balance diet by Rajendra public school, Sirsa Haryana

1. Rajendra Public School
Panjuana (Sirsa)
Balance diet for sports person
Present by :-
Sakshi 11 Sci.
Arpanjot 11 Com.
Parminder 11 Com.
Sonali 11 Com.

2. AGE
Age affects physical maturity which in turn,
affects performance:
 Flexibility – Decrease with age.
 Strength – Increases till fully grown.
 Oxygen Capacity – Decreases with age.
 Skill Level – Can improve with age.
 Recovery from injury - Takes longer as get
older.
Age divisions overcome this problem.
PHYSIQUE/BODY TYPE
Somatotype may determine which sport you may find
easier or more difficult:
Endomorph
Wide hips, shoulders and high body fat. Suitable for
Weightlifter. Unsuitable for Weight bearing exercise
such as cross country running
Mesomorph
Broad shoulders with muscular arms and legs. Suitable
for a football player. Sprinter etc.
Ectomorph
Narrow shoulders and hips. Thin lean build with little
body fat. Suitable for Ballet dancer, a gymnast, long
distance runner etc. Unsuitable for Power/strength
sports.
TRAINING
Level of participation
The higher the level, the more training required
Available Time
Professionals have the most time available for
training because participation is their full time
commitment. Amateurs have to fit in a high level of
training with competing demands.
Available Funds
The more funds available, the better training will be,
e.g. better facilities and equipment, specialist
coaches, etc. .
GENDER
There are a number of physical differences between
men and women:
 Physique –Women generally smaller and higher
% of fat.
 O2 carrying capacity –Lower for women due to
smaller heart and lungs.
 Strength and Power – Lower for women due to
less muscle mass.
 Hormone Imbalance –Affects women due to
menstruation.
 Metabolic rate –Lower for females due to higher
% body fat and lower muscle mass.
Opportunities for females are increasing
CULTURE
Positive Impact on Participation
Some ethnic groups are interested in certain sports,
which can encourage participation.
Negative Impact on Participation
 Single sex rules
 Strict dress code
 Traditional values followed
Individual
Differences
Disability
Four categories: physical, mental, permanent,
temporary
Facilities legally have to cater for disabled people:
Access (widened doorways, wheelchair access and
ramps), parking (disabled bays), provision (disabled
toilets, activities).
Sporting adaptations:
All sports can be adapted to cater for specific needs, e.g.
wheelchair basketball and football for the blind (ball-
bearing in ball)
Disability classifications:
Exist for all activities to make competition fair
Opportunities for disabled people are increasing # 400
took part in 1960 Olympics. In 2012 4,00 athletes took
part.
Activity Levels
Competitive or Recreational
Competitive activities require a higher level of
commitment due to training and competition.
Professional competitors focus on their sport/activity full
time.
Performance Level
As the level increases, more commitment is required.
Individual Factors
May influence the demands placed on them, e.g. age –
younger people tend to have more time available for
participation.
Benefits to the Participant
The level of participation affects the benefits received,
e.g. health benefits of high level competition are greater
than infrequent recreation.Risk and Challenge
Some people participate in physical activity for the
element of risk or challenge.
OAA activities such as rock climbing and white water
rafting have challenges and risk.
Risk Assessment: Before activity assessthe level of risk
and check there are no potential dangers
Risk Control: Its important to continue the activity
safely after initial assessment. This is the responsibility
of the participants (correct clothing, not wearing
jewellery), and organisers (e.g. correct warm up, not
mixing age).
Environment
Weather: Affect ability to train
Pollution: High levels of pollution are serious health risk.
Altitude: Living and training at high altitude can be
advantageous, particularly for endurance events.
Humidity: High levels of humidity and heat make it difficult
to keep the body cool and increase dehydration
Terrain: Some sports require a specific landscape, e.g. skiers

