3. Review of anatomy
• The ear has external, middle, and inner
portions. The outer ear is called the pinna and
is made of ridged cartilage covered by skin.
Sound funnels through the pinna into the
external auditory canal, a short tube that
ends at the eardrum (tympanic membrane).
• Sound causes the vibration of eardrum and
its tiny attached bones in the middle portion
of the ear, and the vibrations are conducted
to the nearby cochlea. The spiral-shaped
cochlea is part of the inner ear; it transforms
sound into nerve impulses that travel to the
brain.
4. Ear Disorders Summary
Foreign body in the ear
Otitis externa
Mastoiditis
Otitis media
Middle ear effusion (Glue Ear)
Otosclerosis
Labyrinthitis
Vestibular neuritis
Meniere’s disease
9. Wax in the Ear
An accumulation of wax in the
external auditory canal. Wax in the
ear is normal and usually comes out
naturally from time to time.
It may accumulate to form a wax plug
and cause a problem for
the patient.
10.
11.
12. Infections of the External
Ear (Swimmer’s Ear)
• Otitis Externa is an infection of the
external auditory canal (EAC)
• Localised (furunculosis) or
generalised (diffuse)
• Mild, moderate or severe classes.
• can be divided according to the time
course of the infection: acute,
subacute, or chronic
• Acute: less than 6 weeks of
duration.
13. Otitis Externa
• Chronic OE – This is the same as acute diffuse OE
but is of longer duration (>6 weeks/>3 months)
• Eczematous (eczematoid) OE – This encompasses
various dermatologic conditions (eg, atopic dermatitis
, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and
eczema) that may infect the EAC and cause OE
• Necrotizing (malignant) OE – This is an infection
that extends into the deeper tissues adjacent to the
EAC; it primarily occurs in adult patients who are
immunocompromised (eg, as a result of diabetes
mellitus or AIDS) and is rarely described in children; it
may result in cases of cellulitis and osteomyelitis
• Otomycosis - Infection of the ear canal secondary to
fungus species such as Candida or Aspergillus
14. Other Risk Factors
• Humidity & Swimming
• Narrow ear canal from bone growth
(Surfer's ear) or obstruction (cerumen, FB)
• Saturation diver
• Trauma: the use of objects such as cotton
swabs or other small objects to clear the ear
canal.
• Dermatologic conditions: eczema &psoriasis
• Radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
• Immunocompromised patients
15. Pathophysiology
• OE is a superficial infection of the skin in
the EAC. The processes involved in the
development of OE can be divided into the
following 4 categories:
• Obstruction (eg, cerumen buildup, surfer’s
exostosis, or a narrow or tortuous canal),
resulting in water retention
• Absence of cerumen, which may occur as a
result of repeated water exposure or
overcleaning the ear canal
• Trauma
• Alteration of the pH of the ear canal
16. • The two factors that are required for
external otitis to develop are
(1) the presence of germs that can
infect the skin-P.aeruginosa and S.
aureus most common
(2) impairments in the integrity of the
skin of the ear canal that allow
infection to occur
• atopic dermatitis , psoriasis
• otomycosis
17. Symptoms
• Drainage from the ear - yellow, yellow-green,
foul smelling, persistent
• Ear pain - felt deep inside the ear and may get
worse when moving head
• Hearing loss
• Itching of the ear or ear canal
• Fever
• Trouble swallowing
• Weakness in the face
• Voice loss
18. Diagnosis
• When the ear is inspected, the canal
appears red and swollen in well-
developed cases.
• physical examination
• Otoscope :narrowing of the ear canal
from inflammation and the presence
of drainage and debris.
• Culture of the drainage
19. Treatment
• Aural toilet
• Aural toilet must be performed and
can be done most conveniently by
dry mopping. The ear is cleaned with
a gentle rotatory action. Once the
cotton wool is soiled it is replaced.
20. Treatment
Thoroughly clean external ear canal
Apply antibiotic drops, e.g.
Chloramphenicol ear drops 0.5% 2
drops into the ear every 8 hours for
14 days
Give analgesics e.g. Paracetamol
If severe: Cloxacillin
If fungal infection is suspected
Remove any crusting by syringing
Apply Clotrimazole solution or oral
fluconazole 200 mg q24hr for 10 days
21. • Dressings
If the otitis externa is severe with
marked edema of ear canal, a gauze
wick should be inserted gently into
the meatus, and renewed every 1-3
days until the meatus has returned
to normal-may contain antibiotic.
22. Complications of otitis
externa
Chronic & malignant Otitis
externa
Canal stenosis
Hearing loss
Periauricular cellulitis
Myringitis
Perichondritis
Facial cellulitis
Temporal bone osteomyelitis
23. Otitis media
• Inflamation of te middle ear.
