Rhizophora stylosa (Red Mangrove or Stilted Mangrove, spotted mangrove, stilt-root mangrove)

1. 1
PRACTICAL RECORD
ON
AEM 506. INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT 3(2+1)
Department of Fisheries Resource Management
School of Aquatic Environment Management
Submitted by,
Name of the student: ……………………………
Register number:.................................................
KERALA UNIVERSITY OF
FISHERIES AND OCEAN
STUDIES
Panangad P O, Cochin 682 506

2. 2
Index
Practicalno. Name of the experiment Page no.

3. 3
Aim: To determine Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in seawater by Winkler method.
Outline of the method
DO in water reacts with Manganous (II) hydroxide in strongly alkaline medium forming manganese (III)
hydroxide (cloudy precipitate). When acidified to pH less than 2.5, the manganese (III) hydroxide is dissolved
to liberate manganese which is a strong oxidizing agent in acidic media. It reacts with iodide ions (previously
added), liberating equivalent amount of free iodine, which is titrated against standard thiosulphate solution
using starch as an indicator.
Reagents
1. Winkler –A (WA): Dissolve 400g manganous chloride in 1000ml DW and storein a polyethylene bottle.
2. Winkler –B (WB): Dissolve separately and mix together, 27 g potassium iodide and 7.5g sodium hydroxide
in 1000ml DW. Store in polyethylene bottle.
3. H₂ SO₄ (50%): Carefully add 50ml conc. H₂ SO₄ to 50ml DW. Store in a ground stoppered glass bottle.
4. Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.02N): Dissolve 5g sodium thiosulphate in DW and make up to 1000ml in a
volumetric flask. Store in a ground stoppered glass bottle.
5. Starch solution (indicator): Disperse 1g starch in 100ml hot DW, quickly heat the suspension to boiling
(complete dissolution of starch) and cool. Store in a ground stoppered glass bottle. This solution should not be
kept for more than a week.
6. Standard iodate solution (0.02N): Dissolve 0.07134g potassium iodate (AR) in 100ml DW in a volumetric
flask.
Apparatus
1. Burette: 25ml, accuracy of 0.05ml.
2. Conical flask: 100ml.
3. Magnetic stirrer.
4. Graduated pipettes: 1and 5ml and bulb pipettes (10 and 50ml).
Procedure
1. Reagent blank: Pipette out 50ml DW in 100ml conical flask. Add 3ml of 50% H₂ SO₄ and mix well. Add
1ml of WB and mix. Add 1ml of WA and again mix well. Add 1ml starch indicator to get blue colour. Titrate
against thiosulphate from the burette. Note down the burette reading when blue colour disappears. Repeat the
experiment three times and find out the mean burette reading [BR (b)].
Practicalno:
Date:
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)

4. 4
2. Standardization of thiosulphate solution: Follow the steps in the same order as given under step (1). Add
10ml of 0.02N potassium iodate solution. Mix well and keep in dark for 5min to allow iodine to liberate. Titrate
liberated iodine with sodium thiosulphate solution from the burette till the solution turns pale yellow. Add 1ml
of starch indicator and continue titration drop by drop till the colour changes from blue to colourless and
remains colourless atleast for 30s. Repeat the experiment three times and find out the mean burette reading [BR
(st)].
Find out the exact normality of sodium thiosulphate (N) from the relation N=10×0.02 BR (st)-BR (b)
3. Sample Analysis: Add 3ml of 50% H₂ SO₄ , by inserting the pipette tip close to the settled precipitate in DO
bottle. Stopper the bottle immediately and shake vigorously till all precipitate dissolve. Pipette out 50ml of the
clear solution in the conical flask and titrate against thiosulphate solution from the burette using starch as given
in step (2). Note down the burette reading [BR (s)].
4. Calculation
Volume of sample pipetted =20ml
Normality of thiosulphate = 0.02 N
Weight of dissolved oxygen mg / litre
= (titre value*normality of thiosulfate* 8*1000) / (volume of sample)
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Standard Na2so3 × sample - starch
Time: morning
Sample
(ponds)
Volume of
sample
Burette reading Volume of
na2s2o3 (ml)
DO (ppm)
Initial Final
1
2
3
4
5
6
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1.3
0.6
1.3
1.1
1.1
1
1.3
0.6
1.3
1.1
1.1
8
10.4
4.8
10.4
8.8
8.8