3. What is fatigue? A state of extreme
tiredness resulting from extreme exertion;
can be physical or mental
What is stress? The body’s reply to a
change requiring physical, mental or
emotional adjustment
Consequences of Fatigue
• Muscular fatigue can cause
you to have to stop the activity
completely
• Decline in concentration levels
• Make mistakes
• Incorrect execution of
techniques
• Can lead to injury if you don’t
stop
Who experiences stress?
More commonly experienced
by individual performers due
to increased focus on that
person, but also experienced
in team games.
Negative feedback/Criticism
Participants that are fatigued may
appear to spectators to not be
putting enough effort in, and are
subject to criticism
Boredom/Tedium
Participants who get
bored during training or
practice are less likely to
achieve in their sport
Link between Stress
and Anxiety
Feelings of anxiety can
increase tension and
agitation
Consequences of Stress
• Aggression
• Increased arousal
• Muscle tightness (caused
by excitement, suspense
or nervousness)
• Decline in motivation
Fatigue and
Stress
Abide by the Rules
Players should ensure that
they follow the rules of their
sport to help prevent injury
to others.
There are specific rules for
safety, e.g. no slide tackling
in rugby.
‘Play Safe’ policies in
schools are in place to
ensure activities are taught
in line with safety
legislation.
Lifting and Carrying
It is important to use the correct
technique when lifting or carrying
to avoid injury.
Bend the knees, keep the back
straight and keep the object close
to your body.
If something is too heavy to carry
on your own, get help
Health, Safety
andWell-
Being of
Others
Footwear
Some sports require specific
footwear to be worn for safety
and practicality:
Athletics: track runners must
wear spiked shoes
Games: studs need to be worn
on grass to prevent player
slipping
Gymnastics: no footwear
required
Clothing
Most sports have a kit that must be worn for
competition, but any suitable clothing can be
worn to training.
Some sports have specific requirements, e.g.
loose clothing can not be worn during
trampolining in case it gets caught, and outdoor
adventure activities may require warm,
waterproof clothing to be worn to prevent
getting too cold, etc.
Equipment
Almost all sports require
safety equipment to be
worn.
e.g. ice hockey players
must wear a helmet,
gloves and pads
Rules Relating to Sport
and Equipment
The Demands of Performance
Causes of Injury
• Incorrect execution of technique can lead
to injury to the individual or their
opponent, e.g. going in for a sliding
tackle.
• Overuse injuries caused by over training,
e.g. tennis elbow.
• Sudden injuries caused by movements
such as stretching and twisting, e.g.
damage to ACL during a netball pivot.
• Foul play from the opponent, e.g. pulling
shirt
• Impact injuries, e.g. with equipment or
playing surface
• Equipment/clothing: faulty equipment or
badly fitting clothing, e.g. football boots
causing blisters.
• Accidents: accidents occur, despite
precautions to try to prevent them.
How can Injury be prevented?
• Carry out and follow a risk
assessment
• Carry out a warm-up
• Enforce and follow code of
conduct
• Wear the
correct safety
equipment/
clothing
Injury

4. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
(always oxygenated apart from the
pulmonary artery which goes to the
lungs)
• Have thick muscular walls
• Have small passageways for blood
(internal lumen)
• Contain blood under high pressure
Veins
• Carry blood to the heart (always
de-oxygenated apart from the
pulmonary vein which goes from
the lungs to the heart)
• Have thin walls
• Have larger internal lumen
• Contain blood under low pressure
• Have valves to prevent blood
flowing backwards
Capillaries
• Found in the muscles and lungs
• Microscopic – one cell thick
• Very low blood pressure
• Where gas exchange takes place.
Oxygen passes through the
capillary wall and into the tissues,
carbon dioxide passes from the
tissues into the blood
Functions
• Transports nutrients and waste
• Delivers oxygen to the working muscles
• Removes heat (temperature regulation)
• Dilutes/carries away lactic acid (acidic
balance)
Cardiovascular Endurance:
The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory system to supply oxygen
and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate for a considerable length of time.
Effects of Exercise
• Increase in breathing rate
• Increase in heart rate
• Increase in blood pressure
TestingCV Endurance
• Resting pulse rate – lower it is the
better your endurance
• Pulse recovery rate – the quicker
HR returns to normal, resting rate,
the higher your endurance levels
are.

