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KWA Kerala Water Authority Internship Project Report

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Aravind N Kumar
Aravind N Kumar

Summer Intern at Kerala Water Authority(KWA) KOOLIMADU pumping station-Controlled by govt. of Kerala • Learnt the process of municipal water distribution • Stages involved in water purification • Electrical installations involved in pumping & boosting water at various levels of distribution • Submitted a report on the installations • A chance to work closely with the electrical maintenance team

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Page | 1                  ​INTERNSHIP REPORT         OPERATED AT: MAVOOR WATER TREATMENT    PLANT,  KOOLIMADU PUMPING STATION      CONTROLLED BY:                                                                SUBMITTED BY  ARAVIND N KUMAR  BL.EN.U4EEE13006 
Page | 2    AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING  BENGALURU      Sl No  Content  Page nos  1  Acknowledgement  4  2  Introduction  5  3  Water Treatment    6­7  4  Water Treatment Process  8­14    a) Pumping  8­9         b)Aeration  10­12         c) Chemical Treatment    12         d) Chlarifloculator  12         e)Filtrations bed  13         f) Chlorination  13         g) Clear water pump house  14  5  Malfunctioning Encountered  15­16  6   Electrical Installation  17­30  7  Transformers  17  8  Main parts           1.Core            2 Constructional detail :              Shell type             Core type           3.Insulator           4.Bushing           5.Types of Cooling  22         6. Protection arrangement            Bucholtz relay            Silica Gel Breather            Tap changer  24  25  26  26  9  Three phase transformers  27 
Page | 3        Construction  10    Different Windings in a three phase  transformer  28­30  11  Three winding transformers  31  112  Substation Distribution & Components  31  13  What happens to incoming high voltage at  KSEB substation?  32­71    a)Lightning Arrester(L A)  b) Earth Switch  c) Isolator  d) SF6 Circuit Breaker  e)Current transformer  f)Potential transformer  g)Bus Bar    14  Incomer  1 Oil Circuit Breaker(OCB)  2 Over Current Relay  3 DC Battery and Charger  47­72  15  Induction Motors  55­63  16  Starters  64­72  17  Electrical Installation Images  72­80       
Page | 4      ACKNOWLEDGEMENT   "Gratitude is not a thing of expression; it is more a matter of  feeling."   I would like to express my deep gratitude to the Chief Engineer                        (Northern Region) ​Kerala Water Authority,Malaparamba,          Superintending Engineer P.H Circle Kerala Water Authority,              Malaparamba, ​Executive Engineer P.H.Division Kerala Water            Authority, Malaparamba , ​Assistant Executive Engineer Head              Works Sub Division Malaparamba, Assistant Engineer            Augmentation and Medical College Section Mavoor, Kozhikode              for permitting me to have an internship training at Mavoor treatment                      plant which helped me enrich my knowledge in the field of electrical                        installations and maintenance at a water treatment plant.  It was my privilege being trained under the guidance of Mrs.                      Rajalakshmi Assistant Executive Engineer(Civil) Mavoor          Division, Mrs. Hemalatha Assistant Executive          Engineer(Electrical) Mavoor Division. I would like to thank them                  for their active support and continuous guidance without which it                    would have been difficult for me to complete this training. They were                        generous enough to take time out of their regular work to lend a                          helping hand whenever I needed one and enabling me to complete this                        tenure.   I would also like to mention the generous guidance of ​Mr.Prabodh,                      Overseer Electrical Mavoor division and Mr. Abdul Salam,                Electrician Mavoor division , together with all the staff at Mavoor                      division ​whose guidance helped me settle down in the organization                    and successfully complete the project within the relatively short time                    frame of 10 days, from 1​st June, 2015 to 10​th June, 2015. They were                            supporting enough to give me an opportunity to be a part of such a                            prestigious organization for 10 days and learn the day to day                      functioning. Last but not the least i would like to thank Mr.Suresh                       
Page | 5    (Retd. CE)for guiding me the pathway towards this journey of                    knowledge.      INTRODUCTION    Kerala Water Authority is an autonomous authority established for the                    development and regulation of water supply and waste water                  collection and disposal in the state of Kerala, India. It is a                        government­owned organization and hence a monopoly in most parts                  of the state. The authority was founded on 1 April 1984. Kerala Water                          Authority is governed by a board chaired by the Chairman, usually                      the Principal Secretary / Secretary, Department of Water Resources,                  Government of Kerala. The board also includes the secretaries of the                      departments of finance, local self­government, the executive director                of KRWSA, Managing Director, Technical member, Accounts              Member of Kerala Water Authority and three members from local                    self­government institutions.     
Page | 6    Water Treatment    Water treatment plant is a very integral part of the municipal water                        distribution process. Water distribution to Kozhikode city starts from                  the Mavoor water treatment plant located on the banks of Challiyar                      River. The river water is not fit for drinking so there is a rising need                              to treat this water and make it potable before supplying for domestic                        use.       Chaliyar is the fourth longest river in Kerala at 169 km in length. The                            Chaliyar is also known as Chulika River or Beypore River as it nears                          the sea. Nilambur, Edavanna, Areekode, Kizhuparamba, Cheruvadi,              Edavannappara, Mavoor, Peruvayal, Feroke and Beypore are some of                  the towns/villages situated along the banks of Chaliyar.  The Chaliyar originates in the Western Ghats range at Elambalari                    Hills in the Wayanad Plateau of Kerala and flows through                    Malappuram District for most of its length and then for around 17 km                          it forms the boundary between Malappuram District and Kozhikode                  District before entering the city of Kozhikode for its final 10 km                        journey and finally empties into the Lakshadweep Sea.  This river water is termed as raw water (raw material for the                        plant).Then it has to undergo a series of processes before it reaches                       
Page | 7    the customer. The full responsibility of pumping is being governed by                      the Kerala Water Authority.  All the process emerges right near the challiyar river banks. The                      pumping station pumps the raw water from the river using vertical                      motorised pumps. The plant has a capacity to deliver 54 MLD                      (million litres per day) + 18 MLD.This happens in two stages Stage 1:                          54 MLD                           Stage 2: 18 MLD  At present the plant is supplying 34+18 MLD, the rest demand is                        being fed by the JICA Project at Peruvannamozhi.  Earlier till 2000 the plant had only 54 MLD capacity but in due course                            of time the demand also increased which led to the additional                      production of 18 MLD.  The whole plant is controlled by the tireless efforts of the Assistant                        Executive Engineer (Civil), Assistant Executive Engineer (Electrical),              and Overseers, office staff, operators &Electricians.  The plant works 24 hours a day. The operators, electricians, cleaning                      staff are put on shifts. There are totally three shifts  Shift A: 7:00a.m. – 2:00p.m.  Shift B: 2:00p.m. – 10:00p.m.  Shift C: 10:00p.m. – 7:00a.m.  The cleaning of filter beds takes place twice a day i.e. 8:00a.m. &                          3:00 p.m.There are working staff on PSC, employment & daily                    wages.  Most of the Motors pumps and installations at the mavoor treatment                      plant are more than 40 years old.     