5. 5
AIM: To determine chlorinity and salinity of seawater by Mohr-Knudson argentometric titration method.
DEFINITIONS:
1. Chlorinity: Chlorinity is defined as the mass in grams of pure silver necessary toprecipitate the halogens in
0.3285255 kg of seawater (All weights are vacuum weights).
2. Salinity: Salinity is defined as the weight in grams (in vacuo) of solids that can be obtained from 1 kg of
seawater (also measured in vacuo), when all of the carbonate has been converted to oxide, the bromine and
iodine replaced by chloride, all organic matter oxidized, and the residue dried at 480°C to constant weight.
OUTLINE OF THE METHOD
Standard solution of silver nitrate is used to precipitate halide ions in seawater using potassium chromate as an
indicator, to form silver halides. When a slight excess of silver ions are present, red silver chromate is formed.
REAGENTS
1. Standard solution of seawater (SSW): Use known chlorinity (19.375×10-3)/ salinity (34.99 ppt) or as quoted
for seawater (SSW) supplied by the institute of oceanographic science in Wormley, Godalming, Surray, (U.K.)
in sealed glassampules for standardizing silver nitrate solution.
2. Silver nitrate solution: Dissolve 3.4 g silver nitrate (AR) in1000 ml DW. Store in an amber glass bottle.
3. Potassium chromate solution: Dissolve 2.5g potassium chromate (AR) in 50 ml DW.Store in a stoppered
glass bottle.
APPARATUS
1. Burette: 25 ml, accuracy 0.1 ml
2. Bulb pipette: 5 ml, Accuracy 0.1 ml
3. Conical flask: 50 ml
4. Magnetic stirrer
5. magnetic needle
PROCEDURE
1. Standardisation of silver nitrate solution Pipette out 10.0 ml stdNaCl (0.02) into a clean conical flask, add 6
drops of potassium
CHLORINITY/SALINITY
Practicalno:
Date:

6. 6
chromate indicator and titrate with silver nitrate solution from the burette while stirring vigorously on a
magnetic stirrer. Clean the inner wall of the flask with a jet of distilled water frequently and continue the
titration. When colour change is observed, slow down the addition of titrant to drop by drop till colour change
is observed from yellow to dirty orange. Repeat the standardization at least thrice and find out the mean of
burette readings [BR(SSW)]. Find out the standardization factor F as follows:
F = Chlorinity of SSW
Mean BR (SSW) (ml)
2. Sample Analysis
Pipette out 10 ml sample into a clean conical flask.Add 6 drops of indicator. Titrate against silver nitrate in the
same manner as described in above step (1). Obtain the reading (ml) [BR(s)].
STANDARDIZATION OF AgNO3
Normality of Nacl (N2) = 0.02
Volume of Nacl(V1) =10 ml
Volume of AgNO3 (V2) =14.8ml
Normality of AgNO3 (N2)= N1*V1
V2
=0.02*10
14.8
= 0.0135 N
OBSERVATION
CALCULATIONS
POND 1
Volume of AgNO3( B.R) = 1.1ml
Salinity = vol of AgNO3 * Normality of AgNO3 * eq.wt of Nacl * 1.806
Volume of sample(ml)
= 1.1*0.0135*35.45*1.806 =0.095ppt
10
POND
NO.
VOLUME OF AgNO3 (B.R)
(ml)
1. 1.1
2. 0.9
3. 1
4. 1.2
5. 0.8
6. 1.2

