SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  53
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Gangguan Irama
Kelancaran
Anisyah Dewi Syah Fitri,M.Pd.
Overview
▪ Definition
▪Core
PENDAHULUAN :
Manusia terdiri dari 3 aspek:
1.Biologis
2.Psikologis
3. Sosial
normal :harus ada keseimbangan
disequiblibrium: ketidakseimbangan salah satu
dari 3 aspek tersebut.
Bila berlarut- larut dan lama maka akan terjadi
gangguan psikologis yang berat
Bila berlarut- larut dan lama maka
akan terjadi gangguan psikologis
yang berat dan menetap, sehingga
dapat menyebabkan gangguan.
Salah satunya adalah
gangguan/hambatan dalam
berkomunikasi secara verbal.
Kegagapan / Stuttering : salah satu
gangguan komunikasi verbal.
Seseorang yang mengalami
Stuttering akan mengalami
perpanjangan dan pengulangan
apabila berkata.
Hal ini akan menarik perhatian
orang lain
DEFINISI STUTTERING:
banyak sekali dan belum ada
keseragaman
“suatu kelainan bicara yg menarik
perhatian sebab menyimpang dari
kebiasaan yg lazim digunakan oleh
pemakai maupun pendengar”
Bicara seorang stuttering tidak
terganggu pada bunyi- bunyi yang
tunggal melainkan pd saat bunyi-
bunyi tersebut dirangkaikan.
[Frosschels 1913]
Wingate (1964):
➢Disruption in fluency of verbal expression .
➢Characterized by involuntary audible or silent
repetitions or prolongations in the utterances of short
speech elements namely sound syllables.
➢These disruptions usually occur frequently or
are marked in character .
➢Are not readily controllable.
➢Van Riper (1982) defines “Stuttering” as a
deviation in the ongoing fluency of speech, an
inability to maintain the connected rhythm of
speech” .
Terhentinya kelancaran expresi verbal
yang ditandai oleh adanya pengulangan
dan perpanjangan yang tidak disengaja,
kadang- kadang tidak terjadi. Di dalam
ujaran- ujaran yang pendek spt bunyi,
suku kata yang terdiri dari satu suku kata.
[Wigate 1964]
Brutten dan Shoemaker, 1967 :
Stuttering adalah kegagapan dalam
kelancaran bicara yang disebabkan
oleh conditioning emosi negatif.
Karena terputus- putusnya irama
bicara yg normal yang disebabkan
adanya perpanjangan, pengulangan
atau terhentinya bicara.
[Michael L. E Espir dan F. Clifford
Rose 1976]
Tingkah laku pengucapan kata
yang berlainan disebabkan tidak
tepatnya waktu dari pola gerak
diikuti suatu reaksi dari
pembicara.
[Charles Van Riper 1982]
World Health Organization (2000)
A communication disorder occurs when a
person’s communication performance frequently
fails to accomplish necessary social functions or
the manner in which the person communicates
is viewed negatively by either the speaker or the
audience.
Guitar (2006)



Stuttering is characterized by an abnormally high
frequency of stoppages in fluency.
a) Part word repetitions
b) Sound prolongations
c) Blocks
People who stutter are usually aware of their
stuttering and are often embarrassed by it and use a
high amount of mental and physical effort to speak.
Children may not be aware- but may show signs of
physical and mental effort.
Six Major Dimensions- Yairi and
Seery (2011)
● Overt characteristics
● Physical concomitants/secondary behaviors
● Muscular activity
● Affective features
● Cognitive processes
● Social Dynamics
What
isstuttering exactly?