Page | 8    Water Treatment Process  A)Pumping   Pumping stations are facilities including pumps and equipment                for pumping fluids from one place to another. They are used for                        a variety of infrastructure systems, such as the supply of water                      to canals, the drainage of low­lying land, and the removal of                      sewage to processing sites.      There are two pump houses at the plant. One feeds the Stage I & the                              other Stage II .The Stage 1 pump house has 3 motors & stage II also                              houses 3 motors.  Sl  No.  Specification  Quantity  Location  1  600 HP  1  Stage 1  2  250 HP  2  Stage 1  3  150 Hp  2  Stage 2   
Page | 9    There motors used to pump are of two types i) Slip Ring Induction                          ii)Squirrel Cage induction motor.  Starters of two types are used for the stage 1 has old starters and                            stage 2 has soft starters.     
Page | 10        b)Aeration    The water is aerated first.​ ​Aeration​ is the intimate exposure of water  and air. It is a way of thoroughly mixing the air and water so that  various reactions can occur between the components of the air and  the components of the water. 
Page | 11      Aeration removes or modifies the constituents of water using two  methods ­ scrubbing action and oxidation.   ​Scrubbing action ​is  caused by turbulence which results when the water and air mix  together.  The scrubbing action physically removes gases from  solution in the water, allowing them to escape into the surrounding  air.  In the picture above, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are  shown being removed by scrubbing action.  Scrubbing action will  remove tastes and odours from water if the problem is caused by  relatively volatile gases and organic compounds.      Oxidation is the other process through which aeration purifies  water.  ​Oxidation​ is the addition of oxygen, the removal of hydrogen, 
Page | 12    or the removal of electrons from an element or compound.  When air  is mixed with water, some impurities in the water, such as iron and  manganese, become oxidized.  Once oxidized, these chemicals fall out  of solution and become suspended in the water.  The suspended  material can then be removed later in the treatment process through  filtration.      c) Chemical Treatment  The aerated water is treated with alum and lime. First alum and lime  are taken in separate chemical tanks and then mixed with water using  motors they are stirred well and a solution is made, then through a  pipe outlet they are let into the raw water outlet. Adding of lime and  alum helps in coagulation as well as killing of microorganisms.  d) Chlarifloculator  Now the coagulated water with impurities needs to be sediment so it  moves to an instrument called chlarifloculator,it is similar to a well  first the water moves to the inner ring where motorised limbs  connected to  bridge rotates during this action so the impurities settle  down towards the centre of the tank, and the water escapes to the  other well by here 75 % of the impurities gets removed to the river via  pipes to the river. If there is more precipitation of impurities in  the  water ,the bridge runs over the well this circular motion helps in  settling down the impurities.       
Page | 13        e)Filtration bed  The water moves to the filtration bed, here the water is made to stand  on coarse,grain,sand arrangement & this gets filtered from the bottom  of the the tank,clear water moves to the chlorination unit.  At times the mud and impurities choke the bed at that particular  instant a blower is used to  blow the impurities out of the bed this  blower is powered by a motor.  f) Chlorination  The water has to be chlorinated this is done using the chlorine from  the chlorine tanks of 2000g capacity connected to the aqua  chlorinator. These tanks or cylinders are manufactured at Travancore  Cochin Chemicals. While these cylinders are connected to the  chlorinator the connections has to be tight to prevent leakage  ammonium chloride solution is used as an indicator over the rim, the  white fumes indicate leakage.  g) Clear water pump house  The clear water moves to sump after chlorination and gets stored.  From the sump the water is pumped by 3 motors to the overhead tank  located at the hill. 
Page | 14      The water moves through pipe in gravity flow towards Kuttikatoor  booster Station. From here the water is pumped and the supply is  boosted. There are2 booster stations across the road. A newly built for  stage 2 & other for stage 1.It is also accompanied by a 66 KV  substation of KSEB.Now the boosted water goes to overhead tanks  located at various locations off the district such as Medical College,  Malaparamba and the water gets distributed through pipelines through  gravity flow.   
Page | 15    Malfunctioning Encountered  Burning of the halum sheet in the starter due to overheating on  5/07/15.  Detection of the problem  Usually the pointer of the ammeter remains constant but as the  problem arises in the circuit deflections were observed in the pointer  of ammeter which was noted as an abnormality.  Then the motor was switched off & the incoming live wires from  transformer were checked, then the rotor connection was checked.  When the starter was opened the problem was detected, due to the  overheating of the contacts the halum sheet got burnt & a hole was  observed.    Solution  First the starter was removed from the oil tank .Then a considerably  big hole was observed in the halum sheet so the whole sheet had to be  replaced.  The halum sheet was separated from the frame and it was sent to the  industrial shop for redesign then the resistances were connected back  again and put back into the oil tank.  Note: while connecting the resistances to the halum sheet  considerable care has to be taken that the connections are correct. All  the large turn resistances were connected at the ending slots. Care has  to be taken that the resistances are to be connected in series.   
Page | 16      Specification of the coil    Small turns 27  Large turns 38  Causes  The instruments are old and each part has its own tensile strength.  These machines are working from past 40 years and there are higher  chances of sparking in the circuit.  The contacts get loosened over time as the gap widen sparks are  produced and the board and associated parts get burnt up.           Burnt up starter   Replaced halum sheet 
Page | 17                                   Electrical Installation    Transformers        An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current A.C. into low                          voltage high current A.C. and vice­versa without changing the                  frequency  In brief,  1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another  2. It does so without a change of frequency  3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction  4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of                        each other.  Transformer forms an Integral part of Electricity distribution 
Page | 18            Transformers providing 440V supply to stage 2 stepping down 11 KV              Name plate details of 11 KV transformer 
Page | 19        Main parts    1. Core  Provide low reluctance flux path  Support to windings  CRGOS  Silicon steel  Based on lamination winding the transformers are of 2 types  a)Shell Type  b)Core Type      2) Constructional detail:   Shell type 
Page | 20      • Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a laminated core.  Core type    •Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square core.  Sectional view of transformers 
Page | 21        CoreType                                        Fig1: Coil and laminations of                Fig2: Various types of cores  core type transformer    Shell type  •The HV and LV windings are split into no. of sections  •Where HV winding lies between two LV windings 
Page | 22    •In sandwich coils leakage can be controlled    Fig: Sandwich      windings      •Cu or Al conductors  •HV­­­­Crossover,disc,multilayer  •LV­­­­Helix,disc,disc helix    3. Insulator  •Electrical isolation  •Paper, transformer oil, synthetic resin  •Major and minor  4. Bushing  To provide external electrical connection 
Page | 23    5. Types of Cooling  •AN  •AB  •ONAN  •OFAF  •ONWF  •OFWF    ONAN      ONAF 
Page | 24        OFAF      6. Protection arrangement  Protect against faults has been carried out using the following                    instruments  •Bucholtz relay  •Conservator breather –Silica gel 
Page | 25                  Silica Gel Breather     
Page | 26          Whenever ​electrical power transformer is loaded, the temperature of                  the ​transformer insulating oil increases, consequently the volume of                  the oil is increased. As the volume of the oil is increased, the air                            above the oil level in conservator will come out. Again at low oil                          temperature; the volume of the oil is decreased, which causes the                      volume of the oil to be decreased which again causes air to enter into                            conservator tank​. The natural air always consists of more or less                      moisture in it and this moisture can be mixed up with oil if it is                              allowed to enter into the transformer. The air moisture should be                      resisted during entering of the air into the transformer, because                    moisture is very harmful for transformer insulation. A silica gel                    breather is the most commonly used way of filtering air from                      moisture. ​Silica gel breather for transformer is connected with                  conservator tank by means of breathing pipe  7. Tap changer  It is used to control voltage, the two types of tap changers are  •On load tap changer  •Off load tap changer    Tap changing  •System voltage control is essential for 
Page | 27    1. Adjustment of consumer’s terminal voltage within prescribed                limits.  2. Control of real and reactive power in the network  1.Varying secondary voltage  2.Maintaining the secondary voltage constant with a varying                primary voltage  3.For providing an auxiliary secondary voltage for a special                  purpose  4.To provide low voltage for starting rotating machines  5.For providing neutral point  Cut view of transformer       
Page | 28    Transformer with conservator and breather                        Three phase transformers                        Construction   •A three­phase transformer is constructed by winding three                single­phase transformers on a single core.  
