This document discusses trends in disaster management globally and provides definitions and examples. It summarizes that globally, disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity due to factors like climate change and urbanization. Weather-related disasters like floods and storms account for most incidents and impacts. Building community resilience is key to reducing vulnerabilities. Science and technology, including remote sensing, GPS and satellite communication, now play an important role in early warning systems and preparedness.
1. Ms.ARUNA R M.Sc (N)
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING DEPARTMENT
ASST.PROFESSOR
GANGA COLEGE OF NURSING
COIMBATORE
3. INTRODUCTION
• Globally disasters and calamities throw up
major challenges for National
Governments.
• The major challenge is the protection of
life, property & the vital-life supporting
infra-structure necessary for disaster
mitigation.
4. INTRODUCTION
Cont…
• With growing population and infrastructures
the World’s exposure to natural hazards is
inevitably increasing.
• This is particularly true as the strongest
population growth in located in coastal
areas.
5. DEFINITION
• Disaster is defined as any occurrence that
cause damage, ecological disruption and loss
of human life, deterioration of health and
health services on a scale, sufficient to
warrant an extraordinary response from
outside the affected community or area.
-WHO
6. DISASTERS – THE GLOBAL
SCENARIO
• A Challenge for all humanity
• Increase in frequency and intensity
• Higher human development – better preparedness
• Lower human development - more vulnerable
• Floods most common – India, China, and
Bangladesh most affected
• Drought – the deadliest – 40% of all deaths from
disasters
7. TRENDS IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• Global Trends in Disaster
• Current trends in disaster
• Science & Technological trends in disaster -
Early warning & disaster preparedness -
(ICST – Information , communication and
Space Technologies)
9. GLOBAL TRENDS IN
DISASTER CONT…
• During these years migration to cities has been
increasing at a rapid rate. This is an alarming
issue to public authorities and the policy
makers. People are forced to leave their native
places in search of jobs, livelihood or better
career opportunities. It has resulted in
concentration of population in big cities.
10. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER
CONT…
• Large number of manmade disasters in the
form of road accidents, industrial accidents,
fire mishap, epidemics, social clashes etc are
also increasing correspondingly.
• Manmade disasters are indirectly contributing
for the emergence of some natural disasters.
(For example, decreased cultivable land due to
population pressure, decreased vegetation,
deforestation, pollution etc.)
11. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER
CONT…
• This kind of influence is also forced at the
global level leading to loss of human and
normal lifeline, economical loss, loss of
resources etc.
• Economically backward countries are largely
vulnerable to the natural and manmade
disasters due to lack of supply of funds to take
up mitigation measures.
12. GLOBAL TRENDS IN
DISASTER AS PER WORLD
DISASTER REPORT OF 2018
1.Over the last ten years (2008-2017) EM-DAT
has recorded 3751 natural disasters, of which
majority have weather-related triggers, with
floods and storms alone accounting for almost
two-thirds of all incidents (Floods 40.5%, Storms
26.7%, other weather related 16.9%).
13. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER
WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018
CONT…
2.Estimated number of people affected by natural
hazards over the last ten years was 2 billion.
About 95% of people are affected by weather
related hazards.(Floods 36.7%, storms 17%,
other weather related 41.8%)
14. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER
WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018
CONT…
3. Estimated cost of damages in 141 countries
over the last 10 years was 1,658 billion dollars.
About 73% of costs are due to weather related
hazards (Storms 41.7%, Floods 21.9%, other
weather related 9
-International Fed.Red cross & Red
Crescent Society
15. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER
WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018
CONT…
4. Number of crises resulting in IFRC /
Internationally funded operations over the last 10
years was 1107, around a third of which were
triggered by floods. (Floods – 32.6%, Epidemics
– 18.7%, Cyclones – 9.3%)
16. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER
WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018
CONT…
5. Number of people the operations aimed to
reach with assistance over the last ten years was
231.7 million. 79.4% of whom were affected by
epidemics (Epidemics 79.4%, Food insecurity
4.2% , population movement 3.5%)
17. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER
WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018
CONT…
6. IFRC operational budget over the last ten
years was 2.3 billion dollars. A fifth of which
was in response to earthquakes. (Earthquakes
20.0%, Population movement 13.4%, cyclones
12.6%).
18. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER
WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018
CONT…
7.WHO Corona virus disease (Covid-19 Dash Board
report on 02/02/2021. According to WHO report,
Covid-19 is spread to almost every part of the earth.
Globally there has been 10,29,42,987 confirmed
cases, including 22,32,233 death. India has
confirmed Covid-19 cases 1,07,66,245.
19. CURRENT TRENDS IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
• Building community resilience for coping with disaster
is the right strategy to adopt instead of misdirected
international aid, which do not reach needy.
• It has been seen that people have been able to survive
most adverse conditions on the strength of their
capacities.
• Therefore the aid communities is advised to concentrate
on the capacities of the vulnerable communities rather
than their vulnerabilities and aim at building them for
successfully combating disaster.
20. BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
CONT…
• General upgrading of administrative services
as a long term mitigation strategy, particularly
building capacities at the local level with
active participation of the people, since as
borne out by experience, national, or even
international interventions are likely to be less
effective in tackling persistent problems such
as poor school, poor quality housing,
sanitation, drainage etc.
21. BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
CONT….
• Current trends throws limelight that active
cooperation of communities is vital for achieving real
gains in both policy formulation and implementation.
• Synergetic partnership between the government and
people is essential to have a clear understanding and
specific policy formulation
• Building community resilience is crucial for the
success of any policy measure, particularly planned
strategies for environment protection, where
community involvement has proven to be a necessary
requirement
22. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• Brundtland Commision (1987) defines
sustainable development as “development
which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”.
• The concept of sustainable development
encompass all previous ideas such as growth,
equity etc with the added dimension of
sustainability for future use.
23. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONT…
• Sustainable development has both ethical and
utilitarian value in that preservation of
environment is as much a duty of the present
generation as a right for future generation, to
lead disease free and accidents/ disaster free
lives and touch higher levels of economic
development.
24. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS – EARLY WARNING &
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
• In recent years, efforts in disaster management
have gained impetus from the unprecedented
development in Information, Communication,
And Space Technologies (ICST), which have
wide-ranging applications in disaster
preparedness, reduction, mitigation, and
management.
25. ICST
ICSTs provide vital support for disaster management in
many ways:
observation
monitoring
data collection
networking
communication
warning dissemination
service delivery mechanisms
GIS databases
expert analysis systems
information resources, etc.
26. ICST CONT…
The wide spectrum of ICSTs used in disaster preparedness, mitigation,
and management include:
Remote sensing
Geographical Information System (GIS)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
satellite navigation system
satellite communication
amateur and community radio
television and radio broadcasting
telephone and fax; cellular phones
internet, e-mail and
special software packages, on-line management databases, disaster
information networks.
30. EARLY WARNING & DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS
1. Food supply, storage and safety
2. Healthcare for Disaster victims
3. Relief medical equipment van
4. Tele – medicine
5. New technology for Hospital Readiness for
Disasters
6. Sanitation and waste management
7. Disaster-resistant Housing and Construction
8. Hospital Emergency preparedness
31. FOOD SUPPLY, STORAGE AND SAFETY
Basic precautions, such as those specified in the WHO ―Five
Keys for Safer Food”, should be implemented by all food
handlers, especially those involved in mass catering:
keep clean (prevent growth and spread of dangerous
microorganisms)
separate raw and cooked food (prevent transfer of
microorganisms)
cook thoroughly (kill dangerous microorganisms)
keep food at safe temperatures (prevent growth of
microorganisms)
use safe water and raw materials (prevent contamination).