"Stuttering is a communication disorder characterized by excessive
involuntary disruptionsin thesmooth and rhythmic flow of speech,
particularly when such disruptions consist of repetitionsor
prolongations of asoundor syllable, and when they are accompanied
by emotions such asfear and anxiety,
and behaviorssuch asavoidanceand struggle." (Hood)
Gagap adalah gangguan komunikasi yang
ditandai dengan gangguan berlebihan yang
tidak disengaja dalam aliran bicara yang
berirama halus, terutama ketika gangguan
tersebut terdiri dari pengulangan atau
perpanjangan suku kata, dan ketika disertai
dengan emosi seperti ketakutan dan
kecemasan, dan perilaku seperti menghindari
dan berjuang.(Hood)
Stuttering merupakan kelainan
IRAMA.
APA ITU IRAMA ???
IRAMA :
UCAPAN BUNYI BAHASA TURUN
NAIK , PANJANG PENDEK DAN
KERAS LUNAK YG SEJALAN DG
GERAK JIWA ORANG YG
MENGUCAPKANNYA.
[ST TAKDIR ALISYAHBANA]
IRAMA Merupakan GAMBARAN GERAK
JIWA ORANG YG MENGUCAPKANNYA.
Jadi Irama Tidak Bisa Dipelajari Dengan
Memperkirakan Keadaan Atau Kehidupan
Emosi, Tetapi Harus Dimulai Dengan
Kehidupan Suasana Hati Yang
Sesungguhnya
Suasana Yang Berperan Pada Saat Itu.
Jadi Kita Tidak Bs Melatih Hanya Bentuk
Bahasanya Saja, Ttp Perlu
Memperhitungkan Situasi Mengapa
Demikian.
MENGAPA ???
KARENA IRAMA ADALAH
PERPADUAN ANTARA : TEKANAN,
NADA DAN SENDI Sendi YG DITATA
OLEH KEHIDUPAN PIKIRAN DAN
PERASAAN.
Pikiran Dan Perasaan Tidak Bisa
Diatur Oleh Orang Lain.
STUTTERING JUGA MERUPAKAN
STIMULASI TERTENTU DARI
LINGKUNGANNYA
Sebab timbulnya gejala tidak penting,
tiap hati kita dihadapkan pada suatu
kenyataan bahwa penderita yang
mengelola kelainan tersebut. Tiap
kasus mempunyai penyebab
tersendiri, sehingga yang penting
adalah mencegah untuk menghindari
penutupan [blocking] bicaranya
.[CHARLES]
MENURUT WENDEL JOHNSON
[AMERIKA] :
GAGAP TDK DIMULAI DIMULUT
PEMBICARA, TTP DI KUPING
PENDENGAR.
HUB DG KEKIDALAN, BL DIPAKSA
KANAN AKAN GAGAP, MAKA TDK
DIPAKSAKAN TANGAN KANAN
GEJALA- GEJALA GAGAP :
TITIK BERAT KEGAGAPAN ADALAH PSIKIS.
TAKUT AKAN KEGAGALAN
RASA MINDER SanGaT BERPENGARUH
TERJADI NEUROSA, KETAKUTAN & HARAPAN
YG BERLEBIHAN (FREUD)
HARAP CEMAS TAKUT GAGAL, JUSTRU GAGAL.
GANGGUAN PSIKIS MEMPUNYAI BANYAK
KELAINAN PENYERTA :
1.GANGGUAN PERNAFASAN
2.SUARA
3.ARTIKULASI
4.GERAKAN PENYERTA
5.MENGHINDARI BUNYI-BUNYI YG SULIT.
PERNAFASAN :
DANGKAL, SELAMA BICARA LEBIH BANYAK
KELAINAN YG TIMBUL SPT MELEPAS SEBAGIAN
BESAR UDARA SEBELUM MULAI BICARA.
MUNGKIN TERJADI , CELAH SUARA TERLALU
KECIL SHG PENGAMBILAN NAFAS BUNYI.
GANGGUAN SUARA:
GANGGUAN PERNAFASAN & SUARA SRG
SALING MENYERTAI.
SERING SERAK, KRN KURANG MENGUASAI
OTOT- OTOT PITA SUARA.
GANGGUAN ARTIKULASI:
TERJADI GERAKAN- GERAKAN SPT KEJANG
DARI OTOT BIBIR, RAHANG, LIDAH & LANGIT-
LANGIT.
YG PALING SULIT UNTUK DIUCAPKAN :
KONSONAN TAJAM & HURUF HIDUP PD
PERMULAAN KATA.
GERAKAN- GERAKAN PENYERTA :
ADALAH OTOT- OTOT MUKA ATAU KELOMPOK
OTOT- OTOT BADAN YG TERJADI WKT
BERBICARA DG TUJUAN MELANCARKAN
ARTIKULASI.
GERAKAN ANEH, TANPA TUJUAN SBG
PERSIAPAN BICARA [KEDIPKAN MATA, KAKI KE
LANTAI]
MENGHINDARI BUNYI- BUNYI YG SULIT :
BIASANYA YG SDH LAMA GAGAP, SHG TAHU
APA YG SULIT & SDH BIASA
MENGHINDARINYA.
KATA- KATA YG SULIT DIGANTI SINONIMNYA.
HAMBATAN PENDERITA GAGAP DIPENGARUHI
SEKALI OLEH CARA BICARA & SITUASI/
LINGKUNGANNYA.
MENYANYI, BISIK- BISIK & BICARA SUARA
MONOTON : TDK GAGAP
BICARA SPONTAN, CARA NORMAL
MENGUNGKAPKAN PIKIRANNYA MENYULITKA
MEREKA.
BACA PUISI,DEKLAMASI, & MAIN SANDIWARA,
LEBIH MUDAH.
PENGULANGAN :
TERJADI PENGULANGAN KATA- KATA UNTUK
MENGHINDARI JEDDAH DG KATA
SELANJUTNYA.
MULDER, ROORDA DKK:
70.000 ANAK SEKOLAH.
LAKI : WANITA = 4 : 1.
66% MULAI GAGAP SBL SEKOLAH
64% TERBIASA DG GAGAPNYA