5. Characteristics and Benefits of Leisure and Recreation
• Leisure time refers to the time left over after eating, sleeping,
school, work, etc. when you can choose what you would like to do.
• Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy yourself, and is a
good opportunity to do something active and healthy.
• Physical recreation refers to participating for intrinsic rather than
extrinsic reward. For example, participating for health benefits.
• Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an element of
challenge, such as climbing, caving and white water rafting, in
which you have to cope with the natural environment.
• Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on throughout life,
such as swimming, and allow maximum benefit gained.
• Being active during leisure time helps people to live a healthy
lifestyle.
Leisure and Recreation
In recent years, there has been an increase in opportunities for
leisure time due to:
• Greater unemployment, giving people more free time.
• Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work earlier and
therefore have more time in the evenings.
• Advances in technology, such as labour-saving devices like
washing machines, allowing more time to be spent on leisure
activities rather than household chores.
The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs) have grown to
meet the increased demand for leisure provision.
Specific ‘user’ groups have been identified and the leisure industry
has targeted their provision at them. For example, mothers and
toddlers, unemployed people and shift workers.
Fairness and Personal and Social Responsibility
Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the correct way and
following the unwritten rules.
Some examples are:
• Kicking the ball out of play when a player goes down injured
• Shaking hands with opponents before and after a game
• Bowing to your opponent in certain martial arts
• Respecting the official’s decisions
• Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the game
This allows the games to be played fairly and safely.

6. Maintaining a
balanced diet
The nutrients that make up a balanced diet are
shown in the ‘eat well’ plate below
Dietary Imbalance
If you do not maintain a balanced diet, it could lead
to dietary imbalance:
• Malnutrition – insufficient nutrient intake
causing physical weakness
• Obesity – overweight caused by overeating,
leading to many health problems
• Anorexia – self-starvation due to the fear of
gaining weight, usually occurring in females
Whole-School Food Policy
• Healthy eating is one component of the National
Healthy Schools Programme
• The aim is to give children the confidence and
knowledge to make healthy food choices for
themselves.
• Healthy food and drink must be available across
the school day.
• Works with the School Food Trust to support
schools in delivering this programme.
• Whole-school approach is required, including
pupils, parents, staff and the community, in
order to successfully deliver the programme
Aerobic respiration
• Occurs in the presence of oxygen
• Glucose + Oxygen-  Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
• Used during sustained exercise
• Constant supply of oxygen to the body is required
Anaerobic respiration
• Occurs in the absence of oxygen
• Glucose  Energy + Lactic Acid
• Used during short bursts of exercise
• During anaerobic respiration oxygen is ‘borrowed’,
which is then ‘owed’ to the body – this is called the
oxygen debt. It causes a build up of lactic acid in the
muscles which causes pain. Completing a cool-down
allows the lactic acid to disperse.
The Recovery Period
After exercise:
• We take in extra oxygen to replace the oxygen debt.
• We expire carbon dioxide and other waste products.
• We perspire to remove excess sweat and let heat
escape.
• We excrete urine and faeces to remove excess water
and other waste products from lactic acid.
The Role of the Blood
• Transport oxygen and glucose to working muscles for
respiration.
• Transports water, carbon dioxide and other waste
products away from working muscles.
• Produces antibodies to fight infection.
• Clot to seal open wounds
• Regulate body temperature.
Specific Diets
• Carbohydrate loading – used by
endurance athletes, e.g. marathon
runners. Involves eating excess starch-
rich foods one week prior to an event
to increase glycogen stores in the
muscles. This helps delay tiredness by
providing a slow release of energy.
• High-protein diet – used by
bodybuilders to gain muscle and lose
fat. However, eating extra protein
does not directly add muscle and can
be difficult to digestSchool Lunches
Schools have to meet national nutritional standards for school lunches:
• Regular servings of quality meat and oily fish
• A minimum of two portions of fruit and veg with each meal
• Bread, cereals and potatoes regularly available
• Maximum of two portions of deep-fried food per week
• No fizzy drinks or confectionaries in meals or vending machines
Nutrient What is it for? Which foods contain it?
Carbohydrates Main source of energy Simple carbs, e.g. glucose
and sugar
Complex carbs e.g. pasta,
bread and rice.
Fats Major source of energy Cheese, cream, meat, oils,
butter
Proteins Important for growth and
repair of tissue
Animal products and plant
foods
Vitamins Essential for good health Fruit and veg
Minerals A number of different
functions, required in small
amounts
Vegetables and meat
Water/fluids Lack of water leads to
dehydration
Water
Fibre Aids the digestive system Cereals, wholegrain bread,
oats

