLLUTION
• Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into
the environment. These harmful materials are called
pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic
ash. They can also be created by human activity, such
as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants
damage the quality of air, water, and land.
• Pollution is a global problem. Although urban areas
are usually more polluted than the countryside,
pollution can spread to remote places where no
people live.
TYPES OF POLLUTION
I. Water Pollution
II. Air Pollution
III. Noise Pollution
IV. Soil Pollution

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WATER POLLUTION
I. WATER POLLUTION
Water Pollution can be defined as the contamination of water
bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, and
aquifers get contaminated with industrial and agricultural
effluents.
When water gets polluted, it adversely affects all life forms that
directly or indirectly depend on this source. The effects of
water contamination can be felt for years to come.
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
The key causatives of water pollution in India are:
• Urbanization
• Deforestation
• Industrial effluents
• Social and Religious Practices
• Use of Detergents and Fertilizers
• Agricultural run-offs- Use of insecticides and pesticides

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EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
The effect of water pollution depends upon the type of pollutants and its concentration. Also, the
location of water bodies is an important factor to determine the levels of pollution.
• Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of
dumping garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments.
• The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food-chain. Cadmium and lead
are some toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering the food chain through animals
(fish when consumed by animals, humans) can continue to disrupt at higher levels.
• Humans are affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through faecal
matter in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water can always cause an
outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera, etc.
• The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and destructured because of water
pollution.
CONTROL MEASURES OF WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution, to a larger extent, can be controlled by a variety of methods. Rather than releasing
sewage waste into water bodies, it is better to treat them before discharge. Practicing this can
reduce the initial toxicity and the remaining substances can be degraded and rendered harmless
by the water body itself. If the secondary treatment of water has been carried out, then this can be
reused in sanitary systems and agricultural fields.
A very special plant, the Water Hyacinth can absorb dissolved toxic chemicals such as cadmium
and other such elements. Establishing these in regions prone to such kinds of pollutants will reduce
the adverse effects to a large extent.
Some chemical methods that help in the control of water pollution are precipitation, the ion
exchange process, reverse osmosis, and coagulation. As an individual, reusing, reducing, and
recycling wherever possible will advance a long way in overcoming the effects of water pollution.

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II. AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical, or biological
change in the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful
gases, dust and smoke which affects plants, animals, and
humans drastically.
There is a certain percentage of gases present in the
atmosphere. An increase or decrease in the composition
of these gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in
the gaseous composition has resulted in an increase in
earth’s temperature, which is known as global warming.
TYPES OF SOURCES
There are four main types of air pollution sources:
• Mobile Sources – Such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and
trains
• Stationery Sources – Such as power plants, oil refineries,
industrial facilities, and factories
• Area Sources – Such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood
burning fireplaces.
• Natural Sources – Such as wind-blown dust, wildfires, and
volcanoes.
AIR POLLUTION

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Air pollution is one of the leading risk factors for death. In low-income countries it tops the list. In
2017, it was responsible for an estimated 5 million deaths globally. That means it contributed to 9%
- nearly 1-in-10 – deaths.
Air Pollution contributes to 9% of deaths globally – this varies from 2%
to 15% by country.
Globally, air pollution contributed to 9% of deaths in 2017.
In the map shown here we see the share of deaths attributed to air pollution across the world. In
2017, this ranged from a low of 2% across high- income countries, to close to 15% across many
countries in South and East Asia.
In India, 1.7 million deaths were attributable to air pollution in 2019, which was 18% of the total
deaths in the country, while the economic loss due to the lost output from premature deaths and
morbidity from air pollution was 1.4% of the GDP in India during this time, which is equivalent to
Rs2,60,000 crore ($36.8 billion). This is as per a scientific paper titled ‘Health and economic impact
of air pollution in the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019’.
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
There are two types of air pollutants:
• Primary Pollutants – The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as primary
pollutants. Sulphur-dioxide emitted from factories is a primary pollutant.
• Secondary Pollutants – The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of primary
pollutants are known as secondary pollutants. Smog, formed by the intermingling of smoke
and fog, is a secondary pollutant.