ANAK YG BODOH, SAMA BANYAK DG YG
NORMAL.
ANAK LEMAH INGATAN : 3 KALI LEBIH BANYAK
PENDERITA GAGAP DARI PADA YG NORMAL.
Secondary Behaviors- A key piece
of the complex disorder
● People who stutter usually feel a loss of control
when they stutter.
● The person who stutters will develop a whole
group of secondary behaviors to cope with the
problem.
● Also known as concomitant or reactive
behaviors.
Escape Behaviors
● Loss of eye contact.
● Jerking or abnormal movements of the head.
● Blinking of the eyes, wrinkling of the forehead,
distortions of the mouth and quivering of the nostrils.
● Abnormal variations in speaking rate, the loudness
and/or pitch of the voice.
● Flushing, pallor, or perspiration.
● Autonomic arousal.
● A feeling of tension.
Avoidance Behaviors
● Behaviors that allow individuals to avoid the
moment of stuttering.
● Will be used as the person anticipates their
difficulty.
● Anticipates, then inserts a behavior to avoid
stuttering.
● Not talking, interjections, circumlocutions, and other
types of behaviors.
Avoidance and Escape Behaviors
● A learned part of the condition.
● Rewarding at first and a large part of the problem
later.
● Will often be a major part of therapy for individuals
who have a more chronic form of the disorder.
Emotions and Attitudes-Another
piece of this complex disorder
● Feelings are created by stuttering, the opposite is
also true.
● Can make the process of speaking much more
difficult.
● Emotional reactions will develop along with
stuttering.
● People will also develop negative communication
attitudes.
Negative Emotions & Attitudes
● Shame
● Fear
● Guilt
● Lower self-esteem
● Negative attitudes towards speaking
● Negative attitudes towards others
CDIS- World Health Organization
● Limitations in Body Functions- Impairment
– Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or
anatomical structure or function.
● Activity Limitations- Disability
– Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in
the manner or within the range considered normal for a
human being.
● Participation Restriction- Handicap
– A disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an
impairment or a disability, that limits or prevents the
fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual.
Anticipation and Adaptation
● People who stutter are able to anticipate
and/or predict when they will stutter.
–
–
Not only in individual words, but situations.
Often leads to avoidances.
● People seem to adapt to their stuttering.
–
–
Less stuttering over subsequent passages.
Also may adapt in certain situations.
Situations That Reduce Stuttering/Increase
Fluency
● Acknowledging or not avoiding stuttering or
trying to stutter.
● Speaking in chorus.
● Playing a role.
● Suggestion/hypnosis.
Factors That Increase
Stuttering/Decrease Fluency
● Speaking on the
phone
● Saying his/her name.
● Speaking to an
authority figure.
● Speaking to a large
audience.
● Telling a joke.
● Waiting to speak.
● Repeating a
message or asking
for clarification.
● Trying not to stutter
or trying to hide it.
● Experiencing
emotional arousal.
Famous People Who Stutter
Shaquille O’Neal
Scientist Isaac Newton
President
Theodore Roosevelt
Actress
Emily Blunt
Golfer Tiger Woods VP Joe Biden
Newscaster
John Stossel
They All Have
Something in Common
Julia Roberts
James Earl Jones
“God’s gift to me
was my stuttering.
Time and time
again, my parents
taught me that
being different is
no barrier to
success.”
“I took my struggles with speech as a
sign from God that communication
would play a major part in my life.”
Role of the Speech-Language
Pathologist
● Counselor
● Educator
● Mechanic
References
Thank you for listening!
Have a blessed day!

