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See the driving force and challenge of 6G in 7 major dimensions
Written By Calio Huang
As 5G gradually enters thousands of households and becomes a global standard technology,
researchers must concentrate on developing the next generation communication technology, the
sixth generation communication technology 6G. According to historical experience, wireless
communication technology is almost an upgrade every ten years. So the researchers believe that
6G technology will be available around 2030.
Recently, Oulu University of Finland released the world's first 6G white paper "KEY DRIVERS AND
RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR 6G UBIQUITOUS WIRELESS INTELLIGENCE" (6G wireless intelligent
ubiquitous key driving and research challenges), comprehensive analysis of 6G drivers from seven
aspects Factors, research needs, challenges and issues.
1. 6G social and business drivers
The development of 5G technology meets the needs of consumers and industry for network
speed and makes the Internet of Things (IoT) increasingly important. 5G's technology success
depends on new developments in many areas and will provide faster data rates for more devices
and users.
6G will need a more holistic approach to determining future communication needs and adopting
larger samples to determine 6G requirements. This includes identifying future trends in society,
needs and challenges, and the global forces that shape our future world, avoiding
business-driven development. Although the development of 5G is determined by the needs of a
series of vertical industries, the focus is still driven by mobile network operators.
6G will launch an ultra-efficient short-range connectivity solution that may be driven by new
players in the market to create new ecosystems outside of traditional carriers.
Social drivers, including the UN Sustainable Development Goals, will shape 6G.

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Social and business drivers will increasingly influence the development of 6G, including political,
economic, social, technological, legal and environmental (PESTLE) drivers. To ensure that the
benefits of smart city services and urbanization are properly allocated, policies need to ensure
that all people have access to infrastructure and social services, with a focus on urban poor and
other vulnerable groups on housing, education, health care, work and the security environment.
demand. The future 6G architecture will promote digital inclusion and accessibility and unlock
rural economic value and opportunities.
The energy efficiency of reducing overall network energy consumption is a key requirement for
6G. Reasonable selection, use, and recycling of materials throughout the product lifecycle can
reduce costs, help extend network connectivity to remote locations, and provide network access
in a sustainable and resource-efficient manner.
The academic community has conducted extensive research on the possible health effects of
communication electromagnetic waves, including mobile phones and base stations. All studies
conducted to date have shown that exposure to lower than the recommended limits of the
ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines (covering the entire frequency range of 0-300 GHz) does not
produce any known adverse health effects. The introduction of 6G technology will lead to further
research for a better health risk assessment.
In the foreseeable future, the lower frequency bands (below 4 GHz) currently used for mobile
communication networks are expected to remain stable and dominated by operators due to
long-term spectrum licensing. However, in the 6G era, new frequency bands for ultra-efficient
short-range networks for indoor environments and outdoor urban spaces will become
commonplace.
These local networks will target vertical markets with special needs and will be deployed by
different stakeholders to open to new players, new investors and new ecosystems. Establishing
multiple overlapping ultra-dense networks will soon become infeasible and will result in different
stakeholders deploying a single network within a facility to serve multiple user groups and
services.
Through softening and virtualization of network functions and the opening of interfaces, the
concept of shared economy will be used not only for the high-level platform business layer, but
also for network connectivity and data layers. As with the network neutrality debate, the
challenges associated with traffic prioritization continue. Changes in spectrum access rights,
networks, network resources, facilities and customer ownership will result in multiple
combinations, as different facilities will have different requirements. With the joint efforts of all
stakeholders, the global unification of spectrum will remain a challenge that needs to be
addressed.
6G will penetrate deeper into society and people's lives than anything seen so far. This will be
very complicated, in addition to communication involving data collection, processing and
ubiquitous intelligence. To avoid excessive operating costs, 6G software will be run on cloud
technology with a high level of automation. This will require advances in regulation.
As a shared economy, the future 6G ecosystem will transform existing roles and introduce new
players to form the complex ecosystem shown below. Although the carrier market is expected to
continue to dominate in 5G, future 6G connectivity solutions will be driven by new market

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players. The middle quadrogram below shows the different needs and stakeholders representing
people and machine users who are specific to different vertical sectors of the public sector or
enterprise and will provide the resources needed to meet the needs range.
Under the regulatory framework set by the decision makers, the physical infrastructure (facilities,
sites), equipment and data are provided by different roles of stakeholders. Requirements and
resources are brought together by matching/shared stakeholder roles, including different types
of operators (local or vertical specific carriers, fixed carriers, mobile network operators, satellite
operators), resource agents, and various services. / Application Provider / Security Provider.