7. 7
POND 2
Volume of AgNO3( B.R) = 0.9 ml
Salinity = 0.9*0.0135*35.45*1.806
10
= 0.077ppt
POND 3
Volume of AgNO3( B.R) = 1 ml
Salinity = 1*0.0135*35.45*1.806
10
= 0.086ppt
POND 4
Volume of AgNO3(B.R) = 1.2ml
Salinity = 1.2*0.0135*35.45*1.806
10
= 0.103ppt
POND 5
Volume of AgNO3(B.R) = 0.8ml
Salinity = 0.8*0.0135*35.45*1.806
10
=0.069ppt
POND 6
Volume of AgNO3(B.R) = 1.2ml
Salinity = 1.2*0.0135*35.45*1.806
10
=0.103ppt
RESULTS
POND
NO.
SALINITY (ppt)
1. 0.095
2. 0.077
3. 0.086
4. 0.103
5. 0.069
6. 0.103
Note: The salinity can be measured insituby CTD probes/ dedicated salinometer / handheld refractometer etc.
However, the argentometric, titrimetric procedures can be employed for finding out the instrumental error if
any. The titrimetric procedure can be improved by using autotitrators.

8. 8
PRINCIPLE:
Hardness of water is due, to the presence of dissolved Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions which may be determined by
titrating a known volume of the hard water against EDTA after titrating with the buffer of desired pH and
adding Erichrome Black T as indicator.
REAGENTS:
1. NH4.Cl- NH4OH Buffer solution
Dissolve 18.7 ml NH4CI and 330 ml NH40H in 500 ml Milli Q water.
2. EDTA Solution (0.01M)
Dissolve 1.8612g EDTA in 500 ml Milll Q water.
3. Eriochrome Black T indicator
Dissolve 0.2g Erichrome Black T in 50 ml methanol.
4. Zinc Sulfate solution (0.01 M)
Dissolve 0.288g ZnSO4 in 100 ml Milli Q water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Standardization of EDTA using ZnSO4
Take 25 ml of ZnSO4 solution in a conical flask and titrate against standard EDTA using EBT as indicator. End
point will be the color change from wine red to blue.
2. Sample analysis
Take 25 ml water sample in a conical flask then add 5 ml Ammonia buffer and few drops of EBT indicator.
Then titrate against EDTA from the burette, end point will be the color change from wine red to blue. Repeat
the analysis till concordant value is obtained.
CALCULATION:
Hardness (mg/L) =Vol. of EDTAx Molarity of EDTA Molecular mass of CaCO3 x 1000
Volume of sample taken
Practicalno:
Date:
Hardness

9. 9
OBSERVATION:
HARDNESS (mg/L)
= Vol. of EDTAx Molarity of EDTA x Molecular mass of CaCO3 x1000
Volume of sample taken
Hardness of sample 1 = 1.5 x 0.01 x 100 x 1000
10
= vol of EDTA x100
= 150 mg/L
1. Hardness of sample 2 = 90mg/L
2. Hardness of sample 3 = 180mg/L
3. Hardness of sample 4 = 120mg/L
4. Hardness of sample 5 = 130mg/L
5. Hardness of sample 6 = 150mg/L
SAMPLE SAMPLE
VOLUME
BURETTE READING
VOLUME OF EDTA
(Initial-Final)
INITIAL FINAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
10 ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
0
1.5
2.4
4.2
5.4
6.7
1.5
2.4
4.2
5.4
6.7
8.2
1.5
0.9
1.8
1.2
1.3
1.5

10. 10
Rhizophora stylosa
(Red Mangrove or Stilted Mangrove, spotted mangrove, stilt-root mangrove)
Field Visit
 Family: Rhizophoraceae.
 The specific epithet stylosa is from the Latin
meaning "stylus form", referring to the flower.
 Grows up to 15 metres (50 ft).
 The bark is dark brown to black.
 The fruits are ovoid to pear-shaped and measure
up to 4 cm (2 in) long.
Rhizophora stylosa
Distribution and habitat:
 Grows naturally in Japan, China, Taiwan, Cambodia,
Vietnam, Malesia and Queensland, India.
 Its habitat is sandy beaches and coral terraces on
seashores.
“Able to grow in colder climate.”
“Grows in muddy, sandy, stony soil as well as in the corals.”
“Rhizophora stylosa was described for the
first time in 1854 by Griff.”
“Rhizophora stylosa is called Red Mangrove, especially in
Australia.”
 Rhizophora stylosa develops the for Rhizophora species typical
stilt roots or prop roots.
 Stilt roots arises from the trunk or branches of the mangrove and
grows toward the soil where the stilt root will develop an
underground root system. ... The arcuate stilt roots have
countless lenticels which serve the gas exchange.Rhizophora stylosa grow near
the shore