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Introduction to Stuttering
Introduction to StutteringIntroduction to Stuttering
Introduction to Stutteringsahughes
 
Dimensions of fluency final
Dimensions of fluency finalDimensions of fluency final
Dimensions of fluency finalMSSumantra
 
Stuttering and stammering
Stuttering and stammeringStuttering and stammering
Stuttering and stammeringmishramanali
 
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stuttering
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and StutteringUnit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stuttering
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stutteringsahughes
 
What is Developmental Language Disorder
What is Developmental Language DisorderWhat is Developmental Language Disorder
What is Developmental Language DisorderDorothy Bishop
 
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explained
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explainedDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explained
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explainedRADLD
 
BIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel Sagrim
BIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel SagrimBIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel Sagrim
BIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel Sagrimdr. Rachel Sagrim
 
Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)
Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)
Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)Lautan Jiwa
 
Diksi dan gaya bahasa
Diksi dan gaya bahasaDiksi dan gaya bahasa
Diksi dan gaya bahasaOki16
 

Tendances (20)

Tunawicara
TunawicaraTunawicara
Tunawicara
 
Introduction to Stuttering
Introduction to StutteringIntroduction to Stuttering
Introduction to Stuttering
 
Intervensi bahasa pada ASD.pdf
Intervensi bahasa pada ASD.pdfIntervensi bahasa pada ASD.pdf
Intervensi bahasa pada ASD.pdf
 
Dimensions of fluency final
Dimensions of fluency finalDimensions of fluency final
Dimensions of fluency final
 
Stuttering and stammering
Stuttering and stammeringStuttering and stammering
Stuttering and stammering
 
RPS Anatomi Fisiologi D III 2022.pdf
RPS Anatomi Fisiologi D III 2022.pdfRPS Anatomi Fisiologi D III 2022.pdf
RPS Anatomi Fisiologi D III 2022.pdf
 
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stuttering
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and StutteringUnit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stuttering
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stuttering
 
What is Developmental Language Disorder
What is Developmental Language DisorderWhat is Developmental Language Disorder
What is Developmental Language Disorder
 
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explained
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explainedDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explained
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): The consensus explained
 
Stuttering
StutteringStuttering
Stuttering
 
BIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel Sagrim
BIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel SagrimBIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel Sagrim
BIBIR SUMBING by Rakhel Sagrim
 
Expressive language disorder
Expressive language disorderExpressive language disorder
Expressive language disorder
 
Pengenalan gangguan perkembangan dan keterlambatan bicara
Pengenalan gangguan perkembangan dan keterlambatan bicaraPengenalan gangguan perkembangan dan keterlambatan bicara
Pengenalan gangguan perkembangan dan keterlambatan bicara
 
Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)
Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)
Gangguan Perkembangan pada Anak (2.0)
 
Diksi dan gaya bahasa
Diksi dan gaya bahasaDiksi dan gaya bahasa
Diksi dan gaya bahasa
 
1. fluency introduction
1. fluency introduction1. fluency introduction
1. fluency introduction
 
Fluency Overview
Fluency OverviewFluency Overview
Fluency Overview
 
Fonologi
FonologiFonologi
Fonologi
 
Konsep adhd
Konsep adhdKonsep adhd
Konsep adhd
 
Dispepsia
DispepsiaDispepsia
Dispepsia
 

Similaire à Gangguan Irama Kelancaran menurut Ahli.pdf

Intro to abnormal psych
Intro to abnormal psychIntro to abnormal psych
Intro to abnormal psychabonica
 
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabah
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabahLecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabah
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabahAHS_student
 
Presentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptx
Presentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptxPresentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptx
Presentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptxGunreetKaur2
 
Mental disorders
Mental disordersMental disorders
Mental disordersyodus_09
 
Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors
Body Focused Repetitive BehaviorsBody Focused Repetitive Behaviors
Body Focused Repetitive BehaviorsAshley Lott
 
Tourette Syndrome Analysis
Tourette Syndrome AnalysisTourette Syndrome Analysis
Tourette Syndrome AnalysisKatreka Howard
 
Stammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdfStammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdfssuser997649
 
Stammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdfStammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdffouzia saleemi
 
What are interpersonal skills
What are interpersonal skillsWhat are interpersonal skills
What are interpersonal skillsTech_MX
 
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety DisorderCognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety DisorderOmedul Mondal
 
mental assessment.pptx
mental assessment.pptxmental assessment.pptx
mental assessment.pptxssuserfac7bf1
 
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum DisorderAutism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum DisorderLove Sanz
 
Psychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and Treatment
Psychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and TreatmentPsychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and Treatment
Psychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and TreatmentBinu Chungath
 
MP and Staffers Guide to Mental Health
MP and Staffers Guide to Mental HealthMP and Staffers Guide to Mental Health
MP and Staffers Guide to Mental Healthecdp
 
American Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental Illness
American Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental IllnessAmerican Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental Illness
American Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental Illnessbartlettfcs
 
Intellectual Disorders
Intellectual DisordersIntellectual Disorders
Intellectual DisordersRavi Gupta
 
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for RehabilitationBehavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitationkanagaraj Ramalingam
 

Similaire à Gangguan Irama Kelancaran menurut Ahli.pdf (20)

Intro to abnormal psych
Intro to abnormal psychIntro to abnormal psych
Intro to abnormal psych
 
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabah
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabahLecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabah
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabah
 
Schizophrenia ppt
Schizophrenia pptSchizophrenia ppt
Schizophrenia ppt
 
Presentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptx
Presentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptxPresentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptx
Presentation DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER.pptx
 
Mental disorders
Mental disordersMental disorders
Mental disorders
 
Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors
Body Focused Repetitive BehaviorsBody Focused Repetitive Behaviors
Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors
 
Tourette Syndrome Analysis
Tourette Syndrome AnalysisTourette Syndrome Analysis
Tourette Syndrome Analysis
 
Stammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdfStammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdf
 
Stammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdfStammering Assessment .pdf
Stammering Assessment .pdf
 
What are interpersonal skills
What are interpersonal skillsWhat are interpersonal skills
What are interpersonal skills
 
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety DisorderCognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
 
mental assessment.pptx
mental assessment.pptxmental assessment.pptx
mental assessment.pptx
 
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum DisorderAutism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
 
Late adulthood
Late adulthoodLate adulthood
Late adulthood
 
Psychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and Treatment
Psychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and TreatmentPsychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and Treatment
Psychiatry- Classification of Mental Disorders, Symtoms and Treatment
 
final psychology.pptx
final psychology.pptxfinal psychology.pptx
final psychology.pptx
 
MP and Staffers Guide to Mental Health
MP and Staffers Guide to Mental HealthMP and Staffers Guide to Mental Health
MP and Staffers Guide to Mental Health
 
American Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental Illness
American Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental IllnessAmerican Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental Illness
American Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental Illness
 
Intellectual Disorders
Intellectual DisordersIntellectual Disorders
Intellectual Disorders
 
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for RehabilitationBehavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
 

Plus de at Poltekkes Kemenkes Surakarta

Plus de at Poltekkes Kemenkes Surakarta (6)

History of understanding And Type of Hearing Aid
History of understanding And Type of Hearing AidHistory of understanding And Type of Hearing Aid
History of understanding And Type of Hearing Aid
 
METLIT P III 2023.pdf
METLIT P III 2023.pdfMETLIT P III 2023.pdf
METLIT P III 2023.pdf
 
METLIT P II 2023.pdf
METLIT P II 2023.pdfMETLIT P II 2023.pdf
METLIT P II 2023.pdf
 
Konsep dasar statistika dan konsep data.pdf
Konsep dasar statistika  dan konsep data.pdfKonsep dasar statistika  dan konsep data.pdf
Konsep dasar statistika dan konsep data.pdf
 
Hipotesis penelitian.pdf
Hipotesis penelitian.pdfHipotesis penelitian.pdf
Hipotesis penelitian.pdf
 
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA GAMBAR SERITERHADAP READING COMPREHENSIONPADA ANAK ...
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA GAMBAR SERITERHADAP READING COMPREHENSIONPADA ANAK ...PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA GAMBAR SERITERHADAP READING COMPREHENSIONPADA ANAK ...
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA GAMBAR SERITERHADAP READING COMPREHENSIONPADA ANAK ...
 