Overall, the player role in 6G is expected to change and a new role will emerge compared to the
current mobile business ecosystem. It can be expected that the main drivers of the above analysis
will fundamentally change the ecosystem and bring new opportunities to the various players in
the 6G. Finally, the emergence and shape of the new 6G ecosystem will depend on regulations
that promote or hinder these developments.
The main concerns of the researchers:
1) What is the social needs of 6G?
2) How to classify 6G players and their ecosystem configuration?
3) What is the platform-based ecosystem business model in the 6G shared economy?
4) How do artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) change platform-based
ecosystems, business models and services in future 6G systems?
5) What is the minimum feasible statute required for 6G to respond to social needs?
6) How to develop new mechanisms and business models to support access in remote areas?
2. 6G use cases and new equipment forms
While smartphones have become an integral part of our lives, the rapid development of new
display technologies, sensing and imaging devices, and low-power dedicated processors will
usher in a new era in which devices and sensors are seamlessly connected. VR, AR, and Mixed
Reality (MR) technologies are being incorporated into Mixed Reality Technology (XR), which
includes wearable displays and interactive mechanisms that generate and maintain a perceived
illusion.
The XR experience is likely to be provided by lightweight glasses that project images onto the eye
with unprecedented resolution, frame rate and dynamic range. In addition, other sensations will
be fed back through the headphones and tactile interface. The necessary support technologies
include:
1) imaging equipment such as light field, panoramic, depth sensing and high speed cameras;
2) biosensors for monitoring health conditions such as heart rate, blood pressure and neural
activity;
3) Dedicated processors for computer graphics, computer vision, sensor fusion, machine learning
and AI in the device or surrounding network infrastructure;
4) Wireless technology, including positioning and sensing.
Sensing and imaging equipment captures our entire life experience and the detailed physical
environment, while the fidelity of the virtual world continues to increase. These advances are
combined with the need to distribute computing (because computing needs exceed those of
small devices such as glasses) highlighting the performance demands of wireless networks.

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For centuries, people have been looking for ways to distance or feel real. From letters, telegrams,
telephone calls to video chats, our expectations for telecommunications and interaction are
constantly evolving. Telepresence, as an alternative to real travel, has become a reality with the
unprecedented development of support technologies: high-resolution imaging and sensing,
wearable displays, mobile robots and drones, dedicated processors and next-generation wireless
networks.
A sense of presence is achieved by real-time capture, transmission and rendering of a 3D
holographic representation of each participant in the conference, or by a combination of
graphical representations (eg, avatars) and sensor-captured movement data. XR devices create a
illusion of perception that these geographically dispersed people get the same feeling.
Even with telepresence, the flow of people and goods is still a serious challenge as population
and globalization grow.
In the world of 2030 and beyond, millions of networked self-driving cars will operate with varying
degrees of coordination to make transportation and logistics as efficient as possible. These
vehicles may include self-driving cars and self-driving trucks or drones that can carry cargo. By
2030, online consumer shopping is expected to dominate in developed countries, which will
require the delivery of millions of packages from warehouses to households.
Efficiency is not only important for improving global productivity, but also for reducing the
consumption of fossil fuels to achieve sustainable development goals. Safety is more urgent than
efficiency: as the use of autonomous vehicles increases, harm to humans should not increase. In
fact, the goal should be to reduce the global rate of casualties caused by today's transportation
and logistics networks. Advances in sensors, sensor fusion and control systems continue to
improve safety, but at the expense of increased network demand.
Each vehicle in the future network will be equipped with a number of sensors, including cameras,
laser scanners, THz arrays that may be used for 3D imaging, odometers and inertial measurement
units. The algorithm must quickly fuse data from multiple sources, taking into account locally
generated current surrounding maps, locations in the environment, and other information about
other vehicles, people, animals or buildings that may cause personal injury. Quickly decide how
to control a vehicle collision or injury. Interfaces must also be developed to alert passengers or
supervisors to potential risks so that appropriate measures can be taken to avoid accidents. In
order to make the vehicle network operate efficiently and safely, the wireless network must
provide ultra-high reliability in addition to low latency and high bandwidth.
The main concerns of the researchers:
1) What are the functional, performance and ergonomic requirements of the next generation XR
system?
2) In the future XR system, how to allocate computing resources and data between different
components?
3) How do you define and measure human-percept-based quality of experience (QoE) standards
for next-generation XR devices?
4) What new opportunities can next-generation networks and devices provide for interaction
between people?
5) What factors need to be considered in terms of communication reliability and traffic safety for

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autonomous vehicles?