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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
Following are the important causes of air pollution:
• Burning of Fossil Fuels – The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulfur
dioxide. Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in
air pollution.
• Automobiles – The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc.
pollute the environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result
in diseases among individuals.
• Agricultural Activities – Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during
agricultural activities. The insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful chemicals in
the atmosphere and contaminate it.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
The hazardous effects of air pollution on the environment include:
• Diseases – Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart diseases
among humans. The cases of lung cancer have increased in the last few decades. Children
living near polluted areas are more prone to pneumonia and asthma. Many people die every
year due to the direct or indirect effects of air pollution.
• Effect on Animals – The air pollutants suspend on the water bodies and affect the aquatic
life. Pollution also compels the animal to leave their habitat and shift to a new place. This
renders them stray and has also led to the extinction of a large number of animal species.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Following are the measures one should adopt, to control air pollution:
• Avoid Using Vehicles – People should avoid using vehicles for shorter distances. Rather,
they should prefer public modes of transport to travel from one place to another. This not
only prevents pollution, but also conserves energy.
• Energy Conservation – A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity.
Therefore, do not forget to switch off the electrical appliances when not in use. Thus, you
can save the environment at the individual level. Use of energy-efficient devices such CFLs
also controls pollution to a greater level.
• Use of Clean Energy Resources – The use of solar, wind and geothermal energies reduce
air pollution at a larger level. Various countries, including India, have implemented the use of
these resources as a step towards a cleaner environment.

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NOISE POLLUTION
III. NOISE POLLUTION
The word noise is derived from a Latin word ‘Nausea’ which
means sickness in which one feels the need to vomit. Noise is
the unpleasant and undesirable sound which leads to
discomfort in human beings. The intensity of sound is
measured in decibels (dB).
The faintest sound which can be heard by the human ear is 1 Db.
Due to increasing noise around the civilizations, noise pollution as
become a matter of concern. Some of its major causes are vehicles,
aircraft, industrial machines, loudspeakers, crackers, etc. some other
appliances also contribute to noise pollution like television, transistor,
radio, etc. when used at high volume.

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TYPES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Following are the three types of pollution:
• Transport Noise – It mainly consists of traffic noise which has increased in recent years with
the increase in the number of vehicles. The increase in noise pollution leads to defeaning of
older people, headache, hypertension, etc.
• Neighbourhood Noise – The noise from gadgets, household utensils, etc. Some of the main
sources are musical instruments, transistors, loudspeakers, etc.
• Industrial Noise – It is high-intensity sound which is caused by heavy industrial machines.
According to many researches, industrial noise pollution damages the hearing ability to
around 20%.
CAUSES AND SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Following are the causes and sources of noise pollution:
• Industrialisation – Industrialisation has led to an increase in noise pollution as the use of
heavy machinery such as generators, mills, huge exhaust fans are used, resulting in the
production of unwanted noise.
• Vehicles – Increased number of vehicles on the roads are the second reason for noise
pollution.
• Events – Weddings, public gatherings involve loudspeakers to play music resulting in the
production of unwanted noise in the neighbourhood.
• Construction sites – Mining, construction of buildings, etc add to the noise pollution.

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EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH
Noise pollution can be hazardous to human health in the following ways:
• Hypertension – It is a direct result of noise pollution which is caused due to elevated blood
levels for a longer duration.
• Hearing Loss – Constant ecposure of human ears to loud noise that are beyond the range of
sound that human ears can withstand damages the eardrums, resulting in loss of hearing.
• Sleeping disorders – Lack of sleep might result in fatigue and low energy level throughout
the day affecting everyday activities. Noise pollution hampers the sleep cycles leading to
irritation and an uncomfortable state of mind.
• Cardiovascular issues – Heart-related problems such as blood pressure level, stress and
cardiovascular diseases might come up in a normal person and a person suffering from any
of these diseases might feel a sudden shoot up in the level.
PREVENTION OF NOISE POLLUTION
Some noise pollution preventive measures are provided in the points below:
• Honking in public places like teaching institutes, hospital, etc. should be banned.
• In commercial,hospital, and industrial buildings, adequate soundproof systems should be
installed.
• Musical instruments sound should be controlled to desirable limits.
• Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution prevention.
• Explosives should be not used in forest, mountainous and mining areas.