11. 11
Rhizophora mucronata
(Loop-root mangrove, red mangrove or Asiatic mangrove)
 Rhizophora mucronata (loop-root mangrove, red mangrove or
Asiatic mangrove.
 Species of mangrove found on coasts and river banks in East
Africa and the Indo-Pacific region.
 Small to medium size evergreen tree growing to a height of
about 20 to 25 metres (66 to 82 ft) on the banks of rivers.
 The seeds are viviparous.
 Seedlings are often damaged by crabs.
 The leaves are also eaten by crabs [5] and form part of the diet
of the crab-eating macaque (Macaca irus).
 In the Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary near Cochin, India.
 Prevent coastal erosion and in restoration of
mangrove habitats.
 Timber is used for firewood and in the construction
of buildings, as poles and pilings, and in making
fish traps.
 Fruits can be cooked and eaten or the juice
extracted to make wine, and the young shoots can
be consumed as a vegetable.
 Bark is used in tanning and a dye can be extracted
from both bark and leaves.
 Various parts of the plant are used in folk
medicine.
During visiting day
Rhizophora mucronata

12. 12
Acanthus ilicifolius
(Holly-leaved acanthus, sea holly, and holy mangrove )
 Species of shrubs or herbs,
 Family Acanthaceae, native to Australia, Australasia,
and Southeast Asia.
 Used as medicine in asthma and rheumatism.
 Grows as a shrub, up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall.
 Shallow tap roots.
 Fruits are kidney-shaped
 It occurs in mangrove habitats.
 The ashes of the burnt plant are used as a lye for
making soap.
Acanthus ilicifolius
 A gregarious plant that is very common along the banks of estuaries and lagoons, and in marshy
land and mangroves close to the seashore.
 It is rarely found inland.
 Sea Holly is a mangrove plant which has leaves which look like the spiny holly leaves. In fact,
not all the leaves have the spiny edges that give them their common name.
 Leaves growing the deep shade can be totally spineless. Unlike some mangrove plants, Sea
Holly do not exclude salt at the root level. In fact, their sap is salty and excess salt is secreted
through the leaves, to be removed by rain or wind.

13. 13
Avicennia officinalis
(Indian mangrove, Api-api Ludat)
 The young tree forms a low, dense bushy crown.
 Grow up to 30 m.
 shiny green leaves, 10 cm long by 5 cm wide.
 Flowers: orange yellow to lemon yellow in color.
 The bark is smooth, dirty green to dark gray in color.
 The fruit is green or brown, heart-shaped.
 Found sporadically on the banks of rivers and rarely
found near the sea.
 It prefers clay soil and usually found inland.
 Found in Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Fruits rounded with pointed tip Salt crystals can be seen easily on the
leaves.
Uses:
 The bitter fruits and seeds are sometimes used for food after rather an elaborate processing.
 The bark and roots are used for tanning.
 T is used to construct boats, houses, and wharves.
 Brittle wood is used for firewood

14. 14
Acrostichum aureum,
(Golden leather fern, Leather Fern)
 Large species of fern that grows in mangrove swamps and
other wet locations. Other common names include swamp
fern and mangrove fern.
 Growing to a length of 1.8 metres (six feet).
 Leaves are glossy, broad and pinnate, the pinnae being dark
green, leathery, alternate and widely spaced.
 Found in tropical and sub-tropical areas around the world. It
grows in swamps and mangrove forests, salt marshes and on
river banks and is tolerant of raised salinity levels.
 It can also grow in freshwater locations.
Plants growing along the water's edge
 Many ferns also contain thiaminase, an enzyme that robs the body of its vitamin B complex.
 Very young leaves – cooked.
 The ferns are dried, strung up on rods, and used instead of straw as thatch for the roof.
 Brackish, inundated areas of the tropics, often in or on the margin of mangrove swamps
 Family: Pteridaceae
Close-up of the fronds