3. 6G spectrum and KPI targets
Many key performance indicators (KPIs) used to develop current and emerging 5G technologies
are also valid for 6G. However, the KPI must be rigorously reviewed and the new KPI must be
carefully considered. For technology-driven KPIs, some leading vendors have released initial
drafts for 6G requirements.
In most areas of technology, the goal of surpassing 5G (B5G) and 6G has again shown that, in line
with previous mobile cellular generation upgrades, their respective functions are increased by
10-100 times.
It is expected that future wireless networks will support a variety of sometimes conflicting
requirements. 6G is expected to be the first wireless standard to require ultra-high speed links
with peak throughput per megabit per second (Tbps).
6G use cases (such as wireless factory automation) will require very complex operations such as
communication with ultra-reliable and ultra-low latency, high-resolution localization (at the
centimeter level) and high-precision device synchronization (within 1 μs) . 6G reliability and
latency requirements are expected to vary from case to case. The most extreme one is industrial
control, where only one of the billion transmission bits has a delay of 0.1 ms.
We can foresee that for 6G, the amount of data traffic and connections will increase significantly.
Equipment density may grow to hundreds of devices per cubic meter. This places stringent
requirements on the area or spatial spectral efficiency and the frequency bands required for the
connection.
Security, privacy and reliability are important emerging KPIs.
6G will need to be highly secure to meet the demanding requirements of industrial and high-end
users, while at the same time being low cost and low complexity for Internet of Things (IoT)
applications.
For future networks, a wider radio bandwidth will be required, but only in the sub-THz and THz
bands. The use of this spectrum presents many challenges, but it also presents opportunities.
Therefore, although 6G will also utilize all existing and future frequency bands on lower
frequencies as a driving force for large-area coverage of mobile cells, radio hardware research will
focus primarily on this spectrum. An ultra-efficient short-range connectivity solution will be the
key to 6G, and 6G is the future where higher frequency bands can work.
Molecular absorption has a major impact on path loss, especially at long distances (about 1...10
dB / km at frequencies up to 400 GHz). However, for local connections, the impact is still small
compared to free space loss, and the THz radio spectrum can be divided into favorable spectral
windows between atmospheric absorption peaks above 500 GHz. In addition to technical
boundaries, the penetration of various materials and the reflection of surfaces should also be
considered when classifying the radio spectrum.
When entering the THz region from 30 GHz, the increase in free space loss is very small. If the
antenna area remains constant, the free space loss is compensated by increasing the antenna
gain. Rather than the loss of free space, the disadvantage of higher frequencies is the increased
complexity and parallelism of the RF hardware, and reduced beamwidth, which creates problems
with signal acquisition and beam tracking in mobile applications.

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Many IoT scenarios today are limited by scope, cost, and battery, and cannot easily be extended
to higher frequencies. In contrast, data rate intensive schemes such as transmitting holographic
video require bandwidth to be unavailable even in the current millimeter wave spectrum. The
spectral utilization of the THz spectrum needs to be arranged according to the absorption and
reflection characteristics of the sub-bands to optimize the use and reuse of communications and
other applications.
In particular, in scenarios that support multiple applications, careful frequency planning must be
used to prevent overlap of harmonic products. Since sensitivity in weak signal detection is one of
the key bottlenecks, precautions should be given priority in frequency adjustment.
The main concerns of the researchers:
1) How to assess and quantify the KPI indicators of the UN Sustainable Development Goals?
2) What is the appropriate radio channel model for 6G communication applications? Is it possible
to unify the entire range of models from GHz to THz?
3) What feasible frequency bands are needed in commercial frequency bands above 100 GHz?
What technologies are needed?
4) What are the appropriate indicators for data privacy and security?
5) What are the real needs for future spectrum allocation and related policies?
4. Wireless hardware advances and challenges
The first 5G devices will operate in the frequency band below 6 GHz and will be in fixed wireless
access to millimeter waves. The focus of the new hardware technology for 5G research is to use
the new spectrum in the millimeter-wave band, first in the 24-40 GHz range and then gradually
increase to the 100 GHz carrier frequency. To enable millimeter waves for mobile users, much
research is still needed, including the flexibility of multi-beam acquisition and tracking hardware
and algorithms in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments. The energy efficiency achieved by
large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas remains a huge challenge.