32. HEALTHCARE FOR DISASTER
VICTIMS
• Modern healthcare management systems and equipments could
provide vital support to the medical personnel engaged in post
disaster areas
• The technological solutions considered helpful for disaster
healthcare managers would include the following diagnostic
equipment
Equipment For Critical Care
Equipment For Disaster Health Kits
Basic, First Aid Items
Intravenous (Iv) And Feeding Tube Equipment
Oxygen And Breathing Equipment
Electrically-powered Medical Equipment
Disaster Relief Response
Robot-assisted medical reach back
33. HEALTHCARE FOR DISASTER
VICTIMS CONT….
Tele monitoring
Patient Tracking Systems
Pre-hospital Management Systems
Relief Medical Equipment Vans
Post-response Rehabilitation Systems
Telemedicine
Disease Surveillance Systems
Web-based Telemedicine
Personal Digital Assistants (Pocket Telemedicine)
Wearable Computing (Personal Imaging)
Advanced Sensors And Medical Monitoring
DICOM Network Services
e-Film Video
Advanced systems for disaster medicine and medical relief.
34. RELIEF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
VANS
• In India, Accident Relief Medical
Equipment vans and Accident Relief train
including a few self propelled vehicles, are
positioned at strategic location for rushing
to an accident site on top priority along with
doctors, paramedical, rescue workers and
engineers.
35. TELEMEDICINE
• Tele-medicine refers to the utilization of telecommunication
technology for medical diagnosis, treatment, and patient care.
• A telemedicine system is composed of customized medical
software integrated with computer hardware, along with
medical diagnostic instruments connected to the commercial
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) at each location on
fiber optics.
• It corporates a number of onboard devices for ongoing
treatment which include monitors for basic vital signs and
blood chemistry, mechanical ventilation and oxygen
supplementation for patients requiring endotracheal intubation.
• All patients medical data that is monitored by the on board
devices.
36. NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR HOSPITAL
READINESS FOR DISASTER
• The Electronic Mass Casualty Assessment
& Planning Scenarios computer
program(EMCAPS) calculates the impact
of such crisis as a flu epidemic, bioterrorist
attack, flood and plane crash etc.
• The program depends heavily on
population density estimates to derive
plausible estimate of what hospital may
expect in the initial minute or hours of a
disaster.
37. SANITATION AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• In the aftermath of disaster, sanitation and waste
management are placed next only to food and medical
supplies in the list of priorities for the authorities in
charge.
• The maintenance of appropriate sanitary condition and
hygienic waste disposal are critical because these
efforts have a direct bearing on the health of disaster
victims.
• If the sanitation and waste management system and
practices are below par, the survivors could be exposed
to the danger of infection and diseases.
38. DISASTER RESISTANT HOUSING
AND CONSTRUCTION
• Earthquakes, cyclones and floods cause extensive
damage to building, resulting in an overwhelming loss
of life and property.
• Buildings prone to such disasters are single most
important cause of such loss. Therefore, vulnerable
houses and other structures made of mud or stone or
brick, which are common among the developing
countries, must be adequately strengthened to withstand
such disaster and even more important, existing
building need to be strengthened or retrofitted to ensure
that they are relatively safe.
39. DISASTER RESISTANT HOUSING
AND CONSTRUCTION
• Mitigation measures in the form of retrofitting could
significantly reduces the chances of structural damage
and casualty.
• Disaster resistant construction and retrofitting
technologies are already available in the public and
private domain.
• The technologies range from simple techniques for
retrofitting non engineering buildings structures and
bridges.
• The technology selected must suit the type of structure,
extent of damage, and availability of material,
manpower, funds etc.
40. HOSPITAL EMERGENCY
PREPAREDNESS
• The main objective of hospital emergency
preparedness is to provide policy for response to
both internal and external disaster situations that
may affect hospital staff, patients, visitors and the
community.
• Identify responsibilities of individuals and
departments in the events of a disaster situation
and identity Standard Operating guideline for
emergency activities and responses.
41. HOSPITAL EMERGENCY
PREPAREDNESS
• While responding to mass casualty event, the
goal of the health and medical response is to
save as many live as possible.