Page | 29    •Three­phase transformers are connected in either wye or delta                  configurations       •Two or three single­phase transformers can be connected together to                    deliver three­phase power. This is referred to as a transformer bank.   •This allows greater maintenance and replacement options.    Different Windings in a three phase transformer                 
Page | 30         
Page | 31      Three winding transformers                   
Page | 32                       ​Substation Distribution & Components  Transformers have been setup in the plant for distribution. Being an                      industrial plant the various units require electricity. There is a 66 KV                        Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) substation at the KWA                  compound. This substation provides a 11KV feeder to the plant.      The current is generated at the Nallalam Power generation Unit of                      KSEB.Then this power has to be transmitted at high voltage to                      various substation among which one of them is 66 KV substation                      Ambalaparamba.Here the 66KV is stepped down to 11KV by                  6.6MVA transformers. This substation provides one feeder to KWA,                  one to Edavannapara, one each to Chennamangalur,Mavoor.    What happens to incoming high voltage at KSEB substation? 
Page | 33    First the high voltage 66KV incomer approaches the substation                  through transmission towers, first it moves to the lightning arrester.    a)Lightning Arrester(L A)            A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems  and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and  conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The  typical lightning arrester has a high­voltage terminal and a ground  terminal.​ ​If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the  electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage  the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to  transformers and other electrical or electronic devices.  Lightning­produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines  can damage electrical home appliances.                                                   
Page | 34      Then it passes through the Earth Switch attached to LA  b) Earth Switch  Earthing switch connect the live parts/ line conductors and earth. This                      switch is normally open.  Earthing switch is used to earth the live parts during maintenance and                        during testing. During maintenance although circuit is open still there                are some voltages on line , due to which capacitance between line and                      earth is charged. Before proceeding to maintenance work the voltage s                  discharged to earth, by closing the earth switch.  1.​ Maintenance Earthing Switch​: These are two or three pole units                  with a manual operating mechanism.  2.​ High Speed Earthing Switch:​ These are operated by spring                energy. Spring is charged by motor­mechanism.  Earthing switches are mounted on the base of mainly line side                      isolator. Earthing switches are normally vertically break switches.                Earthing arms (contact arm of earthing switch) are normally aligned                    horizontally at off condition. during switching on operation, these                  earthing arms rotate and move to vertical position and make contact                      with earth female contacts fitted at the top of the post insulator stack                          of isolator at its outgoing side. The earthing arms are so interlocked                        with main isolator moving contacts that it can be closed only when                        the main contacts of isolator are in open position. Similarly the main                       
Page | 35    isolator contacts can be closed only when the earthing arms are in                        open position.  Then the supply passes through an isolator  c) Isolator  Electrical Isolator or Electrical Isolation Switch  Under Electrical Transmission  Definition of Isolator  Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker                      cannot be visible physically from outside of the breaker and that is                        why it is recommended not to touch any electrical circuit just by                        switching off the ​circuit breaker​. So for better safety there must be                        some arrangement so that one can see open condition of the section of                          the circuit before touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which                      isolates a part of circuit from system as when required. Electrical                      isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance                        works.       So definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually                        operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the ​electrical                    power​ system normally at off load condition.   Types of Electrical Isolators  There are different types of isolators available depending upon system  requirement such as   1)Double Break Isolator  2) Single Break Isolator  3) Pantograph type Isolator. 
Page | 36      Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be                      categorized as   1) Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus  2) Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder  3) Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with                        transfer bus.   Constructional Features of Double Break Isolators   Lets have a discussion on constructional features of Double Break                    Isolators. These have three stacks of post insulators as shown in the                        figure. The central post insulator carries a tubular or flat male contact                        which can be rotated horizontally with rotation of central post                    insulator. This rod type contact is also called moving contact.                    The female type contacts are fixed            on the top of the other post insulators which fitted at both sides of the                              central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the form of                        spring loaded figure contacts. The rotational movement of male                  contact causes to come itself into female contacts and isolators                    becomes closed. The rotation of male contact in opposite direction                    make to it out from female contacts and isolators becomes open.                      Rotation of the central post insulator is done by a driving lever                        mechanism at the base of the post insulator and it connected to                        operating handle (in case of hand operation) or motor (in case of                       
Page | 37    motorized operation) of the isolator through a mechanical tie rod.                      Constructional features of Single Break Isolators  The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and                          other female contact. The contact arm moves due to rotation of the                        post insulator upon which the contact arms are fitted. Rotation of both                        post insulators stacks in opposite to each other causes to close the                        isolator by closing the contact arm. Counter rotation of both post                      insulators stacks open the contact arm and isolator becomes in off                      condition. This motorized form of this type of isolators is generally                      used but emergency hand driven mechanism is also provided.  Operation of Electrical Isolator  As no ​arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be                        operated when there is no chance ​current flowing through the circuit.                      No live circuit should be closed or open by isolator operation. A                        complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation                      and also a live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator                          operation to avoid huge arcing in between isolator contacts. That is                      why isolators must be open after ​circuit breaker is open and these                        must be closed before ​circuit breaker is closed. Isolator can be                      operated by hand locally as well as by motorized mechanism from                      remote position. Motorized operation arrangement costs more              compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken before                    choosing an isolator for system whether hand operated or motor                   
Page | 38    operated economically optimum for the system. For voltages up to                    145KV system hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher                    voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized                      isolators are used.  Then the connection is connected in series with the SF6 circuit                      breaker.    d) ​SF​6​ Circuit Breaker  A ​circuit breaker in which the ​current carrying contacts operate in                      sulphur hexafluoride or SF​6​ gas​ is known as an ​SF​6​ circuit breaker​.  SF​6 has excellent insulating property. SF​6 has high electro­negativity.                  That means it has high affinity of absorbing free electron. Whenever a                        free electron collides with the SF​6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by that                          gas molecule and forms a negative ion. The attachment of electron                      with ​SF​6​ gas​ molecules may occur in two different ways,     These negative ions obviously much heavier than a free electron and                      therefore over all mobility of the charged particle in the SF​6 gas is                          much less as compared other common gases. We know that mobility                      of charged particle is majorly responsible for conducting ​current                  through a gas. Hence, for heavier           
Page | 39    and less mobile charged particles in ​SF​6 gas​, it acquires very high                        dielectric strength. Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but                        also it has the unique property of fast recombination after the source                        energizing the spark is removed. The gas has also very good heat                        transfer property. Due to its low gaseous viscosity (because of less                      molecular mobility) ​SF​6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by                  convection. So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling                      effect SF​6 gas is approximately 100 times more effective arc                    quenching media than air. Due to these unique properties of this gas                        SF​6 circuit breaker is used in complete range of medium ​voltage and                        high ​voltage ​electrical power system. These circuit breakers are                  available for the ​voltage​ ranges from 33KV to 800KV and even more.      Disadvantages of SF​6​ CB  The SF​6 gas is identified as a greenhouse gas, safety regulation are                        being introduced in many countries in order to prevent its release into                        atmosphere.  Puffer type design of SF​6 CB needs a high mechanical energy which                        is almost five times greater than that of ​oil circuit breaker​.                       