15. 15
 The common water hyacinth are vigorous growers and mats can double
in size in two weeks.
 Flowers, mostly lavender to pink in colour with six petals.
 One of the fastest growing plants.
 When not controlled, water hyacinth will cover lakes and ponds
entirely; this dramatically affects water flow and blocks sunlight from
reaching native aquatic plants which often die.
 The decay processes depletes dissolved oxygen in the water, often
killing fish (or turtles).
 The plants also create a prime habitat for mosquitos, the classic vectors
of disease, and a species of snail known to host a parasitic flatworm
which causes schistosomiasis (snail fever).
 Water hyacinth is often problematic in man-made ponds if
uncontrolled, but can also provide a food source for goldfish, keep
water clean and help to provide oxygen.
 Reduce the metal pollution.
Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth)
 An aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin.
 Water hyacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic plant
(or hydrophyte)
 Native to tropical and subtropical South America.
 Broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise
above the surface of the water as much as 1 meter in height.
 The leaves are 10–20 cm across on a stem which is floating
by means of buoyant bulb like nodules at its base above the
water surface. They have long, spongy and bulbous stalks.
The feathery, freely hanging roots are purple-black.
 The water hyacinth was introduced in 1884 at the World's
Fair in New Orleans, also known as the World Cotton
Centennial.
 The roots of Eichhornia crassipes naturally absorb pollutants,
including lead, mercury, and strontium-90.
 Water hyacinths can be cultivated for waste water treatment
(especially dairy waste water).
 The plant is used as a carotene-rich table vegetable in Taiwan.

16. 16
(Water lettuce) Pistia stratiotes
Description:
 Water lettuce is a free‐ floating aquatic herb.
 Its roots are long and feathery, hanging below the floating
leaves.
 Leaves form in rosettes, have no leaf stems, and grow up to
6 inches long.
 They are soft, thick, velvety‐ hairy, a dull light green color,
and have ridged veins.
 Flowers are inconspicuous, forming on small thick stalks in
the leaf axils.
 Its fruit is a green berry.
 Water lettuce spreads by producing secondary rosettes.
Ecological threat:
“Water lettuce can grow in large mats th
at clog waterways and degrade water qu
ality. Large mats block the air‐ water in
terface, reducing water oxygen levels an
d negatively impacting fish populations.
Water lettuce mats also displace native
plant communities and block sunlight fr
om reaching submersed aquatic plants.”
Water cabbage, Nile cabbage,
shell flower.
 Invasive species
 The flowers are dioecious,
 it floats on the surface of the water.
 Its roots hanging submersed beneath floating
leaves.
 The leaves can be up to 14 cm long and have
no stem.
 It was first reported in florida by the
explorers john and william bartram during
the period 1765-1774.
 Water lettuce is often used in tropical
aquariums to provide cover for fry and small
fish.

17. 17
Fouling organism
“Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of
microorganisms, plants, algae, or small animals on wetted
surfaces that have a mechanical function, causing structural
or other functional deficiencies.”
Fouling organism
“Any of various aquatic organisms with free-
swimming larvae and sedentary adult stages that
cause fouling of ships and underwater structures.”

18. 18
Function and Applications:
Grab samplers are one of the most common methods of retrieving soil samples from the seabed surface. The
information they provide, although coarse,can be applied in a number of applications such as:
 Bulk sampling for seabed minerals
 Marine aggregate prospecting
 Environmental sampling
 Pre-dredge investigations
 Ground-truth for morphological mapping and geophysical survey
 Grabs can be used on any seabed to recover samples although care is needed in selecting the right size unit for the
task.
 The grab sampler is a device that simply grabs a sample of the topmost layers of the seabed by bringing
two steel clam shells together and cutting a bite from the soil.
 The small grabs can be operated from virtually any sort of vessel.
Operation steps of grab sampler
Grab Samplers

19. 19
During field visiting with Dr. Prabhakaran M.A