Heavy construction projects require the handling and processing of large quantities of bulk materials.
3 crucial material considerations considered by an engineer while taking a new material handling problem of a project:
3. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• General
• Compaction
• Effect of compaction on soil properties
• MDD and OMC
• Types of Soils
• Soil properties
• Fundamental definitions
• Rolling Resistance
3Prof. Ashish Makwana
4. • Grade Resistance
• Coefficient of Traction
• Rimpull
• Drawbar Pull
• Effect of Altitude on Performance of IC Engines
• Effect of Pressure and Temperature on
performance of IC engines
PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
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5. GENERAL
• Heavy construction projects require the handling and
processing of large quantities of bulk materials.
• 3 crucial material considerations considered by an
engineer while taking a new material handling problem of
a project:
1. total quantity
of material
2. rate at which it
must be moved
3. size of the
individual pieces
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6. Land has to be cleared of jungle or vegetation before
any construction activity can be started which may be
for making roads, building embankments or drainage
works etc.
GENERAL
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8. (1) CLEARING OR LOOSENING
This is the preparatory stage, which involves
removing top soil or brush to expose the mass of
earth to be moved.
This may also involve loosening the material by
blasting to put the material in to a workable state.
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9. (2) DIGGING
These steps involve digging the material to start the
move from its original location.
Some construction situations or equipments combine
the loosening and digging operations in one
integrated step.
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10. (3) Moving
This involves moving the material from its original
location to deposit point.
For a highway or other construction projects there is
commonly the need for moving large quantities of
earth materials on and off the location or along the
route.
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11. (4) DUMPING
It is dumping the material at its place for deposit. It is
dumped in the general area selected for its final
deposit or use.
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12. (5). SPREADING AND COMPACTING
It involves, working on the material to put it in to final
specified condition at its place of use.
The dumped material will need to be spread in a
uniform layer. It may also need watering for specified
moisture content and compaction for 95% optimum
density.
Some earthwork operations will not include the last step.
These all operations are accomplished by different earth
moving equipments and combination of two machines.
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13. WORK CYCLE FOR
AN EARTH WORK OPERATION
Fig. WORK CYCLE
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14. COMPACTION
• Compaction is a process by which soil particles are
artificially rearranged and packed together into a closer
state of contact by mechanical means in order to
decrease the void ratio of the soil and thus increase dry
density.
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15. EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON
SOIL PROPERTIES
Soil structure Permeability Shrinkage Swelling
Pore water
pressure
Compressibility
Stress-strain
relationship
Shear strength
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16. MDD AND OMC
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC)
• With increase in water content, initially the dry density
increases and becomes maximum. With further increase
in water content, the dry density decreases. The water
content at which dry density is maximum, is called
optimum moisture content.
Maximum Dry Density (MDD)
• The dry density corresponding to optimum moisture
content is called maximum dry density.
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29. ROLLING RESISTANCE
• It is a resistance, which is encountered by a vehicle
while moving over a road.
𝐑 =
𝐏
𝐖
Where,
R = rolling resistance in kg. tonne
P = total tension in tow cable in kg.
W = gross weight of truck in tonne
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30. GRADE RESISTANCE
• The force opposing movement of a machine up a
frictionless slope is known as grade resistance.
Total Resistance:
• Total resistance equals rolling resistance plus grade
resistance minus grade assistance. It can also be
expressed as an effective grade.
Rolling resistance expressed in lb / ton
9
kg
ton
= G %
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31. COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION
• The coefficient of traction is defined as the factor by
which the load on a driving tyre (ie. downward force)
should be multiplied to determine the maximum possible
tractive force between the tyre of track and the surface of
road before slipping occurs.
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33. RIMPULL
• Rimpull is a term that is used to designate the tractive
force between the tires of a machine’s driving wheels
and the surface on which they travel.
𝐑𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐥 =
275 x hp x efficiency
speed (kmph)
kg
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34. DRAWBAR PULL
• The towing force a crawler can exert on a load is
referred to as drawbar pull. Drawbar pull is typically
expressed in kilograms.
• To determine the drawbar pull available for towing a load
it is necessary to subtract from the total pulling force
available at the engine the force required to overcome
the total resistance imposed by the haul conditions.
• If a crawler tractor tows a load up a slope, its drawbar
pull will be reduced by 9 kg. for each ton of weight of the
tractor for each 1% slope.
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35. EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON
PERFORMANCE OF IC ENGINES
• When a manufacture provides a flywheel horse power
rating it is based on standard conditions, such as a
temperature of 15.50℃ and sea-level barometric
pressure of mercury (76 cm).
• For natural operation at altitudes above see level will
cause a significant decrease in available engine power.
This power is caused by the decrease in air density due
to increase in altitude. The air density in turn affects the
fuel to – air ratio during combustion in the engine’s
piston.
• For all practical purposes, the loss in power may by
approximately taken as 1% for every 100 m. above the
first 300 m.
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36. EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
ON PERFORMANCE OF IC ENGINES
• The horse power developed by an IC engine is the power
tested under standard conditions of temperature and
pressure. i.e. normal atmospheric pressure at mean – sea
level at a temperature of 15.5 ℃.
He = H0
Ps
P0
T0
Ts
Where,
He = Corrected hp for standard condition
H0 = Observed hp as determined for test
PS = Standard barometric pressure
P0 = Observed barometric pressure
T0 = Absolute observed temperature
TS = Absolute temperature for standard condition
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