Page | 40    Types of SF​6​ Circuit Breaker  There are mainly three types of SF​6 CB depending upon the ​voltage                        level of application­   1. Single interrupter SF​6 CB applied for up to 245 KV(220 KV)                      system.  2. Two interrupter SF​6 CB applied for up to 420 KV(400 KV)                      system.  3. Four interrupter SF​6 CB applied for up to 800 KV(715 KV)                      system.  Working of SF​6​ Circuit Breaker  The working of SF​6 CB of first generation was quite simple it is some                            extent similar to air blast circuit breaker. Here SF​6 gas was                      compressed and stored in a high pressure reservoir. During ​operation                    of SF​6 circuit breaker this highly compressed gas is released through                      the ​arc in breaker and collected to relatively low pressure reservoir                      and then it pumped back to the high pressure reservoir for re utilize.  The ​working of SF​6 circuit breaker is little bit different in modern                        time. Innovation of puffer type design makes operation of SF​6 CB                      much easier. In buffer type design, the arc energy is utilized to                        develop pressure in the arcing chamber for ​arc quenching​.                 
Page | 41    Here the    breaker is filled with SF​6 gas at rated pressure. There are two fixed                          contact fitted with a specific contact gap. A sliding cylinder bridges                     
Page | 42    these to fixed contacts. The cylinder can axially slide upward and                      downward along the contacts. There is one stationary piston inside the                      cylinder which is fixed with other stationary parts of the SF​6 circuit                        breaker, in such a way that it can not change its position during the                            movement of the cylinder. As the piston is fixed and cylinder is                        movable or sliding, the internal volume of the cylinder changes when                      the cylinder slides.  During opening of the breaker the cylinder moves downwards against                    position of the fixed piston hence the volume inside the cylinder is                        reduced which produces compressed SF​6 gas inside the cylinder. The                    cylinder has numbers of side vents which were blocked by upper                      fixed contact body during closed position. As the cylinder move                    further downwards, these vent openings cross the upper fixed contact,                    and become unblocked and then compressed SF​6 gas inside the                    cylinder will come out through this vents in high speed towards the                        arc and passes through the axial hole of the both fixed contacts. The                          arc is quenched during this flow of SF​6​ gas.  During closing of the circuit breaker​, the sliding cylinder moves                    upwards and as the position of piston remains at fixed height, the                        volume of the cylinder increases which introduces low pressure inside                    the cylinder compared to the surrounding. Due to this pressure                    difference SF​6 gas from surrounding will try to enter in the cylinder.                        The higher pressure gas will come through the axial hole of both fixed                          contact and enters into cylinder via vent and during this flow; the gas                          will quench the arc.  Then the supply passes through a current transformer  e)Current transformer  A ​current transformer​ (​CT​) is used for measurement of alternating                electric currents. Current transformers, together with voltage (or                potential) transformers (VT or PT), are known as ​instrument                transformers​. When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly                        to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced                 
Page | 43    current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can                      be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A                  current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may                  be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are                      commonly used in metering and ​protective relays​ in the ​electrical              power industry​.    Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the                      currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the                  current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done because we have no                            instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this                          transformer is  a. Distance Protection  b. Backup Protection  c. Measurement  A current transformer is defined as an instrument transformer in                    which the secondary current is substantially proportional to the                  primary current (under normal conditions of operation) and differs in                    phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an                       
Page | 44    appropriate direction of the connections. This highlights the accuracy                  requirement of the current transformer but also important is the                    isolating function, which means no matter what the system voltage the                      secondary circuit need to be insulated only for a low voltage.  The current transformer works on the principle of variable flux. In the                        ideal current transformer, secondary current would be exactly equal                  (when multiplied by the turns ratio) and opposite to the primary                      current. But, as in the voltage transformer, some of the primary                      current or the primary ampere­turns are utilized for magnetizing the                    core, thus leaving less than the actual primary ampere turns to be                        transformed into the secondary ampere­turns. This naturally              introduces an error in the transformation. The error is classified into                      current ratio error and the phase error    Then the circuit is parallel branched into two lines which passes                      through an isolator, a SF6 circuit breaker, a current transformer,                    followed by a LA(note: always a transformer in distribution is                    associated with an LA before the line reaches the transformer)                    connecting to the transformer. There are two transformers of 60/11                    ,6.3 MVA at the substation which convert 66KV to 11KV.Then it                      passes through a CT,VCB& an isolator. Then the distribution of                    11KV through various feeders takes place.  A Potential transformer is connected in parallel to the circuit  f)Potential transformer  There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both                      side of the bus. The potential transformer uses a bus isolator to protect                          itself. The main use of this transformer is to measure the voltage                        through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the                              voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are two main                        parts in it  a. Measurement 
Page | 45    b. Protection  The standards define a voltage transformer as one in which the                      secondary voltage is substantially proportional to the primary voltage                  and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately equal                          to zero for an appropriate direction of the connections. This in essence                        means that the voltage transformer has to be as close as possible to the                            ideal transformer.  In an ideal transformer, the secondary voltage vector is exactly                    opposite and equal to the primary voltage vector when multiplied by                      the turn’s ratio.  In a practical transformer, errors are introduced because some current                    is drawn for the magnetization of the core and because of drops in the                            primary and secondary windings due to leakage reactance and                  winding resistance. One can thus talk of a voltage error which is the                          amount by which the voltage is less than the applied primary voltage                        and the phase error which is the phase angle by which the reversed                          secondary voltage vector is displaced from the primary voltage                  vector.    g)Bus Bar  The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into                              the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used                            for putting the incoming feeders in la single line. There may be                        double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other                                can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in                              the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a                          connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and                            the other works only if the first is having any fault.  A bus bar​ ​in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of                      copper or aluminum that conduct electricity within a switchboard,                  distribution board, substation, or other electrical apparatus. The size                 