Types
Acute (<14 days)
suppurative
non suppurative
Chronic (>14days)
suppurative
24. Acute Otitis Media
• Acute otitis media, i.e. acute inflammation
of the middle-ear cavity, is a common
condition and is frequently bilateral. It
occurs most commonly in children and it is
important that it is managed with care to
prevent subsequent complications. It most
commonly follows an acute upper
respiratory tract infection and may be viral
or bacterial.
• Children have short eustachian tubes and
microbes can easily travel to the middle
ear from the URT
25. Pathology
• Acute otitis media is an infection of
the mucous membrane of the whole
of the middle-ear cleft, Eustachian
tube, tympanic cavity, attic, mastoid
antrum and air cells.
26. • The bacteria responsible for acute
otitis media are: Streptococcus
pneumonia 35%, Haemophilus
influenzae 25%, Moraxella
catarrhalis 15%.
• Group A streptococci and
Staphylococcus aureus may also
be responsible.
27. • The sequence of events in acute
otitis media is as follows:
• organisms invade the mucous
membrane causing inflammation,
oedema, exudate and later, pus;
• oedema closes the Eustachian tube,
preventing aeration and drainage;
28. • pressure from the pus rises, causing
the drum to bulge;
• necrosis of the tympanic membrane
results in perforation;
• the ear continues to drain until the
infection resolves
29. Causes
• Common cold
• Acute tonsillitis
• Influenza
• Coryza of measles, scarlet fever,
• whooping cough
30. Symptoms, signs
• Earache
• Deafness
It is conductive in nature and may be
accompanied by tinnitus
• Pyrexia
• Tenderness
There is usually some tenderness to
pressure on the mastoid antrum.
31. contd…….
• The tympanic membrane varies in
appearance
• Loss of lustre and break-up of the
light reflex.
• Redness and fullness of the drum;.
• Bulging, with loss of landmarks.
Purple colour..
• Perforation with otorrhoea.
• Mucoid discharge
32. Treatment
• Antibiotics: amoxycillin will be
more effective.
• Co-amoxiclav is useful in Moraxella
infections.
• Cotrimoxazole, azithromycin or
erythromycin in penicillin allergy
• Analgesia: pcm, NSAIDs, opiods.
• Aural irrigation, hydrogen peroxide
soln, wicking and 0.5% ciprofloxacin
drops.
33. • Nasal vasoconstrictors
• Myringotomy is necessary when
bulging of the tympanic membrane
persists, despite adequate antibiotic
therapy
35. causes
• Late treatment of acute otitis media.
• Inadequate or inappropriate
antibiotic therapy.
• Upper airway sepsis.
• Lowered resistance, e.g.
malnutrition, anaemia,immunological
impairment.
• Particularly virulent infection, e.g.
measles.
36. Types of CSOM
Mucosal disease with tympanic
membrane perforation (tubo-
tympanic disease, relatively safe).
Bony:
cholesteatoma—dangerous (attico-
antral disease).
37. Mucosal infection
Symptoms
• Discharge- mucopurulant,non foul
smelling
• Deafness
• Earache
• tympanic membrane perforation,
• Tuning fork test:rinne-negative
• Weber-lateralised to one side
• ABC- normal
38. Investigations
• Culture and sensitivity
• Examination under microscope
• Pure toneaudiogram:mild conductive
loss between 20 to 30dB
• X-ray of mastoid, PNS, neck lateral
view
• Nasal endoscopy
39. Treatment of mucosal-type
csom
• Removal of septic foci:
tonsillectomy,adenoidectomy, sinus
wash
• Myringoplasty if hearing loss below
40dB
• Tympanoplasty:if above 40dB
40. Attico antral type – clinical
features
• Ear discharge: foul smelling scanty
blood stained, no relation with URTI
• Deafness:progressive conductive
deafness
• Itching and pain in the ear
• Tinnitus and giddiness
•
41. Other Signs
• In Otoscopic examination: foul smelling
discharge in the ext. Auditory canal
• Granulation tissue in the meatus
• Attic or marginal perforation of tymanic
membrane
• Cholesteatoma
• Mastoid tenderness
• Tuning fork test-Rinne negative, weber
localised to lateral side, ABC normal
44. Management
• Goal – to make the ear safe and dry
• To restore and improve hearing
• Surgical management
• Main line treatment.
• 1. canal wall down
mastoidectomy:consists of radical
and modified radical mastoidectomy.
These procedures ensures safety and
dry ear but functional improvement
may not be achieved.
45. • 2. Canal wall up mastoidectomy:
or combined approach
tympanoplasty, where functional
improvement can be achieved but
not the safety.
46. Medical management
• It is used only for patient who are
unfit for surgery. Topical antibiotic
and steroid are used.
• In some cases 5-flurouracil is
used.
48. Difference between
TTD&AAD
TTD AAD
Parts involved Antero inferior Postero superior
Discharge Mucoid, profuse, non
foul smelling
Purulent, scanty, foul
smelling
Perforation Central Marginal, Involving attic
Polyp Usually pale Pink, fleshy
Granulation tissue Rare Common
Cholesteatoma Absent Common
Complications Rare Common
audiogram Mild- moderate
conductive hearing loss.