7. Balanced
Healthy
Lifestyle
Fitness
The ability of the body to meet
the demands that are placed
upon it on a daily basis, without
stress
Exercise
Any form of
physical
activity
Health
Mental,
Social,
Physical
Healthy
Active
Lifestyle
It’s easy to incorporate good exercise habits in
everyday life!
Here are some examples:
• Walk or cycle short distances instead of driving.
• Get off the bus one stop early.
• Take the stairs instead of the lift or escalator.
There are a number of factors which affect how
much physical activity different people do!
Type of job is a major factor. Jobs involving manual
labour or being on your feet all day will incorporate a
lot more physical activity compared to a SEDENTARY
office job

8. Strength Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an object.
There are three types:
1. Dynamic strength – strength required to support weight or exert force against an object ( kicking a football)
2. Explosive strength – strength required for a short burst of movement (Sprinting , long jump take off or pushing a shot putt)
3. Static strength – strength applied to a static object (holding a position on gymnastic rings)
Speed Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible.
It is the combination of reaction time and movement time.
It is affected by strength and the percentage of fast twitch fibres.
Power Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible.
Strength training increases power.
Cardiovascular
Endurance
This is the ability of the heart and lungs to function efficiently during endurance exercise.
Training can improve cardiovascular endurance.
Flexibility Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint.
It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury and improve posture
Agility Agility is the ability to move at speed, changing direction and speed
Balance Balance is the ability to distribute weight evenly and remain in a steady and upright position
It is important for most sports, but more so in sports such as gymnastics.
It is linked to agility.
Coordination Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together.
Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any sport that requires catching.
ReactionTime Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to occur after a stimulus.
It consists of a simple reaction time (reacting to something as it happens) and choice reaction time (deciding when to react after analysing a situation).
Muscular Endurance/
Stamina
This is the ability of a muscle to do sustained, continuous work.
Timing Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factors
It is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination.

9. Functions of Skeletal System:
• Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain and
vital organs in the chest.
• Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall or
short.
• Support - holds your vital organs in place when playing
sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright.
• Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are
jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.
• Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen)
and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are
produced in the bone marrow of some bones.
Synovial joints and Connective Tissue
Functions:
• Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber.
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
• Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.
• Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling movement.
• Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint
Movement Description
Abduction Movement away from the mid-line of the body
Adduction Movement towards the mid-line of the body
Extension Straightening limbs at a joint
Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint.
Rotation A circular movement around a fixed point
Type of
bone
Example Function in sport
Long
Femur,
humerus
Movement - to generate strength and
speed
Short Carpals, tarsal Shock absorption - spreading load
Flat (Plate) Ribs, cranium
Protection of vital organs, attachment of
muscles to help movement
Irregular Vertebrae, face Provide shape, protection
Name of
muscle
Function Example in sport
Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin
Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery
Deltoids
Move the arm in all directions at the
shoulder
Bowling a cricket ball
Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis
Trapezius
Hold the shoulders in place, move head
back and sideways
Holding head up in rugby scrum
Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball
Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards
Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball
Gastrocnemius Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee Running
Latissimus dorsi Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder Butterfly stroke in swimming
Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach Pulling the body down when hurdling
Muscles and Movement:
Muscles only provide one type of movement as they
can only pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs,
with one muscle pulling while the other relaxes, and
then vice versa. These are called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.
The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a
movement. It is also known as the ‘agonist’.
The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to
take place.
Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed
bone.
Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone
that moves.
Muscle Contractions
Muscles contract when they work. If a
muscle contracts to create movement, it is
called an isotonic contraction.
An isotonic contraction can be concentric,
which is where the muscle shortens as the
fibres contract or eccentric, where the
fibres contract as the muscle lengthens.
When a muscle contracts with no resulting
movement, it is an isometric contraction.