Due to the higher path loss, additional antenna gain is required and communication requires the
use of directional links implemented by phased arrays. Bulk complementary metal oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) and CMOS silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies provide sufficient
performance and meet the requirements of most applications using off-chip antennas. The
antenna elements are still large compared to radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). Silicon
germanium bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) is a good choice, especially when approaching and exceeding
100 Gbps data rates and 100 GHz carrier frequencies.
When the carrier frequency is further increased to a link speed of 1 Tbps, the effect of directional
transmission and reception becomes more apparent. At the same time, the use of CMOS
transistors at frequencies above 100 GHz has become more difficult. On the one hand, it is still
beneficial to continue exploring the potential of CMOS technology to support frequencies above
100 GHz. On the other hand, new or sometimes conventional but better performing hardware
technologies, such as silicon germanium (SiGe) or indium phosphide (InP), can utilize the
spectrum over a wider range and improve RF performance. The physical and technical
boundaries of electronic hardware and the basic laws of communication can become bottlenecks,
or at least slow down their growth.
Short wavelengths above 100 GHz and wider available bandwidth will enable higher data rates

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while still achieving unprecedented angle and ranging accuracy for positioning and 3D imaging
and sensing imaging and radar applications. Therefore, the hardware requirements, scope and
opportunities of ultra-high-speed, low-cost communications and advanced sensing systems
should be studied together on an unprecedented scale.
The physical space required for a radio solution will be greatly reduced as the frequency
increases: at 250 GHz, a 1000-antenna antenna array will fit into an area of less than 4 square
centimeters. Current mobile devices have a surface area that can accommodate tens of
thousands of antennas. This will lead to new challenges compared to the corresponding antennas,
and integrated electronic devices will become larger and larger. A large antenna array required to
achieve a good communication or sensing range will result in an abnormally narrow pencil beam.
They provide better security by pointing messages to the right target, but they are also prone to
alignment errors.
The biggest challenge may be related to energy consumption. In low-rate sensing applications, a
zero-energy, stand-alone, battery-free solution with energy harvesting is required. On the other
hand, there is no doubt that the most demanding visions and unexpected applications that
require broadband processing will require significant improvements in power efficiency.
The laws imposed by the laws of physics and related technologies that utilize them will also
enable a new generation of 6G wireless technology. The speed of transistors in analog and digital
signal processing becomes a problem when the target data rate of signal processing and the
utilized carrier frequency are close to the fundamental limits of mainstream and affordable
technologies.
The success of large-scale communications is based on CMOS, and in the most demanding RF
specifications, it is also based on BiCMOS's semiconductor technology, which continues to reduce
the cost of each function and increase the speed of analog and digital processing. Is this
assumption still valid in the future? Since the speed of the interface becomes the main
bottleneck even inside silicon, especially in CMOS, the increased speed offered by smaller
transistors is not readily available.
This is further challenged by the more limited power transfer capabilities of nanoscale technology,
which leads to increased parallelism in all phases of signal processing. Unfavorable thermal
effects, low breakdown voltage and limited battery capacity are significant obstacles to Tbps
communication. However, to completely replace silicon technology is a challenge, and all
opportunities to extend the use of mainstream technology require further research from the
device to the transceiver architecture.
The size of an antenna element will be reduced because even at lower THz frequencies, the
half-wavelength distance between the array elements will reach hundreds of microns - a size that
integrates the antenna array into the silicon wafer. As the size of the antenna elements becomes
smaller than the associated electronics, a new transceiver architecture approach will be required.
To avoid the tens of thousands of parallel transceiver front ends with antenna elements,
advanced lens-based systems can play an important role.
Material properties and harmful parasitic effects usually worsen with increasing frequency.
Therefore, the current focus is on silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs)
that are superior to CMOS. In addition, faster III-V semiconductor technology (such as indium

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phosphide) deserves more attention. The challenge of packaging and integration of various
technologies from lens to digital technology is one of the key research issues. Photonics is the
dominant technology in the THz field and a solution for high-speed interfaces. It is a viable
technology for 6G. As the so-called terahertz (THz) gap continues to shrink, electronics and optics
offer complementary opportunities for ultra-high-speed interfaces and visible light
communication. This is an opportunity for short-range links to specific but inexpensive optical
components and system solutions in the 6G field.
The main concerns of the researchers:
1) How do electronic and optical technologies converge around the so-called “THz gap” and are
used exclusively for different applications?
2) Is silicon-based technology performing well in THz/Tbps systems? What other technologies are
needed?
3) How can I achieve sufficient output power and a steerable antenna array for communication
and sensing over 10 meters at frequencies well above 100 GHz?
4) Can tunable antennas and other RF solutions be implemented at frequencies above 100 GHz?
Can machine learning help solve this problem?
5) How can the THz region meet the mutual needs of communication, sensing, substance
detection and imaging?
5. Physical layer and wireless system
No single solution can meet the needs of all vertical applications. Huge system requirements,
such as large-scale broadband, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), large-scale
machine type communication (mMTC), and extremely high power efficiency mean that many
solutions will be needed. The system needs to be optimized on a case-by-case basis, and
compatibility between different use cases must be redefined.