• Rather than doing everything possible to save
every life, it will be necessary to allocate
limited resources in a modified manner to save
as many lives as possible.
42. PRE DISASTER PLANNING
• Predisaster planning begins with the identification ,
understanding and analysis of the natural and other
hazards in the area.
• The aim is to reduce vulnerability of people and
communities in a territory to damage, injury and loss of
life and property resulting from natural or manmade
catastrophes to prepare for prompt and efficient rescue,
care and treatment of victims to authorize and provide
cooperation in disaster prevention , response and
recovery and to provide a disaster management system
that embodies all aspects of pre disaster preparedness
and post disaster response.
43. PRE HOSPITAL EMERGENCY
CARE
• Efficient system of providing prompt medical
care to the injured to save many lives is
possible if the rescue team began treatment
before the patient reached the hospital.
44. HELICOPTER TRANSPORT
• The major advantage of helicopter transport lies
in the fact that total time in the field can be
reduced as helicopters can quickly transport
specialized teams of physicians and nurses from
the hospital directly to the patients in the field.
• Helicopter ride provides a smooth ride than
surface ride.
• The main disadvantage of helicopters are
expensive and safety concern.
45. MULTIDISCIPLINARY
APPROACH
• Advice from specialist departments like the
meteorological service, geographical
observations, the mining department and flood
control can be helpful to understand the type,
frequency and extent of death and destruction
brought bought by the calamity.
46. HOSPITAL CATEGORIZATION
• Horizontal categorization according to their
ability to provide definitive care in emergency
Class I – hospital offering comprehensive
emergency services.
Class II - hospital offering limited emergency
services.
47. HOSPITAL CATEGORIZATION
• Vertical categorization according to their
ability to provide in-depth care for specific
types of medical problems
Level I – referral centre able to provide
definitive long term care.
Level II – most full service hospital.
Level III – provide only initial care.
48. THE AFTERMATH
• As the hours and days go by, the problems
change. Sometimes rescue work continues for
several days, but soon a number of other
problems arise as a result of the disaster.
• Most of the activities require intimate
involvement with the community, which can
be ensured only by the local personnel
organizing their work.
49. THE ACTION PLAN
• Sufficient programmes need to be formulated in
disaster prone countries.
• Developing countries need to be helped by
international organizations in building their
capabilities to cope with disasters.
• Disaster reduction should be promoted at the
macroeconomic and political level.
• Efforts should be made to discourage human
settlements in flood-prone zones.
• Disaster management should be based on
proactive preparedness.
51. DISASTER MANAGEMENT – NOT
PREVENTION BUT REDUCTION OF
IMPACT
1. State Government
Role : Major role
Structure : State level disasters management
committee
2. The Central Government
Role : A facilitating role
Structure : A crisis management committee
Support offered : Defense services, Rail & Ferry
services, Health personnel & medical support
52. DISASTER MANAGEMENT – NOT
PREVENTION BUT REDUCTION OF
IMPACT
3. Rehabilitation of Victims
Not routine responses for effective
management .
A Proper coordination among the various
department.
Rescue team well – equipped with latest
technologies & special skills.
53. CONCLUSION
• Disasters have been increasing in their
frequency and intensity in recent years. The
primary reason is the human settlements and
activities are interfering with natural systems.
54. CONCLUSION
• Unfortunately, due to rapid population growth
and development of human settlements in
disaster prone areas, more and more people
and their assets are vulnerable to natural
hazards.
55. • The Disaster management system in India is
anchored at the Central Government level, with
implementation mechanisms at state, district and
local levels.
• Besides the government, the role of non-
governmental organizations , community based
organizations and the community are increasingly
being recognized as very important.
57. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
TRENDS TO LOOK IN FUTURE
1. More risk-based planning
2. Development of Public & Private Partnership
3. Increased usage of Social media
4. Wider integration of machine-learning tools
5. Escalating frequency of disasters