10. Skill
Using knowledge or expertise to succeed efficiently and
effectively in achieving a particular objective and ability, which
has been acquired by training.
Basic skills
• Often fairly simple and straight forward activities, e.g.
throwing, catching, running, jumping, hitting an object
• Must be able to perform basic skills easily before
attempting higher level tasks.
Complex skills
• Take quite a long time to learn as they involve high levels
of coordination and control.
• Higher level skills will be sport-specific due to the
uniqueness of that activity, e.g. performing the pole vault
requires a coordinated combination of several complex
skills.
Types of Skill
Open Skills
• Occur in situations that are constantly changing, such as any
invasion game activity where the environment around the
performer is constantly changing.
• Skills may have to be adapted according to the demands of the
game. For example a football pass will be affected by your
position, the position of your opponents and your team
mates as well as playing conditions e.g. wind/wet pitch, etc.
Closed skills
• These occur in situations that are constant and unchanging so
they are not affected by the sporting environment.
• An example is performing a trampolining routine or a dance
routine.
Types of Guidance
In order to acquire skill, performers often need addition
guidance
Visual
• Seeing a demonstration, example or even watching their
own performance played back
Verbal
• Being told what needs to be done, what went well or what
needs improvement through constructive criticism.
Manual
• Being physically guided through something, such as being
helped with a hand stand
Types of Feedback
A performer finds out how good their performance was
through:
Knowledge of results
• This is a form of terminal feedback at the end of a
performance and could be as simple as winning or
losing.
Knowledge of Performance
• This relates to how well the performance was carried
out rather than just the end result
The most common ways of feedback are:
Intrinsic: this is sensed or felt by the performer while they
are actually performing
Extrinsic: this comes from sources other than the
performer themselves, such as sounds or things they can
see.
Types of Practice
These are the ways a performer tries to gain skills
they have particularly identified.
Whole: a complete performance is carried out
with all aspects of performance covered, e.g. the
high jump technique.
Part: complex skills are broken down into parts
and each part is practised.
Fixed: a set session or aspect is concentrated
upon.
Variable: a combination of all of the above
Skill
Acquisition

11. Altitude Training
Carrying out aerobic exercise at high altitude
Oxygen levels are lower at high altitude
It increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Warm Weather Training
British weather is unpredictable
And, therefore, athletes often train
Abroad in warm weather where
Training will not need to be cancelled.
Key Term Definition
FITT
Frequency – how often we train
Intensity – how hard we train
Time – the length of time we train
Type – the method of training chosen
The requirements of a certain activity are
Matched with training
Specificity Matching training to the requirements of your sport
Progression Making training gradually harder the fitter you are
Overload Overloading your body by increasing the frequency,
intensity or duration of exercise
Reversibility Physical benefits gained from training will be reversed
when you stop
Rest Recovery time
Recovery Allowing body tissues to recover and repair following
training or competition
Individual
Differences/Needs
Take into account a person’s body build / level of
fitness, the sport (and position played) and their
particular aims
Repetitions In weightlifting, the number of times you move the
weights
Sets In weightlifting, the number of times a weight activity
is carried out, e.g. a set of repetitions
Thresholds The minimum heart rate that must be achieved in
order to improve fitness
Maximum Heart rate (MHR) = 220 - Age
Training Zone The heart rate zone in which a training effect will
occur
Training
Session
Training session is split into phases: Warm-up, Fitness
phase, skill phase and a warm-down.
Types of
Training
Interval training involves a short intense
work period followed by a rest period.
Advantage: good for game players because
you can mix aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
Disadvantage: can become boring.
Fartlek means ‘speed play’ and involves fast
and slow running over a variety of terrain or
hills. Its useful for individual sports, e.g.
athletics and team sports, e.g. football.
Advantage: can be easily adapted for
different sports and fitness levels.
Disadvantage: difficult to see how much
effort is being exerted.
Circuit training involves a number of
exercises set up at stations. It may
incorporate skills. It can be useful to
team sports, e.g. football, racquet
sports, e.g. tennis and individual sports
e.g. running. Advantage: varied, so
doesn’t get boring. Disadvantage:
requires a lot of equipment and time to
set up.
Weight training uses resistance either by
weight lifted or the number of repetitions
the exercise is performed. It is useful for
sports which require strength, e.g. long
jump and rugby. Advantage: improves
muscular strength and tone.
Disadvantage: muscles can be sore after.
Continuous training is slow and steady
training. It is useful to improve aerobic
fitness in, for example, cycling, running,
and also for a sedentary adult who has not
trained for a period of time. Advantage:
doesn’t require much equipment.
Disadvantage: not useful for game players
because it doesn’t improve anaerobic
fitness.

