Brief cycle of Cellular Respiration.

1. Cellular Respiration

2. Group no.3
 Maria Rashid Roll no.51
 Eisha tu Razia Roll no.45
 Safana Areej Roll no.19
 Ahsaan Javed Roll no.29
 Ikhlaq Sharif Roll n0.39

3. What is cellular respiration?

4. Cellular respiration:
It is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that
take place in the cells of organisms to convert
biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste
products. The reactions involved in respiration
are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules
into smaller ones, The overall reaction occurs in a
series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox
reactions themselves.

6. Types of Cellular respiration
 Aerobic Respiration: It REQUIRES
oxygen to take place.
 Anaerobic Respiration: It DO NOT
requires oxygen to take place.

7. Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is a biological process
that takes energy from glucose and other
organic compounds to create a molecule
called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP).
ATP is then used as energy by nearly
every cell in the body -- the largest user
being the muscular system.

8. Stages of Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobic respiration has four stages:
1: Glycolysis
2: Transition Reaction
3: Krebs Cycle
4: Electron Transport Chain

9. Basically Cellular
Respiration is reverse Of
Photosynthesis.

10. What is Photosynthesis?
The biochemical process in which
sunlight fixes carbon dioxide into
glucose in the presence of water is
called photosynthesis.

11. Photosynthesis in Overview
- Process by which plants and other
autotrophs store the energy of sunlight
into sugar.
- Require sunlight, water and carbon
dioxide.
- Overall equation
6CO2+6H2O+SUNLIGHT→
C6H12O6+6O2

12. Photosynthesis:
- Photosynthesis is a chemical
process.
- It occurs in two main phases:
1- Light Reaction
2- Dark Reaction

13. Light Reaction
Light reaction is occurred in thylakoid
membrane
- Light and water are required for this
process.
- Light reaction is the “photo” part of
photosynthesis.
- Light is absorbed by pigment and is
transformed into ATP and NADPH
molecules.

14. Dark Reaction
Dark reaction occurs in stoma.
- Dark reaction are the synthesis parts
of photosynthesis.
- Trapped energy by pigments is
converted into chemical energy.
- Carbon dioxide is “fixed” into glucose.
- ATP and NDPH molecule created
during the reaction responsible for
production of this glucose.

15. Glycolysis:
It is the splitting of sugar and this
step is happen in cytoplasm.
It is a metabolic pathway that
convert glucose C6H12O6. into
pyruvate,CH3COCOO- + H+.

16. In organisms that perform cellular
respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of
this process. However, glycolysis doesn’t
require oxygen, and many anaerobic
organisms—organisms that do not use
oxygen—also have this pathway. The
free energy released in this process is
used to form the high-energy molecules
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and
NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide)

17. As shown:

18. Transition Reaction:
The transition reaction is the end
step of glycolysis, the 2 pyruvate
molecules, are moved from the
cytoplasm into the mitochondria for
further energy “ harvesting”.

19. The transition reaction converts the
two molecules of 3-carbon pyruvate
from glycolysis into two molecules
of the 2-carbon molecule acetyl
Coenzyme and 2 molecules of
carbon dioxide.

20. Krebs Cycle
It was named after the Hans Adolf
Krebs who discovered it in 1937.
It also known by several other
names.
- Citric Acid Cycle.
- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle.

21.  This cycle occurs in mitochondrial
matrix.
 It is a series of biochemical reaction in
which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is
oxidized to carbon dioxide and the
reduced coenzyme FADH and NADH
are produced.
 The krebs cycle is what is known
Amphibolic, in that it is both catabolic
and anabolic.

22. Evolution
It is believed that components of the citric
acid cycle were derived from anaerobic
bacteria, and that the TCA cycle itself may
have evolved more than once. Theoretically,
several alternatives to the TCA cycle exist;
however, the TCA cycle appears to be the
most efficient. If several TCA alternatives
had evolved independently, they all appear
to have converged to the TCA cycle

23. Unlocking of terms
 Oxidation.
 Reduction.
 Phosphorylation.
 Decarboxylation.
 Isomerization.
 Dehydration.
 Hydration.

24. Electron Transport Chain:
ETC couple a chemical reaction between
the electron donor and electron accepter
to the transfer of H+ ions across a
membrane, through a set of medicating
biochemical reaction.
These H+ ions are used to produce ATP.

25. Mitochondria:
- Double membrane
1- Inner membrane.
2- Outer membrane.
Inner membrane is
highly folded cristae.
Intermembrane space
is fluid filled.

27. Most Energy from Redox:
Electrons during metabolic reaction
sent to NAD and FAD.
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
- Krebs

28. Summary:
- Most of cell ATP is made during
aerobic respiration.
- Each molecule is broken down as two
ATP molecules are made during krebs
cycle.
- Upto 34 ATP molecules are produced
by Electron Transport Chain.

29. THE END