Dernier

How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingHow to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingCeline George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfNOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfSumit Tiwari
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 

Dernier (20)

How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingHow to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfNOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 

Gangguan Irama Kelancaran menurut Ahli.pdf

  • 3. PENDAHULUAN : Manusia terdiri dari 3 aspek: 1.Biologis 2.Psikologis 3. Sosial normal :harus ada keseimbangan disequiblibrium: ketidakseimbangan salah satu dari 3 aspek tersebut. Bila berlarut- larut dan lama maka akan terjadi gangguan psikologis yang berat
  • 4. Bila berlarut- larut dan lama maka akan terjadi gangguan psikologis yang berat dan menetap, sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan. Salah satunya adalah gangguan/hambatan dalam berkomunikasi secara verbal. Kegagapan / Stuttering : salah satu gangguan komunikasi verbal.
  • 5. Seseorang yang mengalami Stuttering akan mengalami perpanjangan dan pengulangan apabila berkata. Hal ini akan menarik perhatian orang lain
  • 6. DEFINISI STUTTERING: banyak sekali dan belum ada keseragaman “suatu kelainan bicara yg menarik perhatian sebab menyimpang dari kebiasaan yg lazim digunakan oleh pemakai maupun pendengar”
  • 7. Bicara seorang stuttering tidak terganggu pada bunyi- bunyi yang tunggal melainkan pd saat bunyi- bunyi tersebut dirangkaikan. [Frosschels 1913]
  • 8. Wingate (1964): ➢Disruption in fluency of verbal expression . ➢Characterized by involuntary audible or silent repetitions or prolongations in the utterances of short speech elements namely sound syllables. ➢These disruptions usually occur frequently or are marked in character . ➢Are not readily controllable. ➢Van Riper (1982) defines “Stuttering” as a deviation in the ongoing fluency of speech, an inability to maintain the connected rhythm of speech” .
  • 9. Terhentinya kelancaran expresi verbal yang ditandai oleh adanya pengulangan dan perpanjangan yang tidak disengaja, kadang- kadang tidak terjadi. Di dalam ujaran- ujaran yang pendek spt bunyi, suku kata yang terdiri dari satu suku kata. [Wigate 1964]
  • 10. Brutten dan Shoemaker, 1967 : Stuttering adalah kegagapan dalam kelancaran bicara yang disebabkan oleh conditioning emosi negatif.
  • 11. Karena terputus- putusnya irama bicara yg normal yang disebabkan adanya perpanjangan, pengulangan atau terhentinya bicara. [Michael L. E Espir dan F. Clifford Rose 1976]
  • 12. Tingkah laku pengucapan kata yang berlainan disebabkan tidak tepatnya waktu dari pola gerak diikuti suatu reaksi dari pembicara. [Charles Van Riper 1982]
  • 13. World Health Organization (2000) A communication disorder occurs when a person’s communication performance frequently fails to accomplish necessary social functions or the manner in which the person communicates is viewed negatively by either the speaker or the audience.
  • 14. Guitar (2006)    Stuttering is characterized by an abnormally high frequency of stoppages in fluency. a) Part word repetitions b) Sound prolongations c) Blocks People who stutter are usually aware of their stuttering and are often embarrassed by it and use a high amount of mental and physical effort to speak. Children may not be aware- but may show signs of physical and mental effort.
  • 15. Six Major Dimensions- Yairi and Seery (2011) ● Overt characteristics ● Physical concomitants/secondary behaviors ● Muscular activity ● Affective features ● Cognitive processes ● Social Dynamics