12. Range of Physical
Activities
Give three
examples for each.
Roles of
Participants
Games
Outwitting opponents to
succeed in competition
e.g. Football, netball, hockey
Gymnastics
Accurately
repeating
movements, which
can be put together
to form a routine
e.g. handspring,
somersault,
cartwheel
Dance
Communicating ideas and
emotions through choreographed
routines to an audience
e.g. Ballet, ball room, street dance
Fitness and Health Activities
Exercising safely to improve
health, fitness and well-being
e.g. Aqua aerobics, yoga, Zumba
Outdoor and Adventurous
Activities
Overcoming adventurous
challenges through problem
solving
e.g. rock climbing, canoeing,
rafting
Athletics
A variety of track and field
events whereby athletes
compete in terms of speed,
height, distance, strength
or accuracy
e.g. hurdles, pole vault,
discus
Player/Performer
Aims to improve
performance in a
particular sport or
activity by developing
good knowledge, skills,
tactics, positioning,
technique and
movement
Organiser
Responsible for bringing
everything together at
the right time and place.
Needs to have good
managerial and
organisational skills
Has a range of duties
including booking
facilities and managing
funds
Leader/Coach
Specialises in a
particular activity or
sport
Helps the
player/performer to
improve their
performance through
appropriate training.
Influences achievement
of goals and behaviour in
sport.
Official
Responsible for controlling a sport or
activity, based on the rules and
regulations of the game
Ensures that the activity is played or
performed safely and fairly
e.g. referee, umpire, judge, marshal,
timekeeper

13. Influences on
Physical
Activity
Participation
School Influences
National Curriculum
• Teaching PE is a legal requirement.
• Aims to improve health and fitness, provide a balance with other subjects by offering
a practical element, prepare pupils for physical activity post-school, provide
qualifications and teach the value of physical activity and sport in society.
• Opportunities for PE in school: timetabled lessons, extra curricular activities, clubs,
sports performance awards, links with local clubs and outside visits.
• Cross curricular links between PE and other subjects, e.g. Science, ICT and Maths.
• Consists of a variety of categories, such as games activities, dance and outdoor
adventurous activities.
National Healthy school Programme
• Long term initiative
• Aim: to help young people be able to make informed health and life choices
• Whole-school approach: everyone needs to be involved in order to successfully
achieve the aim, e.g. pupils, parents, staff and the community
• Four core themes:
1. Personal, social and health education (PSHE) – sex, relationship and drug education
2. Healthy eating – teaching healthy food choices and providing nutritious food and
drink
3. Physical activity – provide pupils with a range of opportunities for participation, and
teach why it is important
4. Emotional health and well-being – support provided for vulnerable pupils, bullying
and behaviour and reward policies in place, and confidential pastoral support
system available.
Organisations that provide increased opportunities for physical activity
participation
Sport England
Sport England is a government agency which
aims to help people to ‘start, stay and succeed’
in sport, particularly focusing on priority groups.
Its main role is to provide funding a facilities, and
measure participation.
National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
NGBs are responsible for their particular sport.
They provide funding to support the
development of talented athletes and
competition at different levels. They also
provide support to coaches and officials in sport.
E.g. The FA (football), England Netball (netball)
Youth Sport Trust (YST)
YST aims to increase the participation of young
people in PE and school sport. It is responsible
for managing national school sport
competitions, as well as leadership and
volunteering programmes.
Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy
Aims to inspire young people to participate and
mentor them, using elite sport role models.
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Peers
• Support your views and participation
• Encouragement, e.g. watch you play
• Listen to advice, e.g. your friend tells you its important
• Admire/follow their example
• Join in with them
• Go along with negative views of physical activity, PE lessons, etc.
• Choosing not to be active because your friends aren’t
• Not going to training when your friend doesn’t go
Family
• Role model: set a good example by being active
• Financial support, e.g. buying new equipment
• Provide transport for training and matches
• Encouragement and motivation
• Poor role model: set a bad example by leading an inactive lifestyle
• Lack of financial support
• Lack of social support/ encouragement
• Pressure to focus on academic work
Gender
• Less of an issue than previous years
• More opportunities for women to play same sports as
men
• More opportunities for female roles within sport
• Some gender differences do still exist, e.g. professional male football players
get paid more than professional female football players.
Ethnicity
• Role models: there has been
an increase in ethnic minority
participation in elite sport
• Traditional views don’t always support participation, e.g. some religions
don’t encourage females to take part in PE due to clothing issues
• Influenced by visibility of role models of a similar racial background, e.g.
there are few black people in sports such as tennis and golf compared to
football.
• Incidences of racial abuse in sport