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EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS
SOIL POLLUTION
IV. SOIL POLLUTION
Soil Pollution refers to the contamination of soil with
anomalous concentrations of toxic substances. It is a
serious environmental concern since it harbors many
health hazards. For example, exposure to soil
containing high concentrations of benzene increases
the risk of contracting Leukemia.
It is important to understand that all soils contain
compounds that are harmful/toxic to human beings and
other living organisms. However, the concentration of such
substances in unpolluted soil is low enough that they do not
pose any threat to the surrounding ecosystem. When the
concentration of one or more such toxic substances is high
enough to cause damage to living organisms, the soil is
said to be contaminated.
The root cause of soil pollution is one of the following:
• Agriculture (excessive/improper use of pesticides)
• Excessive industrial activity
• Poor management or inefficient disposal of waste.

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EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS
Soil contaminants can exist in all three phases (solid, liquid, and gaseous). Therefore, these
contaminants can find their way into the human body via several channels such as direct contact
with the skin or through the inhalation of contaminated soil dust.
The short-term effects of human exposure to polluted soil include:
• Headaches, nausea, and vomiting.
• Coughing, pain in the chest, and wheezing.
A variety of long-term ailments have been linked to soil pollution. Some such Diseases are listed
below:
• Exposure to high levels of lead can result in permanent damage to the nervous system.
Children are particularly vulnerable to lead.
• Depression of the CNS (Central Nervous System).
EFFECTS ON PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Since soil pollution is often accompanied by a decrease in the availability of nutrients, plant life
ceases to thrive in such soils. Soils contaminated with inorganic aluminium can provide toxic to
plants. Also, this type of pollution often increases the salinity of the soil, making inhospitable for the
growth of plant life.
CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION
Several technologies have been developed to tackle soil remediation. Some important strategies
followed for the decontamination of polluted soil are listed below:
• Excavation and subsequent transportation of polluted soils to remote, uninhabited locations.
• Extraction of pollutants via thermal remediation – the temperature is raised in order to force
the contaminants into the vapour phase, after which they can be collected through vapour
extraction.

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CONCLUSION
• Environmental Pollution is causing a lot of distress not only human but also animals, driving
many animal species to endangerment and even extinction.
• The transboundary nature of environmental pollution makes it even more difficult to manage
it – you cannot build brick walls along the borders of your country or put customs cabins at
every point of entry to regulate its flows into your country.
• Everything on our planet is interconnected, and while the nature supplies us with valuable
environmental service without which we can exist, we all depend on each others actions and
the way we treat natural resources.
• It is widely recognized that we are hugely overspending our current budget of natural
resources – at the existing rates of its exploitation, there is no way for the environment to
recover in good time and continue “performing” well in the future.
• Perhaps we should adopt a holistic view of nature – it is not an entity that exists separately
from us; the nature is us; we are an inalienable part of it, and we should care for it in the
most appropriate manner. Only then can we possibly solve the problem of environmental
pollution.
• It is the responsibility of everyone to protect our environment. Let us fulfil our responsibility
in creating a quality ecological environment and sharing wonderful green living together.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would like to thank my ENVS teacher Miss Urvi Shukla whose valuable guidance her
suggestions and her instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the
project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped a lot.
Anikesh Anand
B.Com (Hons.) Sem II

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Data collected from:
• Environmental Studies Book, by Anubha Kaushik and C P Kaushik
• World Health Organization (1992), Our planet, and our health: Report of the WHO
commission on Health and Environment, Geneva
• https://ourworldindata.org/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
• https://www.nationalgeographic.org/
• https://byjus.com/biology/types-of-pollution/