Page | 46    of the bus bar is important in determining the maximum amount of                        current that can be safely carried. Bus bars are typically either flat                        strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more                        efficiently due to their high surface area to cross sectional area ratio.                        The skin effect makes 50­60 Hz AC bus bars more than about 8 mm                            (1/3 in) thick inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in                        higher current applications. A hollow section has higher stiffness than                    a solid rod of equivalent current carrying capacity, which allows a                      greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor switchyards. A bus                      bar may either be supported on insulators or else insulation may                      completely surround it. Bus bars are protected from accidental contact                    either by a metal enclosure or by elevation out of normal reach.  Neutral bus bars may also be insulated. Earth bus bars are typically                        bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Bus bars                      may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or bus                              way, segregated­phase bus, or isolated­phase bus.    66KV KSEB Substation 
Page | 47         
Page | 48      The substation is under the jurisdiction of KSEB.The KEY diagram                    of the substation is as given below.                    The 11 KV feeder enters the plant through poles into a switchyard                        where the protection is provide by the airbrake switch to a current                        transformer attached to a metre which displays the no of units                      consumed based on which the current consumption is calculated. The                    three phase supply enters the Incomer control panel room. This room                     
Page | 49    is located near the pump house. This room receives feeder of 11KV                        from KSEB.This room contains 46 year old analog control panel,                    from where the supply is separated to different lines i.e. supply to                        Ram water 1(pump house 1),Raw water 2,Clear water pump                  house,contol panel room(newly constructed).So these line move              through the electric cables beneath the ground towards distribution                  transformers.  There are 6 distribution transformers in the plant.  Sl No    Location  No of transformers  1  Raw water I  1  2  Raw water II  1(working)  1(not working)  3  Control Room newly constructed  1(supply to stage II)  1(supply to stage I)  4  Clear pump house  1  Incommer Room 
Page | 50      Incommer  at the old contol panel room  CTPT­80/5 CTR­100/5 Incoming supply 11KV Current 56A.  The specifications of the incomer are as follows  1 Oil Circuit Breaker(OCB)     ​ ​Mineral oil has better insulating property than air. In oil circuit  breaker the fixed contact and moving contact are immerged inside the  insulating oil. Whenever there is a separation of current carrying  contacts in the oil, the arc in circuit breaker is initialized at the  moment of separation of contacts, and due to this arc the oil is  vaporized and decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and ultimately  creates a hydrogen bubble around the arc. This highly compressed gas  bubble around the arc prevents re­striking of the arc after current  reaches zero crossing of the cycle. The oil circuit breaker is the one of  the oldest type of circuit breakers. 
Page | 51    When the  current  carrying contacts in the oil are separated an arc is  established in between the separated contacts.   Operation  Actually, when separation of contacts has just started, distance                  between the current contacts is small as a result the voltage gradient                        between contacts becomes high. This high voltage gradient between                  the contacts ionized the oil and consequently initiates arcing between                    the contacts. This arc will produce a large amount of heat in                        surrounding oil and vaporizes the oil and decomposes the oil in                      mostly hydrogen and a small amount of methane, ethylene and                    acetylene. The hydrogen gas cannot remain in molecular form and its                      is broken into its atomic form releasing lot of heat. The arc                        temperature may reach up to 5000° K. Due to this high temperature                        the gas is liberated surround the arc very rapidly and forms an                        excessively fast growing gas bubble around the arc. It is found that                        the mixture of gases occupies a volume about one thousand times that                        of the oil decomposed. From this figure we can assume how fast the                          gas bubble around the arc will grow in size. If this growing gas                          bubble around the arc is compressed by any means then rate of de –                            ionization process of ionized gaseous media in between the contacts                    will accelerate which rapidly increase the dielectric strength between                  the contacts and consequently the arc will be quenched at zero                      crossing of the current cycle. This is the basic operation of oil circuit                          breaker. In addition to that cooling effect of hydrogen gas surround                      the arc path also helps, the quick arc quenching in oil circuit breaker.  Now at present the role of the oil circuit breakers is being carried out  by the vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs).  Types of Oil Circuit Breakers  Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker or BOCB  Arc Quenching in Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker 
Page | 52      Bulk oil circuit breaker or BOCB is such  types of circuit breakers  where oil is used as arc quenching media as well as insulating media  between  current  carrying contacts and earthed parts of the breaker.  The oil used here is same as transformer insulating oil.         Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker or MOCB 
Page | 53      These types of circuit breakers utilize oil as the interrupting media.  However, unlike bulk oil circuit breaker, a minimum oil circuit  breaker places the interrupting unit in insulating chamber at live  potential. The insulating oil is available only in interrupting chamber.  The features of designing MOCB are to reduce requirement of oil,  and hence these breaker are called minimum oil circuit breaker.  Working Principle or Arc Quenching in Minimum Oil Circuit  Breaker  Working Principle of minimum oil circuit breaker​ or ​arc  quenching in minimum oil circuit breaker​ is described below. In a  minimum oil circuit breaker​, the arc drawn across the ​current  carrying contacts is contained inside the arcing chamber.       Hence the hydrogen bubble formed by the vaporized oil is trapped  inside the chamber. As the contacts continue to move, after its certain  travel an exit vent becomes available for exhausting the trapped  hydrogen gas. There are two different types of arcing chamber is  available in terms of venting are provided in the arcing chambers.  One is axial venting and other is radial venting. In axial venting, gases  (mostly Hydrogen), produced due to vaporization of oil and  decomposition of oil during arc, will sweep the arc in axial or  longitudinal direction.  
Page | 54    Working principle Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker​ with axial  venting arc chamber.   The moving contact has just  been separated and arc is initiated in ​MOCB​.  The ionized gas around the  arc sweep away through upper vent and cold oil enters into the arcing  chamber through the lower vent in axial direction as soon as the  moving contact tip crosses the lower vent opening and final ​arc  quenching in minimum oil circuit breaker​ occurs. 
Page | 55    The cold oil occupies the gap  between fixed contact and moving contact and the minimum oil  circuit breaker​ finally comes into open position.  Whereas in case of radial venting or cross blast, the gases (mostly  Hydrogen) sweep the arc in radial or transverse direction.    The axial venting generates high gas pressure and hence has high  dielectric strength, so it is mainly used for interrupting low ​current​ at  high voltage.   On the other hand radial venting produces relatively low gas pressure  and hence low dielectric strength so it can be used for low ​voltage​ and  high ​current​ interruption. Many times the combination of both is used 
Page | 56    in minimum oil ​circuit breaker​ so that the chamber is equally efficient  to interrupt low ​current​ as well as high current. These types of ​circuit  breaker​ are available up to 8000 MVA at 245 KV.  It contains two relays at the top for protection     Over Current Relays 2 Nos  Earth Fault Relay ­1 No   2 Over Current Relay  The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a  specified value. There are four basic types of construction: They are  plunger, rotating disc, static, and microprocessor type. In the plunger  type, a plunger is moved by magnetic attraction when the current  exceeds a specified value. In the rotating induction­disc type, which is  a motor, the disc rotates by electromagnetic induction when the  current exceeds a specified value. 