  • 16. What isstuttering exactly?  "Stuttering is a communication disorder characterized by excessive involuntary disruptionsin thesmooth and rhythmic flow of speech, particularly when such disruptions consist of repetitionsor prolongations of asoundor syllable, and when they are accompanied by emotions such asfear and anxiety, and behaviorssuch asavoidanceand struggle." (Hood)
  • 17. Gagap adalah gangguan komunikasi yang ditandai dengan gangguan berlebihan yang tidak disengaja dalam aliran bicara yang berirama halus, terutama ketika gangguan tersebut terdiri dari pengulangan atau perpanjangan suku kata, dan ketika disertai dengan emosi seperti ketakutan dan kecemasan, dan perilaku seperti menghindari dan berjuang.(Hood)
  • 19. IRAMA : UCAPAN BUNYI BAHASA TURUN NAIK , PANJANG PENDEK DAN KERAS LUNAK YG SEJALAN DG GERAK JIWA ORANG YG MENGUCAPKANNYA. [ST TAKDIR ALISYAHBANA]
  • 20. IRAMA Merupakan GAMBARAN GERAK JIWA ORANG YG MENGUCAPKANNYA. Jadi Irama Tidak Bisa Dipelajari Dengan Memperkirakan Keadaan Atau Kehidupan Emosi, Tetapi Harus Dimulai Dengan Kehidupan Suasana Hati Yang Sesungguhnya
  • 21. Suasana Yang Berperan Pada Saat Itu. Jadi Kita Tidak Bs Melatih Hanya Bentuk Bahasanya Saja, Ttp Perlu Memperhitungkan Situasi Mengapa Demikian. MENGAPA ???
  • 22. KARENA IRAMA ADALAH PERPADUAN ANTARA : TEKANAN, NADA DAN SENDI Sendi YG DITATA OLEH KEHIDUPAN PIKIRAN DAN PERASAAN. Pikiran Dan Perasaan Tidak Bisa Diatur Oleh Orang Lain.
  • 23. STUTTERING JUGA MERUPAKAN STIMULASI TERTENTU DARI LINGKUNGANNYA
  • 24. Sebab timbulnya gejala tidak penting, tiap hati kita dihadapkan pada suatu kenyataan bahwa penderita yang mengelola kelainan tersebut. Tiap kasus mempunyai penyebab tersendiri, sehingga yang penting adalah mencegah untuk menghindari penutupan [blocking] bicaranya .[CHARLES]
  • 25. MENURUT WENDEL JOHNSON [AMERIKA] : GAGAP TDK DIMULAI DIMULUT PEMBICARA, TTP DI KUPING PENDENGAR. HUB DG KEKIDALAN, BL DIPAKSA KANAN AKAN GAGAP, MAKA TDK DIPAKSAKAN TANGAN KANAN
  • 26. GEJALA- GEJALA GAGAP : TITIK BERAT KEGAGAPAN ADALAH PSIKIS. TAKUT AKAN KEGAGALAN RASA MINDER SanGaT BERPENGARUH TERJADI NEUROSA, KETAKUTAN & HARAPAN YG BERLEBIHAN (FREUD) HARAP CEMAS TAKUT GAGAL, JUSTRU GAGAL.
  • 27. GANGGUAN PSIKIS MEMPUNYAI BANYAK KELAINAN PENYERTA : 1.GANGGUAN PERNAFASAN 2.SUARA 3.ARTIKULASI 4.GERAKAN PENYERTA 5.MENGHINDARI BUNYI-BUNYI YG SULIT.
  • 28. PERNAFASAN : DANGKAL, SELAMA BICARA LEBIH BANYAK KELAINAN YG TIMBUL SPT MELEPAS SEBAGIAN BESAR UDARA SEBELUM MULAI BICARA. MUNGKIN TERJADI , CELAH SUARA TERLALU KECIL SHG PENGAMBILAN NAFAS BUNYI.
  • 29. GANGGUAN SUARA: GANGGUAN PERNAFASAN & SUARA SRG SALING MENYERTAI. SERING SERAK, KRN KURANG MENGUASAI OTOT- OTOT PITA SUARA. GANGGUAN ARTIKULASI: TERJADI GERAKAN- GERAKAN SPT KEJANG DARI OTOT BIBIR, RAHANG, LIDAH & LANGIT- LANGIT.
  • 30. YG PALING SULIT UNTUK DIUCAPKAN : KONSONAN TAJAM & HURUF HIDUP PD PERMULAAN KATA. GERAKAN- GERAKAN PENYERTA : ADALAH OTOT- OTOT MUKA ATAU KELOMPOK OTOT- OTOT BADAN YG TERJADI WKT BERBICARA DG TUJUAN MELANCARKAN ARTIKULASI. GERAKAN ANEH, TANPA TUJUAN SBG PERSIAPAN BICARA [KEDIPKAN MATA, KAKI KE LANTAI]
  • 31. MENGHINDARI BUNYI- BUNYI YG SULIT : BIASANYA YG SDH LAMA GAGAP, SHG TAHU APA YG SULIT & SDH BIASA MENGHINDARINYA. KATA- KATA YG SULIT DIGANTI SINONIMNYA. HAMBATAN PENDERITA GAGAP DIPENGARUHI SEKALI OLEH CARA BICARA & SITUASI/ LINGKUNGANNYA. MENYANYI, BISIK- BISIK & BICARA SUARA MONOTON : TDK GAGAP
  • 32. BICARA SPONTAN, CARA NORMAL MENGUNGKAPKAN PIKIRANNYA MENYULITKA MEREKA. BACA PUISI,DEKLAMASI, & MAIN SANDIWARA, LEBIH MUDAH. PENGULANGAN : TERJADI PENGULANGAN KATA- KATA UNTUK MENGHINDARI JEDDAH DG KATA SELANJUTNYA.
