Climatology

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SHORT NOTES ON
CLIMATOLOGY

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Scientific study of climate is called climatology.
 The purpose of studying climatology is to achieve
maximum human comfort both indoor as well as
outdoors by utilizing maximum natural energy and
resources.
 The earth receives almost all its thermal energy
from sun in the form of radiations and sun’s rays is
the most dominating factor.
 Heat received at a given point on earth depends on
angle of incidence, atmospheric conditions (haze,
clear sky), length of the day.

Hot and Dry Climate
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 Areas which have a hot and dry climate are usually
desert areas.
 In areas with hot and dry climate we should build
houses with high ceilings.
 We should have closely placed buildings with
narrow lanes.
 We should use stone for the exteriors as well as for
the flooring as it is a thermally insulating material.

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 Windows should be very small and high up on the
wall.
 If we have big windows we should have wooden
shutters.

Hot and Humid Climate
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 In areas which have a hot and humid climate we
should use timber or locally grown palm as a
material for building houses.
 The houses should be built on stilts.
 The roof of the house should be sloping.
 We can have steps reaching the water.
 We should have broad eaves.

Warm Humid
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 Areas which have a warm humid climate, continuous
ventilation is the primary requirement for comfort.
 The temperature is generally moderate but due to
predominance of humidity the conditions are sweaty.
 The planning of houses should be open in nature.
 Clustering of houses should be avoided.

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 Sufficient free open space should be left around the
building for circulation of air.
 Outdoor spaces should have a shade.

Composite Climate
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 Areas having a composite climate have extreme
heat as well as cold. Example- Delhi.
 A small enclosed deck on the northern side of the
building can be used in summers as well as
winters.
 Deciduous trees, creepers and vines will provide
shade when needed and will also allow the sun rays
to penetrate inside in the cool season when they
lose their foliage.

Influence of Building shape on Wind Pattern
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 Every building creates a wind protected area and
will deflect the wind direction. This is called the
wind shade
 This is also important for the neighboring
buildings.
 Wider the building larger is the wind shade.
Wind Shade

Orientation of the Roof
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 To keep the roof cool, it should be sloped towards the
prevailing breeze and any obstruction which would
prevent the wind flow along the roof should be
avoided.

Thermal Environment of a Building
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 Shape of a building. Example: Igloo
 Fenestration (size, position and orientation of a
building)
 Solar control (insulation + thermal storage)
 Ventilation

Directions
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 South orientation
 East orientation
 South-east orientation
 South-west orientation
 West orientation
 North orientation

South Orientation
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 Sunlight will occur from late morning to early
afternoon.
 In summers the sun will appear high up in the sky
and in winters it will appear low.
 South orientation is best to obtain maximum
sunlight during the day.
 The hot summer sun can be easily controlled by
properly designed overhangs and the low angle of
the sun during the winter month will enable the
rays to penetrate deep within the room.

East Orientation
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 Sunlight will occur only during the morning hours.
 During the summer months as the sun rises in the
east, the early morning hours will have sunlight.
 The heat will not be generally intense.
 During the winter months, the sun will rise more
towards the south-east, thus providing a short period
of sunlight.

South-East Orientation
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 Sunlight will occur from early morning to late
morning or possibly till noon.
 At mid morning, the sun will be reasonably high in
the sky and will provide moderately intense sunlight.

South-West Orientation
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 Sunlight occurs from early afternoon to late
afternoon.
 Sun will be reasonably high in the sky and the sun
rays will be much more intense than the morning
sun.
 We should have thicker walls, small windows, non
utility rooms like toilets, store, dressing room,
overhead tanks.

West Orientation
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 Sunlight will be present from mid afternoon to late
afternoon.
 During summer months the west sun is very intense.

North Orientation
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There is no direct sunlight in the north direction.

Bedroom
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 The best direction for a bedroom is south-east.
 The bedroom can also be in the east direction.

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 North-east direction is an alternate choice.
 West direction should be avoided as the room will
get heated up during late afternoons and evenings

Living Room
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 It should be in the south-east, south-west or in the
west direction.

Dining Room
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 If it is in the east direction, there will be sunlight
during breakfast.
 If it is in the south-west or west direction one can
see the sunset and the room will have sunlight
during the evening.

Kitchen
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 It can be in the east direction.
 It can also be in the south, south-east, south west
direction.

Multipurpose Area
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 It can be in the south, south-east, south-west
direction.

Points To Remember
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 North-East should have underground tanks.
 South-East should have the kitchen.
 21st March and 23rd September are two equinox days.
 Tilt of the Earth’s axis is 23o.

Climatology

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