Electric_Vehicle_CaseStudy

1. Case Study Battery And Fuel Cell
Technologies For EV Application
Arunkumar Jayakumar,
Assistant Professor,
Green Vehicle Technology Research
Centre,

2. What is Electric Vehicle?
• Electric vehicle (EV) operates on an electric motor (prime mover), instead of an IC
engine that converts stored chemical energy (Battery) to perform useful Work.
• Therefore, such a vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation
automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution & global warming.

3. Electric Vehicles Types

4. • Max Motor Power/torque : 105kW, 250 Nm
• Battery Capacity & range: 40.5 kWh and
437km
• Motor type : PM-Synchronous AC Motor
• Battery Charging Time: 0 to 100% in 6.5hrs
@ 220V
• Max Motor Power/torque : 95kW,
245 Nm
• Battery Capacity & driving range:
30.2kWh / 312km
• Motor type : PM-Synchronous AC
Motor
• Battery Charging Time: 0 to 100% in
9hrs @ 220 V
TATA NEXON EV MAX/ EV PRIME

5. • Max Motor Power/torque : 100kW, 365 Nm
• Battery Capacity/ Driving Range : 39.2 kWh/452km
• Motor Type :PM-Synchronous AC Motor
• Battery Charging Time: 0 To 100% in 6.1 Hrs @220 volt
HYUNDAI KONA ELECTRIC

6. • Max Motor Power/torque : 129kW, 280 Nm
• Battery Capacity / Driving Range : 50.3 kWh/461km
• Motor Type :PM-Synchronous AC Motor
• Battery Charging Time: 0 To 100% In 6 hrs 5 mins @ 220V
MG ZS EV 2022

7. • Max Motor Power/torque : 105 kW
• Battery Capacity / Driving range : 40kWh / 450km
• Motor Type : PM-Synchronous AC Motor
MAHINDRA XUV 400

8. TESLA MODEL Y
• Max Motor Power/torque : 211 kW
• Battery Capacity / Driving range : 75kWh / 531km
• Motor Type : PM-Synchronous AC Motor
• Battery Charging Time: 0 To 100% In 8 hrs @ 220V

9. Running Cost of EVs
MODEL Battery Energy
(kWh)
Range of Vehicle
(km)
Cost per km
(Rs)
Range of 1kWh
(km)
TATA NEXON EV
PRIME
30.2 312 0.97 10.33
TATA NEXON EV MAX 40.5 437 0.93 10.79
MG ZS EV 50.3 461 1.09 9.16
HYUNDAI KONA EV 39.2 452 0.87 11.53
MAHINDRA XUV 400 40 450 1.12 11.25
1 kWh= Rs. 5

10. Why FUEL CELLS?
• Fuel cells are the static electro-chemical energy
systems which directly converts chemical energy
(H2) to electrical energy.
• Adaptable to a wide range of power levels .
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11. Why PEM FUEL CELLS?
*. Kumar, J. Arun, P. Kalyani, and R. Saravanan. "Studies on PEM fuel cells using various alcohols for low
power applications." (2008).
• Among the various fuel cell types, polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are
widely used due to their versatile
characteristics such as [*]
• high power density (compatible for
transportation)
• low operating temperature (60-90oC) and
• dynamic response.

12. PEM Fuel Cell Principle

13. Fuel Cell EV Line Diagram

14. Battery Vs. Fuel Cell EV
Parameters BEVs FEVs
Power source Grid Hydrogen
Power conversion Grid-Battery-Motor Hydrogen-Stack-Motor
Refuelling time Several hours In minutes
Efficiency Rely on grid 60-65%
Emission E-waste Water vapour
Performance (0-60kmph) 5-7 seconds 8-10 seconds
Production impact Base energy sources
effects
Hydrogen production has
no impacts

15. TOYOTA MIRAI (FCEV)/HYUNDAI NEXO (FCEV)
• Max Motor Performance : 136kW,
300 Nm
• Driving Range/ Tank capacity :
650km, 5.6 kg
• Motor Type : PM-Synchronous AC
Motor
• Max Motor Performance : 122kW, 400
Nm
• Driving Range/ Tank Capacity : 611km,
6.3 kg
• Motor Type : PM-Synchronous AC
Motor

16. Hydrogen Economy
• Hydrogen economy is an envisioned future in which
hydrogen is used as a fuel.
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier, rather than an energy
source and can deliver or store significant amounts of
energy.
• Currently, most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels.
• In India, grey hydrogen costs today 150-200 INR/kg (2
USD/kg + significant transportation cost).
• Green hydrogen costs around 350 INR/kg with the
cheapest renewable power available today in India.