Page | 57    Static types convert the current to a proportional D.C mill volt signal  and apply it to a level detector with voltage or contact output. Such  relays can be designed to have various current­versus­time operating  characteristics. In a special type of rotating induction­disc relay,  called the voltage restrained over current relay. The magnitude of  voltage restrains the operation of the disc until the magnitude of the  voltage drops below a threshold value. Static over current relays are  equipped with multiple curve characteristics and can duplicate almost  any shape of electromechanical relay curve. Microprocessor relays  convert the current to a digital signal. The digital signal can then be  compared to the setting values input into the relay. With the  microprocessor relay, various curves or multiple time­delay settings  can be input to set the relay operation. Some relays allow the user to  define the curve with points or calculations to determine the output  characteristics.  3. DC Battery and Charger     DC battery chargers at the control panel room for operating protective  relays.  All but the smallest substations include auxiliary power supplies. AC  power is required for substation building small power, lighting,  heating and ventilation, some communications equipment, switchgear 
Page | 58    operating mechanisms, anti­condensation heaters and motors. DC  power is used to feed essential services such as circuit breaker trip  coils and associated relays, supervisory control and data acquisition  (SCADA) and communications equipment. This describes how these  auxiliary supplies are derived and explains how to specify such  equipment. It has Single 100% battery and 100% charger, Low capital  cost, No standby DC System outage for maintenance. Need to isolate  battery/charger combination from load under boost charge conditions  in order to prevent high boost voltages.    Induction Motors  One of the most common ​electrical motor used in most applications                      which is known as ​induction motor​. This motor is also called as                        asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less than synchronous                      speed. In this, we need to define what is synchronous speed.                      Synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of the ​magnetic field in a                          rotary machine and it depends upon the frequency and number poles                      of the machine. An ​induction motor always runs at a speed less than                          synchronous speed because the rotating ​magnetic field which is                  produced in the stator will generate flux in the rotor which will make                          the rotor to rotate, but due to the lagging of flux ​current in the rotor                              with flux ​current in the stator, the rotor will never reach to its rotating                            magnetic field speed i.e. the synchronous speed. There are basically                    two ​types of induction motor that depend upon the input supply ­                        single phase induction motor and ​three phase induction motor​. ​Single                    phase induction motor is not a self starting motor which we will                        discuss later and ​three phase induction motor is a self­starting motor.                      Now in general we need to give two supply i.e. double excitation to                          make a machine to rotate. For example if we consider a ​DC motor​, we                            will give one supply to the stator and another to the rotor through                          brush arrangement.  
Page | 59        Working Principle of Induction Motor  But in ​induction motor we give only one supply, so it is really                          interesting to know that how it works. It is very simple, from the                          name itself we can understand that there is induction process                    occurred. Actually when we are giving the supply to the stator                      winding, flux will generate in the coil due to flow of ​current in the                            coil. Now the rotor winding is arranged in such a way that it becomes                            short circuited in the rotor itself. The flux from the stator will cut the                            coil in the rotor and since the rotor coils are short circuited, according                          to ​Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction​, ​current will start                  flowing in the coil of the rotor. When the ​current will flow, another                          flux will get generated in the rotor. Now there will be two flux, one is                              stator flux and another is rotor flux and the rotor flux will be lagging                            to the stator flux. Due to this, the rotor will feel a torque which will                              make the rotor to rotate in the direction of rotating magnetic flux. So                          the speed of the rotor will be depending upon the ac supply and the                            speed can be controlled by varying the input supply. This is the                        working principle of an induction motor​ of either type.     Types Induction Motor  SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR  Split phase induction motor  Capacitor start induction motor    Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor  Shaded pole induction motor  THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR  a)Squirrel cage induction motor 
Page | 60    b) Slip ring induction motor  Construction of Three Phase Induction Motor  Under Induction Motor  The ​three phase induction motor is the most widely used ​electrical                      motor​. Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is                      provided by ​three phase induction motors because of its simple and                      rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, absence                of commutator and good speed regulation. In ​three phase induction                    motor the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding through                      induction. The ​Induction motor is also called ​asynchronous motor as                    it runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed.     Like any other electrical motor ​induction motor also have two main                      parts namely rotor and stator   1. Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of                      induction motor. A stator winding is placed in the stator of                      induction motor​ and the three phase supply is given to it.    2. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor                        is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft.    The rotor of the ​three phase induction motor​ are further classified as   1. Squirrel cage rotor,  2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.  Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the ​three phase                      induction motor​ are classified as:   1. Squirrel cage induction motor, 
Page | 61    2. Slip ring ​induction motor or wound ​induction motor or phase                    wound induction motor.  The construction of stator for both the kinds of ​three phase induction                        motor​ remains the same and is discussed in brief in next paragraph.   The other parts, which are required to complete the induction motor,                      are:  1. Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made                        up of steel.  2. Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.   3. One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of                      heat during its rotation. In order to overcome this problem we                      need fan for cooling.  4. For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is                needed.  5. There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually                      varies from 0.4 mm to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.  Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor  The stator of the ​three phase induction motor consists of three main                        parts :   1. Stator frame,  2. Stator core,  3. Stator winding or field winding.  Stator Frame 
Page | 62    It is the outer most part of the                three phase induction motor. Its main function is to support the stator                        core and the field winding. It acts as a covering and it provide                          protection and mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the                      induction motor. The frame is either made up of die cast or fabricated                          steel. The frame of ​three phase induction motor should be very strong                        and rigid as the air gap length of ​three phase induction motor is very                            small, otherwise rotor will not remain concentric with stator, which                    will give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull.                Stator Core 
Page | 63    The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In                            order to reduce the ​eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated.                        These laminated types of structure are made up of stamping which is                        about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping are stamped together to                          form stator core, which is then housed in stator frame. The stamping                        is generally made up of silicon steel, which helps to reduce the                        hysteresis loss​ occurring in motor.   Stator Winding or Field Winding  The slots on the periphery of stator core of the ​three phase induction                          motor carries three phase windings. This three phase winding is                    supplied by three phase ac supply. The three phases of the winding                        are connected either in star or delta depending upon which type of                        starting method is used. The squirrel cage motor is mostly started by                        star – delta stater and hence the stator of squirrel cage motor is delta                            connected. The slip ring ​three phase induction motor are started by                      inserting ​resistance​s so, the stator winding of slip ring ​induction                    motor can be connected either in star or delta. The winding wound on                          the stator of ​three phase induction motor is also called field winding                        and when this winding is excited by three phase ac supply it produces                          a rotating ​magnetic field​.    Types of Three Phase Induction Motor 
Page | 64    1. Squirrel cage three phase induction motor: The rotor of the                    squirrel cage ​three phase induction motor is cylindrical in shape                    and have slots on its periphery. The slots are not made parallel                        to each other but are bit skewed (skewing is not shown in the                          figure of squirrel cadge rotor beside) as the skewing prevents                    magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes the                    working of motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage                    rotor consists of aluminium, brass or copper bars (copper bras                    rotor is shown in the figure beside). These aluminium, brass or                      copper bars are called rotor conductors and are placed in the                      slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are                      permanently shorted by the copper or aluminium rings called the                    end rings. In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor                    conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form a complete                        closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name as                        "squirrel cage induction motor". The squirrel cage rotor winding                  is made symmetrical. As the bars are permanently shorted by                    end rings, the rotor ​resistance is very small and it is not possible                          to add external ​resistance as the bars are permanently shorted.                    The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of                      Squirrel cage ​three phase induction motor very simple and                  robust and hence widely used three phase induction motor.                  These motors have the advantage of adapting any number of                    pole pairs. The below diagram shows squirrel cage induction                  rotor having aluminium bars short circuit by aluminium end                  rings. 