Current 5G new radio (NR) networks have not yet met all the demanding design requirements of
existing and emerging URLLC requirements, such as ultra-high reliability, ultra-low latency, and
ultra-secure networks. Therefore, we have studied the future of physical and wireless systems. In
addition to terrestrial networks, infrastructure based on satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles
(or similar airborne platforms) is required to meet coverage and capacity requirements.
When combined with the fact that data explosions and more and more data are packaged and
processed in small devices, energy and power consumption become particularly challenging. At
the same time, the complexity of transceiver processing and end-user applications can result in
excessive energy consumption without the need to carefully design on all layers to improve
energy efficiency.
To meet all of the identified challenging requirements, an ultra-flexible network with configurable
radio is required. Artificial intelligence and machine learning will be used with wireless inductive
sensing and positioning to understand the static and dynamic components of the radio
environment. By way of example only, this would be used to predict link loss events at high
frequencies, proactively determine the best handover instances in dense urban networks and
determine the best radio resource allocation for base stations and users. Future wireless
networks must be able to seamlessly interface with terrestrial, satellite and airborne networks.
Visible light communication is a key driver for achieving Tbps data rates in indoor scenes.

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New air interface enablers are needed and new air interface enablers must be developed to meet
these requirements. Most require extensive use of ML and AI algorithms to improve the
time-varying performance of the air interface. The concept of semantic communication (using
the meaning of messages to make connections and networking more efficient) is an important
emerging field of research that is closely related to semantic AI. An important question is
whether AI can be used to quickly design the best air interface for a given environment and a
specific set of requirements. This shows that AI inspired the air interface. However, their true
performance, especially power and energy efficiency in actual use cases, is an open research
issue.
To extend the trend of 5G in 6G systems, it is necessary to flexibly enable the mMTC use case to
support a large number of low-power and low-complexity devices while supporting high power
efficiency. These requirements are particularly demanding for the Internet of Things, where
devices occasionally generate short packets and the overhead of resource allocation may exceed
actual information exchange.
Modern random access solutions designed based on appropriate protocols and relying on
continuous interference cancellation may be a key driver in this direction. In fact, these standards
have been adopted in certain satellite standards, and they have been proven to achieve the
performance of scheduled access while achieving a true no-grant method. In addition, modern
random access protocols utilize a joint design of the physical layer and the MAC layer to increase
the achievable throughput. These may be useful for short-range connectivity solutions, ie in
non-cellular domains.
In order to fully benefit from this tight integration, the optimization of the data frame structure
and the forward error correction design should be considered. Attention must be paid to the
choice of modulation scheme. For limited channel state knowledge and the extension of 5G
channel coding options to short, low rate packets, the modulation scheme must be robust.
In order to achieve enhanced bit rate performance, very high constellation modulation will be
required. However, these higher order constellations are sensitive to nonlinearities in the
transmission medium. Signal shaping for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) may be able
to overcome some of these challenges. There are two types of signal shaping: geometric and
probabilistic. Both geometric and probabilistic QAM constellation shaping are expected to
achieve record high bit/second/Hz/polarization in optical and terahertz wireless communication
systems.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has proven to be very effective for
broadband connections. Multi-band OFDM versions of ultra-wideband (UWB) systems with
bandwidths greater than 500 MHz at 60 GHz have also been proposed earlier. When the
transmission bandwidth reaches the limit, such as a few GHz or even tens of GHz on the
hundreds of GHz band, the traditional transceiver design will begin to fail, and multi-carrier
modulation will not work as current technology. Instead, a more powerful analog modulation
scheme will be needed.
Future optical wireless communications may rely on a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) scheme
that provides some unique physical layer security features to enable the required ultra-secure
network for certain 6G applications and use cases. QKD provides a secure way to distribute keys

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between two users. In this way, confidentiality is ensured by quantum mechanics rather than
complex calculations. In addition, authentication through physical layer signatures (eg, RF
fingerprinting) and certain other techniques (eg, randomization, coding, etc. of MIMO
transmission coefficients) may be used in 6G.
Overall network and system level energy efficiency, especially per joule, requires significant
improvements to support 6G requirements. This requires optimizing the radio resources in order
to systematically design a controlled balance between the transmitted energy and the required
processing energy. This method requires coding, modulation, transmission and reception
processing, and power and frequency allocation in an energy efficient manner. In addition, the
terminal requires ultra low power (sub mW) functionality even in low power IoT nodes.