14. Extra -
Curricular
Provisions
Cross-
Curricular
Links
Extra -
Curricular
Provisions
Activity Range
Only traditional sports need to be
offered during PE lessons.
Extra curricular activities offer a wider
range of activities.
Activities can be recreational or
competitive.
Facilities
Some schools lack facilities,
while others are well
resourced and have extra
staff and facilities to offer
other activities.
Outside Visits
Provides more
opportunities for
schools which lack
facilities, e.g. dry
ski slopes , ice
rinks, etc..
Attitudes of Staff
Attitudes, interests and abilities
affect what activities they offer.
A negative attitude to helping out
with after-school activities will
reduce the number of opportunities
available to pupils.
Club Links
Schools can
develop links
with clubs to
offer a wider
range of extra-
curricular
activities, e.g.
hockey,
basketball,
health clubs
and golf clubs.
PE Links with number of other subjects:
English: speaking and listening skills and specialised
vocabulary
Mathematics: scoring, measuring distances and
calculating speeds
Science: biology and physiology links
Geography: orienteering, landscapes and weather
Food technology: diet, nutrition and energy balance
Citizenship: themes and values, such as trust,
responsibility, inclusion, respect, etc.
Vocational Opportunities
Sports performers: professional (sport is their full time job
and they get paid), amateur (they take part in the
sport/activity alongside their job, as a hobby and don’t get
paid), semi-professional (work but play sport in their spare
time for payment).
Open sports enable amateurs to get paid through
loopholes, e.g. sponsorship, expenses payments and
scholarships.
Careers: many opportunities, e.g. PE teacher, coach,
physiotherapist, manager, personal trainer, etc.
Different roles that people
can adopt:
Performer, leader/coach,
organiser, or official
Further Qualifications
BTEC, GCSE and GCE
Sports performance awards (e.g.
leadership awards)
Proficiency testing and awards
(available through NGBs and
delivered by schools, e.g. swimming
awards that qualify people as
lifesavers

15. Competitions
International
Sport and
Events
Science and
ICT in Sport
What is it? Advantages Disadvantages
Knockouts One team plays
another.
The winner
progresses to
the next round
and loser drops
out of
competition.
Usually played
in rounds.
Darts is an
example
Can be
organised
quickly and
easily.
High numbers
can participate
due to drop out.
Competition is
over quickly if
you lose your
first game.
Qualifying
events or byes
may be required
to get the right
number in each
round.
Ladders Set number of
players/teams
on the ladder.
Challenge
people higher
up the ladder to
games and take
their place if
you win.
Suited to racket
sports such as
squash,
badminton and
tennis.
Easy to run and
administer.
Slow progress.
Only small
number of
participants can
take part.
Combination Combination of
some or all
types.
For example
qualifying
leagues, and
winners’
progress to
further leagues
or knockout.
The Football
World Cup is
an example
Can play as
many games as
you like.
More than one
opportunity to
qualify.
A large number
of teams can
participate.
Its time
consuming.
‘Meaningless’
games may be
played where
teams have
already
qualified for the
next stage.
Examples of high profile events include football and rugby world cups,
cricket test matches, athletics world championships, formula One world
championships, Wimbledon, Super Bowl and the Olympic Games.
Advantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Likely to make profit through sponsors, media rights and
selling merchandise.
• Facilities are updated / new facilities are built especially for the
event but can be used in the future.
• Raising the profile/reputation of the host country worldwide.
Disadvantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Security/risk of terrorist attack
• Political protests or boycotts
• Expensive to provide facilities and security
Developments in sport through the contribution
of science:
• Equipment: e.g. lighter rackets made of
fibreglass, Kevlar and Titanium instead of wood;
stronger pole vault poles made of fibreglass or
carbon fibre instead of bamboo; lighter cricket
pads made of high density compressed foam;
and lighter and aerodynamic bicycles.
• Materials: e.g. Lycra swimsuits which are more
streamlined, artificial pitch surfaces and
footwear made of a combination of natural and
synthetic material with increased strength and
flexibility.
• Facilities: e.g. purpose-built facilities for
gymnasts, indoor tennis areas to allow play to
continue when its raining, stadiums with
retractable roofs, air conditioning and humidity
control, and fitness gyms with significantly
updated equipment.
Developments in sport through the contribution of
ICT:
• Storing, analysing and presenting large data sets
using computers.
• Using software and hardware to record and
analyse performance, e.g. Dartfish allows
individuals to review their own performance
through video playback and ProZone, used by
professional football clubs, allows analysis of an
individual player, such as distance run and passes
made.
• Performance aids, e.g. fitness monitoring devices
such as heart rate monitors, Hawk-Eye technology
used in tennis and cricket to track the trajectory of
the ball, and video officials used to support
referees’ decisions.
• Interactive games and devices, such as games
consoles, allowing people to play interactive
games and improve their fitness.

