Preventive medicine: General principles of prevention and control of diseases INFLUENZA

1. MrAshishR. Chaudhari
ASST. PROFESSOR, M.PHARM (QA)
P.R.PATIL, INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON
(SP), DIST- WARDHA
Presented by :
Preventive medicine:
General principles of prevention and control of diseases
INFLUENZA

2. WHAT IS INFLUENZA?
 Influenza, commonly called
"the flu," is an illness caused
by RNA viruses of
the family Orthomyxoviridae
the influenza viruses that
infect the respiratory tract of
many animals, birds, and
humans.

3. INFLUENZA VIRUSES ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES:
Influenza A
Influenza B
Influenza C

4. INFLUENZA A
 Influenza A
 Type A viruses are divided
into types based on
differences in two viral
surface proteins called the
hemagglutinin (H) and the
neuraminidase (N).
 Influenza
undergo
changes:
type A viruses
two kinds of
⚫ Antigenic drift.
⚫ Antigenic shift.

5. Structure of Influenza Virus

6. INFLUENZA A (H1N1)
 'Influenza' A (H1N1) virus is a subtype of influenza A virus
and was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in
2009. Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and
cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small
fraction of all seasonal influenza. H1N1 (pronounced "HEE-
NEE" by healthcare professionals) strains caused a few
percent of all human flu infections in 2004– 2005. Other
strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in
birds (avian influenza)

7.  In June 2009, the World Health Organization declared
the new strain of swine-origin H1N1 as a pandemic.
This strain is often called swine flu by the public
media. This novel virus spread worldwide and had
caused about 17,000 deaths by the start of 2010. On
August 10, 2010, the World Health Organization
declared the H1N1 influenza pandemic over, saying
worldwide flu activity had returned to typical seasonal
patterns

8. SWINE INFLUENZA
 Swine influenza (also called swine flu, or pig flu) is an
infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus.
Swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza
family of viruses that is endemic in pigs.
 Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations
worldwide. People with regular exposure to pigs are at
increased risk of swine flu infection. The meat of an infected
animal poses no risk of infection when properly cooked.

10. AVIAN INFLUENZA
 Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird
flu — refers to "influenza caused by viruses adapted to
birds."Of the greatest concern is highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI).
 "Bird flu" is a phrase similar to "swine flu," "dog flu,"
"horse flu," or "human flu" in that it refers to an illness
caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses
that have adapted to a specific host.

12. INFLUENZA B
 Influenza type B viruses
change only by the more
gradual process of
antigenic drift.

13. INFLUENZA C
usually
 Type C infection
causes either a very
respiratory illness
mild
or no
symptoms at all;

14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Fever (usually 100 F-103 F
in adults and often even
higher in children)
 Cough,
 Sore throat,
 Runny or stuffy nose,
 Headache,
 Muscle aches,
 Extreme fatigue

15. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Influenza is spread
mainly from person to
by droplet
or droplet
person
infection
nuclei
sneezing,
talking. The portal
created by
coughing or
of
entry of the virus is the
respiratory tract.

16. DIAGNOSIS
 Virus
Nasopharyngeal
Isolation
secretions
are the best specimens for
obtaining large quantities of
virus–infected cells.
 Paired Sera
A sero diagnosis of influenza
A or B can be made by the
examination of two serum
specimens from a patient.

17. PREVENTION
Vaccine:
 The Flu Shot - an inactivated
vaccine (containing killed
virus) that is given with a
needle, usually in the arm.
 The nasal-spray flu
vaccine — a vaccine made
with live, weakened flu
viruses that is given as a
nasal spray (sometimes
called LAIV for ―Live
Influenza
Attenuated
Vaccine.

18. Vaccination
 Influvac (Netherlands)
 Fluarix (England)
 Agrippal S1 (Germany)
 Begrivac (Germany)
 Vaxigrip (France)
 Grippol (Russia)

19. MEDICATIONS
 Increasing liquid intake, warm
showers, and warm
compresses, especially in the
nasal area, can reduce the
body aches and reduce nasal
congestion. Nasal strips and
humidifiers may help reduce
congestion, especially while
trying to sleep. Fever can be
treated with over-the counter
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
or ibuprofen (Motrin and
others)

20. Etiological:
 Antiviral drugs
Symptomatic – detoxication
- antipyretics (paracetamol 10-15 mg/kg)
- antihistamins (clemastin, loratadin)
- mucolythics (ambroxol)
- anticongestants (oxymetazolin)

21. Antiviral Drugs
Drug Virus Target
Amantadine /
Rimantadine
Influenza A
strains
Matrix protein /
haemagglutinin
Ribavirin Broad
spectrum
RNA mutagen
Oseltamivir and
Zanamivir
Influenza
strains A and B
Neuraminidase
Inhibitor

22. REFERENCES:
 http://trialx.com/curebyte/2011/07/06/influenza-b-virus-photos-
and-related-clinical-trials/
 http://www.extremumspiritum.com/category/h1n1-swine-flu-
pneumonic-plague/
 http://www.healthhype.com/swine-flu.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntigenicShift_HiRes_vector.sv
g
 http://www.who.int/topics/influenza/en/
 http://www.medicinenet.com/influenza/article.htm
 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/