Most of these can be achieved with proper RF and baseband hardware design, but low power
coding, modulation and physical layer (nonOFDM) also need to be addressed. Backscatter
communication and energy harvesting from environmental and RF waveforms will also result in a
longer lifetime for IoT nodes with non-replaceable batteries. In addition, backscatter
communication using RF power for connection and calculation can provide a path to ultra low
power communication.
Driven by the revolution of electromagnetically tunable surfaces (eg, based on metamaterials),
6G will control signal reflection and refraction from large smart surfaces (LIS). Open research
issues range from the optimal deployment of passive reflectors and metamaterial coated smart
surfaces to the AI-driven operation of reconfigurable LIS. Basic analysis is needed to understand
the performance of LIS and smart surfaces, including speed, latency, reliability and coverage.
Another important research direction is environmental AI, where smart surfaces can learn and
autonomously reconfigure their material parameters. The challenge involves how to focus signals
with different angles of incidence on the surface of large metamaterials, which requires
controllability of the reflection/refractive index. In a mobile environment, ML-driven smart
surfaces may require continuous retraining, which requires access to sufficient training data, high
computational power, and guaranteed low training convergence.
By using LIS and similar structures, the use of 6G makes holographic radio possible. Holographic
RF allows the complete closed loop of the entire physical space and electromagnetic field to be
controlled by spatial spectral holography and spatial wave field synthesis. This will greatly
increase spectrum efficiency and network capacity and help integrate imaging and wireless
communications.
The main concerns of the researchers:
1) How to design channel coding, modulation, detection and decoding with high rate, low delay,
high reliability and large bandwidth?
2) How to decode Tbit/s communication (speed)?
3) How do you design a system that meets energy efficiency and low cost requirements? How do
we achieve true batteryless operation?
4) How to improve the security, privacy and reliability of information through physical layer
technology? Is quantum key distribution and optics (or microwave in the future) feasible?
5) How to effectively design millimeter wave/terahertz links, systems and transceivers? How to
compensate or maintain phase noise? Coherent, irrelevant, partially coherent systems What is

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the role? How to achieve mobile positioning, channel acquisition and tracking?
6) How to combine active antenna array with lens antenna to achieve large-scale MIMO and
smart beam steering? How to design a system with large intelligent surface?
7) How to design an efficient interface between the high performance computing platform and
the RF chain?
8) How to deal with high-speed trains and drones to support network connections? Can we
continue to use multi-carrier technology?
6. 6G network
By 2030, the digital world and the physical world will be intertwined, and people's lives will
depend on the reliable operation of the network. If the network fails, it will lose its major
industrial value. In the digital world, attacks can damage intangible assets, and in the physical
world of the network, physical assets can be stolen, incapable or damaged by digital attacks.
Malicious network activity can result in loss of property and life.
To solve this problem, we should embed the ubiquitous trust model into the network so that
users can trust the communication on the network. Users here refer to personal and
organizational entities. The trust model should omnipresently collect evidence of misconduct and
provide indirect reciprocal and undeniable behavior.
For security, trust, and security-critical services, the network should provide embedded
distributed denial of service (DDoS) mitigation and protection against other attacks and quickly
and accurately trace back to resources for attacks. And adopt an automated approach to
mitigating attackers. The device should only see the expected traffic, and the non-expected traffic
should be dropped by the network.
Embedding a trust relationship into a network requires a more stable ID for devices and nodes,
not just addresses that may be converted or dynamic. Each device should have at least one
unique name or multiple names, and the network can translate those names into addresses and
convert back to IDs as needed. Devices should be assigned a private address, or like a classic IP
host, they may have a globally unique address. Once connected, the device should be able to
control its own reachability. The natural consequence of the addressing principle is that the
end-to-end communication "layer" is separate from the user's packet forwarding. Like a
software-defined OpenFlow network, the network can use multiple forwarding protocols such as
IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, and multiple tunneling protocols.
End-to-end network connections are from one customer network to another customer network
in a wide area. Due to the generic stream abstraction created by the edge nodes, the technology
choices in each region are independent. The end-to-end connection layer manages the
willingness to communicate on top of the heterogeneous packet forwarding layer. The edge node
has a registry for the service host. It allocates and maintains a stable ID for all served hosts,
translates the ID to an address based on the request, and translates the address into an ID. The
edge node collects evidence of the behavior of all visible entities based on the IDs of the entities
that support and use the reputation of the host and network entity.
The network will generate unprecedented information about people (Internet of Things,
Industrial Internet of Things, eHealth, body area networks, etc.).