17. Hydrogen Economy
• Electricity, from the grid or from
renewable (green) sources such as
biomass, geothermal, solar, or wind,
are green hydrogen.
• Thus hydrogen economy is an
envisioned future in which hydrogen
is used as a fuel for hydrogen
vehicles, for energy storage [energy
carrier], and for long distance
transport of energy & heat
[consumer].

18. Ragone plot
• Ragone plot demonstrates the inherent
relation between specific energy and
power for a various energy-storing
devices.
• On such a chart the values of specific
energy (in Wh/kg) are plotted versus
specific power (in W/kg).
• IC Engine: 2500 Wh/kg
• All batteries provide less energy when
discharged at a high enough rate.
Pb-acid
Super-
capacitor

19. Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f9/thomas_fcev_vs_battery_evs.pdf

20. Accelerating Vs. Decelerating Factors
• The government has provided various fiscal
incentives to promote and accelerate the production
& consumption of EVs and charging infrastructure -
through FAME scheme.
• Buyers enjoy tax exemption worth INR 1,50,000 for
purchasing electric car.
• The government is also encouraging the mass
manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries in India.
• Indian Hydrogen Road Map 2022

21. • There might be an electrical energy demand
fluctuation throughout the day if many consumers
try to charge their vehicles simultaneously & the
power system could get overloaded.
• Incidentally, there are numerous potential options
in the utility excited about the potential for electric
vehicles to serve as an energy storage options
(through battery) .
• Concept of Vehicle-to-Grid (V-2-G) can potentially
permit vehicles to charge when demand is low.
• But cost of grid damage @ High Power Demand

22. • Crucial decelerating factor that EV pose are
high cost, limited range and the charging
infrastructure.
• Battery is the Heart of Battery EV
correlated to Cost, Range as Well Charging

23.  Battery Management System (BMS)
Battery Management System (BMSs): real-time control
system to perform functions of safe operation of the electrical
energy storage system in EVs and PHEVs.
The biggest obstacle to these batteries used in EVs is their
unbalanced charging & discharging of individual cells.
 Individual cells need to be monitored closely, with constant
checks on their health and behavior under various temperature
condition

24. Fuel Cell Thermal Management System
• In the case of PEMFCs, operating at
50% Efficiency
• Electrical Power = Thermal Power
• Creating high-efficiency fuel cells
requires proper temperature control.
• Higher temperatures also mean faster
kinetics

25. 3
E-Mobility to be determined by user Experience
Fun to Drive, Look &
feel
Range
Performance
Availability
Sound design
Human machine
interface
Information &
communication
technology
Safety
Soft enablers “Must” criteria
User experience ∝ Impact on market penetration
Legislation & soft factors play important role for future success

26. Challenge: Scope of Regulation
•While the support towards a hydrogen
economy at the industry and political
level is increasing, there are still many
unknowns and interlinked regulatory
revision procedures, linked to both
economic & technological
uncertainties.
•There is an apparent regulatory gap,
which constitutes barriers for the
hydrogen economy.

27. Conclusion
• The fuel cell EV is superior to the Li-ion
battery full function EV on six major
counts; the fuel cell EV:
• Weighs less/Less space on the vehicle
• Generates less greenhouse gases
• Costs less/Less time to refuel
• Requires Less well-to-wheels energy
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f9
/thomas_fcev_vs_battery_evs.pdf
Fuel Cell + Battery
.> Complement

28. Arunkumar Jayakumar,
Mob:6369766539,
Email:
arunkumar.h2@gmail.com
arunkumj1@srmist.edu.in
LinkedIn,Research Gate:
Arunkumar Jayakumar