  • 33. MULDER, ROORDA DKK: 70.000 ANAK SEKOLAH. LAKI : WANITA = 4 : 1. 66% MULAI GAGAP SBL SEKOLAH 64% TERBIASA DG GAGAPNYA ANAK YG BODOH, SAMA BANYAK DG YG NORMAL. ANAK LEMAH INGATAN : 3 KALI LEBIH BANYAK PENDERITA GAGAP DARI PADA YG NORMAL.
  • 34. Secondary Behaviors- A key piece of the complex disorder ● People who stutter usually feel a loss of control when they stutter. ● The person who stutters will develop a whole group of secondary behaviors to cope with the problem. ● Also known as concomitant or reactive behaviors.
  • 35. Escape Behaviors ● Loss of eye contact. ● Jerking or abnormal movements of the head. ● Blinking of the eyes, wrinkling of the forehead, distortions of the mouth and quivering of the nostrils. ● Abnormal variations in speaking rate, the loudness and/or pitch of the voice. ● Flushing, pallor, or perspiration. ● Autonomic arousal. ● A feeling of tension.
  • 36. Avoidance Behaviors ● Behaviors that allow individuals to avoid the moment of stuttering. ● Will be used as the person anticipates their difficulty. ● Anticipates, then inserts a behavior to avoid stuttering. ● Not talking, interjections, circumlocutions, and other types of behaviors.
  • 37. Avoidance and Escape Behaviors ● A learned part of the condition. ● Rewarding at first and a large part of the problem later. ● Will often be a major part of therapy for individuals who have a more chronic form of the disorder.
  • 38. Emotions and Attitudes-Another piece of this complex disorder ● Feelings are created by stuttering, the opposite is also true. ● Can make the process of speaking much more difficult. ● Emotional reactions will develop along with stuttering. ● People will also develop negative communication attitudes.
  • 39. Negative Emotions & Attitudes ● Shame ● Fear ● Guilt ● Lower self-esteem ● Negative attitudes towards speaking ● Negative attitudes towards others
  • 40. CDIS- World Health Organization ● Limitations in Body Functions- Impairment – Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. ● Activity Limitations- Disability – Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. ● Participation Restriction- Handicap – A disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability, that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual.
  • 41. Anticipation and Adaptation ● People who stutter are able to anticipate and/or predict when they will stutter. – – Not only in individual words, but situations. Often leads to avoidances. ● People seem to adapt to their stuttering. – – Less stuttering over subsequent passages. Also may adapt in certain situations.
  • 42. Situations That Reduce Stuttering/Increase Fluency ● Acknowledging or not avoiding stuttering or trying to stutter. ● Speaking in chorus. ● Playing a role. ● Suggestion/hypnosis.
  • 43. Factors That Increase Stuttering/Decrease Fluency ● Speaking on the phone ● Saying his/her name. ● Speaking to an authority figure. ● Speaking to a large audience. ● Telling a joke. ● Waiting to speak. ● Repeating a message or asking for clarification. ● Trying not to stutter or trying to hide it. ● Experiencing emotional arousal.
  • 44. Famous People Who Stutter
  • 46. Scientist Isaac Newton President Theodore Roosevelt Actress Emily Blunt Golfer Tiger Woods VP Joe Biden Newscaster John Stossel They All Have Something in Common
  • 49. “God’s gift to me was my stuttering. Time and time again, my parents taught me that being different is no barrier to success.”
  • 50. “I took my struggles with speech as a sign from God that communication would play a major part in my life.”
  • 51. Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist ● Counselor ● Educator ● Mechanic
  • 53. Thank you for listening! Have a blessed day!