IIoT will generate a lot of business sensitivities and personal data. Internet companies have

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proven how profitable the use of private information is. Private information collected from the
real world can be very sensitive and used in many ways to violate people's interests. We believe
that to make 6G acceptable to society, the protection of private information will be a key driver of
its full potential.
Fair market requirements have the potential to protect business sensitive data. Users should
ultimately be able to control and manage their private data through a simple and intuitive user
interface. The ownership and control of personal data should be given to the relevant individual
or entity.
Certain data generated by 6G devices and elements in public and private networks is valuable to
many social functions and may be of value to private companies other than companies that
collect data. The 6G data market provides a natural new business case. There is a need to
establish clear rules for this market so that all types of participants, including the average
consumer, can enter the market.
The current Internet paradigm is often referred to as "best effort" delivery. In order to meet the
needs of differentiated service quality, 5G is sliced, in which traffic is controlled and processed by
application traffic management, link and computer resource allocation, and selected virtual
network functions, thereby tailoring network resources for use cases, capacity and functions. In
the slice. Fragmentation can provide the best effort for its users, and some QoS patterns can be
applied to process packets.
In 6G, the 5G paradigm will be refined and extended. One possibility is to connect virtualized
(critical) devices through a mobile network to a packet data network and to end-to-end
connections to the cloud. In the 6G paradigm, the network seeks to maximize user benefits or
quality of experience (QoE) through a variety of technical means (eg, intelligent traffic
management, edge computing, user proactive or for each transaction or policy set by traffic
shaping). The latter may, for example, use a policy used by a user or operator as a group of
subscribers, each of which is treated equally in the group. In a sense, the network is neutral,
treating all applications in a slice equally and treating all users with the same subscription type
equally.
At 6G, network neutrality regulations may be updated and MNOs will be forced to provide
value-added security services to users under user control. Such a rule would define reasonable
and understandable responsibilities for users who cannot take care of the security of their
devices in case they are used to attack other users. At the same time, the network should provide
a fair basis for service and application competition to maximize end-user choice.
6G research will need to study the division of alternative responsibilities between private and
public networks. The seamless integration of short-range connectivity solutions with
large-coverage cellular systems will need to become more prevalent and will have greater
impetus in development and standardization.
Recently, interest in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence has grown. ML relies on
mining big data to access information and knowledge. This method is a reasonable choice to
detect malicious behavior of remote entities. There are other needs in the network that require
"intelligence", such as self-configuration or management complexity. In addition to big data,
artificial intelligence relies on a lot of computing power. 6G will use ever-increasing computing

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power to cope with higher bit rates while also gaining more flexibility. This will greatly increase
power consumption unless it is addressed throughout the system design.
Another highly anticipated new technology is the blockchain, also known as distributed ledgers. If
there is no central authority, the technology will allow for the storage and sharing of information
that changes infrequently in a distributed manner. The full record of the change will also be
retained. This can lead to a new way of organizing the data market or helping to maintain trust in
the interoperator environment.
The main concerns of the researchers:
1) How do you define a new network paradigm that supports consumer, business, life, and
mission-critical communications? What regulatory changes are needed to allow this innovation?
2) How to embed trust and security in the network? How to use the isolation style provided by
virtualization to protect end-to-end connections and communications?
3) What kind of data market business model is feasible, what kind of technology is needed to
support them? What does the architecture look like, and how can non-technical users use it
easily?
4) What network functions, interfaces, and protocols are needed to support new division of
responsibilities between wide-area and local market participants and between consumers and
vertical market participants?
5. How to enhance and improve virtualization to support the lowest flexibility of non-critical
communications and critical communications to achieve maximum network flexibility?
6) What new computing and software technologies can 6G use?
7. Promoters of new services
Prior to 5G cellular systems, the focus of cellular development has been on communications,
while other services (such as location) have a low priority: they have been introduced into system
design very late. This does not result in the best use of optimal performance or system
functionality. Future services (such as mixed reality) will be difficult to produce and require a
large number of component enablers (such as positioning, 3D mapping, fusion of digital content
and physical models, and low-latency ultra-high-speed communication) so that the necessary
enabling factors for the design Not only is it desirable, but it is also critical to achieving good
mixed-reality performance. Intensive wireless networks with high-frequency antenna arrays and
powerful computing power at the edge provide natural support for such integrated services. The
challenge is how to achieve these goals in an energy-efficient way.