16. Television
• One of the most powerful forms of media
• Increase in the amount of televised sport
when digital transmission was introduced
• Large numbers of channels dedicated to
sport are now available
• The government set rules regarding
events shown on TV, e.g. ‘listed events’
such as the FA Cup Final cannot be shown
exclusively on ‘pay per view’ or satellite/
cable channels.
Radio
• Increase in the number of radio stations
broadcasting sport since the introduction
of DAB
• There are now a number of stations
dedicated to sport
• Cheaper to broadcast via radio than TV,
and cheaper and more
accessible/portable for listeners
Information Technology
• Lots of information available on CD-
ROMS and the Internet
• Increasing number of sites on the Internet
broadcasting TV and radio
Magazines
• Often contain
sport stories
• Increasing
number of
specialised
magazines in
specific sports
Newspapers
• Have dedicated
sports section at
the back
Books
• E.g. textbooks,
autobiographies,
novels
How Can The Media Influence Performance and Participation?
• High standards of performance are shown – gives and example
of people to follow
• Slow motion replays allow good points to be emphasised and
the viewer can learn from it
• Promotion of physical activity and its health benefits
Edited Coverage
• Writers or directors can edit coverage so that an inaccurate
representation of the action is seen by the viewer
Different Types of Output
• Informative – sports news
• Educational – documentaries
• Instructional – coaching DVD
• Entertainment – live matches
Role Models
Role models are people that others aspire to be like, and should
therefore set a good example.
How can role models shape attitudes?
• The way in which they play, e.g. fairly, abiding
by rules or playing unfairly against the rules.
• Setting trends
• The way in which they conduct themselves in both
their sporting and private life.
How can role models influence participation?
• By being an inspiration
• By being successful through good performances
• By representing a group, e.g. ethnic group, gender group or
disability
SponsorshipRange and Scope of
Sponsorship
• Individuals: individual
sponsorship deals whereby
the athlete gets given money
to endorse a good, e.g.
wearing a specific brand of
footwear.
• Teams and clubs: payments
made to the team, and used
for equipment, kit etc.
• Sports: major sponsorship
associated with the sport to
promote leagues or
competitions.
• Events: big events such as
the Olympic Games attract
many sponsors because it
Unacceptable
Sponsorship
• Anything associated
with poor health, e.g.
smoking and alcohol
Effects of Sponsorship
• Provision of equipment,
clothing accessories,
facilities, transport/travel
• Entry fees and expenses
paid, e.g. hotel bills
Advantages of
Sponsorship
• Financial support
for the athlete
• Promotion of the
sport
• Raise profile and
image of sport
• Increased revenue
for the sponsor,
and gives them a
good image
Disadvantages of
Sponsorship
• Sponsors may
start to dictate
changes, e.g. to
the rules, clothing,
timings etc.
• Sponsors can
withdraw if the
image of the sport
is damaged
• Difficult for
minority (less
well-known)
sports to get
sponsorship