Page | 65    Advantages of squirrel cage        induction rotor­  1. Its construction is very simple and rugged.  2. As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires                      less maintenance.  Applications: ​Squirrel cage ​induction motor is used in lathes, drilling                    machine, fan, blower printing machines etc   2. Slip ring or wound ​three phase induction motor : In this type                        of ​three phase induction motor the rotor is wound for the same                        number of poles as that of stator but it has less number of slots                            and has less turns per phase of a heavier conductor. The rotor                        also carries star or delta winding similar to that of stator                      winding. The rotor consists of numbers of slots and rotor                    winding are placed inside these slots. The three end terminals                    are connected together to form star connection. As its name                    indicates three phase slip ring ​induction motor consists of slip                    rings connected on same shaft as that of rotor. The three ends of                          three phase windings are permanently connected to these slip                  rings. The external ​resistance can be easily connected through                  the brushes and slip rings and hence used for speed control and                        improving the starting torque of three phase induction motor.                  The brushes are used to carry ​current to and from the rotor                        winding. These brushes are further connected to three phase star                    connected ​resistance​s. At starting, the resistance are connected                in rotor circuit and is gradually cut out as the rotor pick up its                           
Page | 66    speed. When the motor is running the slip ring are shorted by                        connecting a metal collar, which connect all slip ring together                    and the brushes are also removed. This reduces wear and tear of                        the brushes. Due to presence of slip rings and brushes the rotor                        construction becomes somewhat complicated therefore it is less                used as compare to squirrel cage induction motor.                Advantages of slip ring ​induction motor​ ­   1. It has high starting torque and low starting current.  2. Possibility of adding additional ​resistance​ to control speed.  Application:   Slip ring ​induction motor are used where high starting torque is                      required i.e. in hoists, cranes, elevator etc.  Difference between Slip Ring and Squirrel Cage Induction Motor  Slip ring or phase wound Induction            motor  Squirrel cage induction motor  Construction is complicated due to          presence of slip ring and brushes  Construction is very simple 
Page | 67    The rotor winding is similar to the              stator winding  The rotor consists of rotor bars            which are permanently shorted with          the help of end rings  We can easily add rotor resistance by              using slip ring and brushes  Since the rotor bars are          permanently shorted, its not possible          to add external resistance  Due to presence of external resistance            high starting torque can be obtained  Staring torque is low and cannot be              improved  Slip ring and brushes are present  Slip ring and brushes are absent  Frequent maintenance is required due          to presence of brushes  Less maintenance is required  The construction is complicated and          the presence of brushes and slip ring              makes the motor more costly  The construction is simple and          robust and it is cheap as compared              to slip ring induction motor  This motor is rarely used only 10 %                industry uses slip ring induction          motor  Due to its simple construction and            low cost. The squirrel cage induction            motor is widely used  Rotor copper losses are high and            hence less efficiency  Less rotor copper losses and hence            high efficiency  Speed control by rotor resistance          method is possible  Speed control by rotor resistance          method is not possible  Slip ring induction motor are used            where high starting torque is required            i.e in hoists, cranes, elevator etc  Squirrel cage induction motor is          used in lathes, drilling machine, fan,            blower printing machines etc    An ​induction motor​ is similar to a poly­phase transformer whose                secondary is short circuited. Thus, at normal supply voltage, like in                     
Page | 68    transformers, the initial current taken by the primary is very large for                        a short while. (Unlike in ​DC motor​, large current at starting is due to                          back emf.) If an induction motor is directly switched on from supply,                        it takes 5 to 7 times its full load current, and develops a torque which                              is only 1.5 to 2.5 times the full load torque.  This large starting current                            will produce large voltage drop in line, which may affect the                      operation of other devices connected in the line. From the ​torque                    equation of induction motor​, it can be seen that starting torque can be                          improved by increasing the rotor resistance. Rotor resistance can be                    easily increased in case of ​slip­ring induction motors​, but for ​squirrel                  cage motors​starting current can be controlled by applying reduced                  stator voltage.  Methods of starting induction motor​ are described below.     Starting Of Squirrel Cage Motors  Adding external resistance to the rotor of a squirrel cage motor is not                          possible. Starting in­rush current in squirrel cage motors is controlled                    by applying reduced voltage to the stator. For this purpose, following                      methods are used:  1. By using primary resistors or reactors  2. Autotransformer  3. Star­delta switches  1. Using primary resistors:    
Page | 69    Obviously, purpose of primary resistors is to drop some voltage,                    consequently applying reduced voltage to the stator. Hence, the initial                    current will be reduced. Here, one thing should be noted that, ​current                      varies directly to thee voltage whereas torque varies as square of the                        applied voltage.  That is, if the applied voltage is reduced by 50% :­ current will be                            reduced by 50% but the torque will be reduced by 25%.    2.Auto­transformers:      Auto­transformer  Auto­transformers​ are also known as auto­starters or compensators.              They can be used for both star connected or delta connected ​squirrel                      cage motors​. The internal connections of an auto­starter is as shown                      in the figure. At starting, switch is at "start" position, and reduced                        voltage is applied across the stator. When the motor gathers speed,                      say upto 80% of its rated speed, auto­transformer automatically                  disconnects from the circuit as the switch goes to "run" position.  The switch changing the connection from start to run position may be                         air­break (small motors) or oil­immersed (large motors). There are                 
Page | 70    also provisions for no­voltage and over­load, with time delay circuits.                    Many auto­transformers also come with options of reduced voltage                  drop of 80%, 65% and 50% of the line voltage.     3.Star­delta starter:  This method is used in the motors, which are designed to run on delta                            connected stator. A two way switch is used to connect the stator                        winding in star while starting and in delta while running with normal                        speed. When stator winding is star connected, voltage over each phase                      in motor will be reduced by a factor 1/(sqrt. 3) that it would be for                              delta connected winding. The starting torque will 1/3 to that of it will                          be for delta connected winding. Hence a star­delta starter is equivalent                      to an auto­transformer of ratio 1/(sqrt. 3) or 58% reduced voltage.    Starting Of Slip­Ring Motors    Slip­ring motors​ are started with full line voltage, as external                  resistance can be easily added in the rotor circuit with the help of                          slip­rings. A star connected rheostat is connected in series with rotor                      via slip­rings as shown in the fig. Introducing resistance in rotor                      current will decrease the starting current in rotor (and hence in stator).                        Also, it improves power factor and the torque is increased. The                      connected rheostat may be hand­operated or automatic.  As, introduction of additional resistance in rotor improves the starting                    torque, slip­ring motors can be started on load. 