With the latest breakthroughs in deep learning, the increase in available data and the rise of
smart devices, artificial intelligence is witnessing unprecedented developments in the wireless
arena. The imminent use of AI (especially for reinforcement learning) revolves around creating
self-learning networks and systems that can manage resources and control functions
autonomously. In addition, with the advent of a new generation of autonomous devices, they
sense, communicate and operate in a local environment. In practice, a large amount of local data
is transmitted to a centralized cloud for training and reasoning. This requires a new neural
network architecture and its associated wireless link communication efficiency training
algorithms, while real-time reliable inference at the edge of the network. Such architectures also
present new challenges: limited access to training data, low inferential accuracy, lack of versatility,

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and limited processing power and memory limitations of edge devices.
Edge computing offers new possibilities for running compute-intensive, low-latency user
applications on the infrastructure side. An example of such a calculation is a biased rendering for
a mobile virtual reality experience. Another example is the convergence of the physical world and
the digital world (matching virtual content to 3D point clouds) to achieve a mixed reality
application. A third interesting possibility is local instant messaging services: Edge Cloud can
quickly discover people, services, devices, resources, and any dynamic and highly localized
information that cannot be collected by a centralized search engine near users. Such an edge
information service platform can be used to create local and dynamic markets for services, things
and information. The extreme case of edge computing is the thin user client, which is essentially
a lightweight, low-power device that interacts with human perception or the nervous system,
while all user-specific calculations are performed in the edge cloud.
Unlike current networks, future communication systems will span multiple vertical industries,
enabling a wide range of services that require location, such as asset tracking, context-aware
marketing, transportation and logistics systems, augmented reality and healthcare. In fact,
traditional positioning methods that rely on GPS satellites and cell multiple positioning are
limited or even impractical in urban and indoor deployment scenarios. Extremely high carrier
frequencies, large bandwidth, large antenna arrays, densification and device-to-device
communication are the coming technologies that are widely acclaimed for their communication
advantages, and their inherent localization potential is often overlooked. For example, while 3D
beamforming can improve overall spectrum utilization and signal quality, it can also pinpoint IoT
applications.
RF-based sensing is another positioning opportunity brought about by the high carrier frequency
of future networks. For example, 3D THz imaging improves traffic safety through accurate
position determination and object detection. 3D mapping based on optical or radio technology
will be a key component of future mixed reality systems and will be a natural part of future edge
services. 5G and later systems support large bandwidth (hundreds of megahertz) through
large-scale antenna arrays, and will also provide the potential for high-precision RF positioning
and tracking. However, the complete application of such technologies is still plagued by sufficient
isolation between the transmitter and the receiver: next generation access points are likely to be
able to communicate while resolving reflections from different targets. Spectrum environment
sensing at terahertz frequencies is another interesting new opportunity. It allows for aspects such
as detecting and identifying harmful or toxic gases in the environment.
The launcher discussed above will process and store personal and very sensitive information
about the user. For example, suppose your bank or authentication application is running on the
edge of the network, not on a personal mobile device. Incredibly, anyone agrees to run such
applications on the network without maximizing trust, privacy, and information security. This is a
slightly different goal than the security of the communication system. Service enablers have
higher requirements for privacy data and security because they process personal data without
protecting E2E encryption (such as VPN) (if the user application is running at the edge, it is
obvious). The edge service issue is reminiscent of cloud services, but because of the user
applications and context in the edge that need to follow the user, the mobility challenge is

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increased.
The main concerns of the researchers:
1) How do you build trust, security and privacy solutions for sensitive services such as mobile
services and precise positioning?
2) How to achieve cm-level positioning accuracy in indoor and outdoor space?
3) How to provide network-based 3D sensing/imaging capabilities for mixed reality services?
4) Which user applications will benefit from edge services and how can they benefit?
5) How do you provide low latency, access to local information, and continuous tracking of users'
edge services (ie, mobility with cross-network boundaries)?
6) What is the role of edge AI in service management and system orchestration? What new
requirements (such as requirements from privacy, security, location, or distribution) are set in the
current artificial intelligence method for the edge-native environment? Current artificial
intelligence How does the method meet these needs?
The arrival of 5G mobile communication technology will become one of the main factors driving
productivity, and it is expected to become a key promoter of long-term vision, high integration
and independent application in many industries. This wave of new technologies will accelerate
the digitization of the economy and society. Historically, the new mobile “generation” has
appeared about once every ten years, and 5G global commercialization is currently starting. 5G
performance and use cases will continue to evolve in future releases. 6G will be equipped with
new technologies to meet the communication needs beyond 5G development. Now is the best
time to determine future communication needs, performance requirements, system and radio
challenges, and 6G's primary technology choices to set research goals for the 1930s. Of course,
talking about 6G in the case that many technologies of 5G are still not mature may be somewhat
premature, but think about the changes in the future world and the further demand for
communication, new technologies and new equipment. Pushing is very important.