Page | 71    The external resistance introduced is only for starting purposes, and is                      gradually cut out as the motor gathers the speed.  How does soft start work?  A soft starter is any device which controls the acceleration of an                        electric motor by means of controlling the applied voltage.    An ​Induction motor​ has the ability to self start owing to the                    interaction between the rotating magnetic field flux and the rotor                    winding flux, causing a high rotor current as torque is increased. As a                          result the stator draws high current and by the time the motor reaches                          to full speed, a large amount of current (greater than the rated current)                          is drawn and this can cause heating up of the motor, eventually                        damaging it. To prevent this, motor starters are needed.    Motor starting can be in 3 ways:  1. Applying full load voltage at intervals of time: Direct On Line                      Starting  2. Applying reduced voltage gradually: Star Delta Starter and Soft                  starter  3. Applying part winding starting: Autotransformer starter    Soft Start Definition     In technical terms, a ​soft starter​ is any device which reduces the                    torque applied to the electric motor. It generally consists of solid state                        devices like thyristors to control the application of supply voltage to                      the motor. The starter works on the fact that the torque is proportional                          to the square of the starting current, which in turn is proportional to                          the applied voltage. Thus the torque and the current can be adjusted                        by reducing the voltage at the time of starting the motor. 
Page | 72            There can be two types of control using soft starter:    1) Open Control:​ A start voltage is applied with time, irrespective of                      the current drawn or the speed of the motor. For each phase                        two ​SCRs​ are connected back to back and the SCRs are conducted                   
Page | 73    initially at a delay of 180 degrees during the respective half wave                        cycles (for which each SCR conducts). This delay is reduced                    gradually with time until the applied voltage ramps up to the full                        supply voltage. This is also known as Time Voltage Ramp System.                      This method is not relevant as it doesn’t actually control the motor                        acceleration.    2) Closed Loop Control:​ Any of the motor output characteristics like                    the current drawn or the speed is monitored and the starting voltage is                          modified accordingly to get the required response.  The current in                    each phase is monitored and if it exceeds a certain set point, the time                            voltage ramp is halted.    Thus ​basic principle of soft starter​ is by controlling the conduction                  angle of the SCRs the application of supply voltage can be controlled.    Components of a basic soft starter  ● Power switches like SCRs which need to be phase controlled                    such that they are applied for each part of the cycle. For a 3                            phase motor, two SCRs are connected back to back for each                      phase. The switching devices need to be rated at least three                      times more than the line voltage.  ● Control Logic using PID controllers or Microcontrollers or any                  other logic to control the application of gate voltage to the SCR,                        i.e. to control the firing angle of SCRs in order to make the SCR                            conduct at the required part of the supply voltage cycle.    Working Example of Electronic Soft Start System for 3 phase                    induction motor    The system consists of the following components:  ● Two back to back SCRs for each phase, i.e. 6 SCRs in total. 
Page | 74    ● Control Logic circuitry in form of two comparators­ LM324 and                    LM339 to produce the level and the ramp voltage and an                      opto­isolator to control the application of gate voltage to the                    each SCR in each phase.  A ​power supply​ circuitry to provide the required dc supply voltage.          The level voltage is generated using the comparator LM324 whose                    inverting terminal is fed using a fixed voltage source and the non                        inverting terminal is fed through a capacitor connected to the collector                      of an NPN transistor. The charging and discharging of the capacitor                      causes the output of the comparator to change accordingly and the                      voltage level to change from high to low. This output level voltage is                          applied to the non inverting terminal of another comparator LM339                    whose inverting terminal is fed using a ramp voltage. This ramp                      voltage is produced using another comparator LM339 which                compares the pulsating DC voltage applied at its inverting terminal to                      the pure DC voltage at its non inverting terminal and generates a zero                          voltage reference signal which is converted to a ramp signal by the                        charging and discharging of a electrolyte capacitor. 
Page | 75      The 3rd comparator LM339 produces a High pulse width signal for                      every high level voltage, which decreases gradually as the level                    voltage reduces. This signal is inverted and applied to the Opto                      isolator, which provides gate pulses to the SCRs. As voltage level                      falls, the pulse width of the Opto isolator increases and more the pulse                          width, lesser is the delay and gradually the SCR is triggered without                        any delay. Thus by controlling the duration between the pulses or                      delay between applications of pulses, the firing angle of SCR is                      controlled and the application of supply current is controlled, thus                    controlling the motor output torque.    The whole process is actually an open loop control system where the                        time of application of gate triggering pulses to each SCR is controlled                        based on the how earlier the ramp voltage decreases from the level                        voltage.  Advantages of Soft Start     Now that we have learnt about how an electronic soft start system                        works, let us recollect few reasons why it is preferred over other                        methods.  ● Improved Efficiency​: The efficiency of soft starter system                using solid state switches is more owing to the low on state                        voltage.  ● Controlled startup​: The ​starting current​ can be controlled            smoothly by easily altering the starting voltage and this ensures                    smooth starting of the motor without any jerks.  ● Controlled acceleration​: Motor acceleration is controlled            smoothly.  ● Low Cost and size​: This is ensured with the use of solid state                          switches. 
Page | 76    The problem with the soft starter is the companies that make the soft                          starter hoarding the parts, when the soft starter fails the company                      wants the customer to send the whole soft starter in for repairs vice                          allowing the customer to rebuild on site..if you have 30 soft starters in                          a particular building or a ship per say in 1­2 years all of those soft                              starters should need to go back to the company just to replace an                          SCR, how about building a better soft starter that could possibly last                        4­6 years or allow the customer to make repairs on site.The loud                        clunk coming from the soft starter is present in over 60% of the soft                            starter upon motor start up.                                 
Page | 77                Electrical Installations with images        Blower at the filter bed attached to motor 
Page | 78                      Panel control   
Page | 79                          Flowmeter­Used to check the amount of eater flowing new                  installation at the pump house it gives digital output based on the                        sensor signals and the readings integrated through SCADA can be                    monitored from remote locations.   
Page | 80      In house Transformers                                  Incommer Room 
Page | 81                  
Page | 82         Relays in the control panel      CT ratio 60/5  11KV feeder  240MM^2 PILC CABLE           
Page | 83    Energy meter Getting supply from Current transformer                    
Page | 84      New Installations at the plant  New control boards            
Page | 85           

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