Conductive/mixed
49. Glue Ear (Otitis Media
with Effusion)
A non-suppurative otitis media
Causes
• Blockage of the Eustachian tube by:
adenoids, infection in the tube, thick
mucoid fluid and tumours of the
postnasal space
• Unresolved acute otitis media
• Viral infection of the middle ear
• Allergy
51. Management
• Eliminate known or predisposing
causes
• Chlorphenamine Plus
xylometazoline nasal drops
0.1% or ephedrine drops
• Exercises: Chewing, blowing
against closed nose tends to
open the tube
52. Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the mastoid bone behind the ear
Usually a complication of suppurative otitis media
Clinical features
• Severe pain felt over the mastoid bone
• Swelling in post auricular area (pinna is
pushed down and forward)
• Current or history of pus discharge from
the ear
• Fever
• Mental confusion is a grave sign of
intracranial spread of infection
53. Treatment
• Give emergency treatment
• I.V Ceftriaxone plus metronidazole
• Surgical drainage of abscess-Refer
urgently for specialist care
54. • Otosclerosis is a hereditary localised
disease of the bone characterised by
alternating phases of bone resorption
and new bone formation. The
mature lamellar bone is removed by
osteoclasis and replaced by woven
bone of greater thickness, cellularity
and vascularity
55.
56. Pathophysiology
• The primary pathological change occurs in
the bony labyrinth with secondary effects
upon middle ear and inner ear
function. The otosclerotic focus may be
asymptomatic, or if present in the area of
foot plate of stapes it may give rise to
ankylosis of foot plate with resultant
conductive deafness. Otosclerotic foci may
involve other portions of labyrinth causing
sensori neural hearing loss and vestibular
abnormalities.
57. Causative factors /
etiology
• Many theories have been proposed to
explain the etiological factors of
otosclerosis. They are:
1. Metabolic
2. Immune disorders
3. Vascular disease
58. • 4. Infection (Measles)
5. Trauma : The petrous bone doesnot have
regenerative capacity. This is because of the fact
that the enzymes released during reparative
phase are very toxic to the inner ear hair cells.
• 6. Temporal bone abnormalities
(congenital)
59. • Genetic factors predisposing to
otosclerosis: The tendency for
otosclerosis to run in families has
been seen.
Otosclerosis is associated with
osteogenesis imperfecta in 0.15 %
of cases. This is known as Van der
Hoeve syndrome or Adair -
Dighton syndrome.
60. Clinical features
• Deafness: Typically deafness in
otosclerosis is bilateral and gradually
increasing in nature. In majority of
cases the deafness is conductive in
nature. These patients may hear
better in noisy environment because
the speaker has a tendency to raise
his voice because of excessive
ambient noise. This phenomenon a
feature of otosclerosis is known as
61. • Tinnitus: is a common symptom and
occasionally could be the only presenting
feature. Mostly tinnitus indicates
sensorineural degeneration. Tinnitus may
be unilateral or bilateral. It is usually
roaring in nature.
Vertigo: Transient attacks of vertigo is
not uncommon in patients with
otoslerosis. . These patients may even
have coexisting Meniere's disease.
62. Clinical examination
The ear drum in these patients is
normal (mint condition). Rarely
during active phase of the disease
the increased vascularity of the
promontory may be seen through
the ear drum. This sign is known as
Flemingo's flush sign or
Schwartz's sign. This indicates
otospongiosis (active otosclerosis).
63.
64. • Hearing assessment done using
tuning forks.
Pure tone auditometry will show
precisely the amount and type of
hearing loss. The presence of
Carhart's notch is a classic
audiometric feature in these
patients. In cochlear otosclerosis
audiometry reveals sensorineural
hearing loss
65. Management
• Medical: The aim of medical
management is to convert an active
otosclerotic foci into an inactive or
quiscent foci. Fluoride is the drug
of choice.
66. Surgical treatment:
• Stapedectomy
• Hearing aids: These patients will
benefit from the use of hearing aids
if surgery is not acceptable to the
patient or if it is risky. There is
always a 1% risk of producing a
dead ear during surgery even in the
best of hands.
68. Causes
Changes in ear pressure: Changes
in ear pressure may occur when
travelling on an airplane, or if you
are involved in an explosion.
Underwater sports such as swimming
or scuba diving may also cause
pressure changes in your ears.
69. • Direct trauma to your eardrum
• Ear infection
• Head trauma
• Past ear surgery or procedure
70. signs and symptoms
• Clear, Mucoid (phlegm-like), thick
and yellowish, or bloody ear
discharge.
• Hearing loss in involved ear.
• Pain in involved ear.
• Tinnitus (ringing or buzzing sound in
your ear).
• Vertigo (dizziness).
72. Surgery
– Myringoplasty: This type of surgery uses a
tissue graft to cover torn eardrum. A tissue
graft may be taken from own body, another
person, an animal, or is man-made. A
procedure called a mastoidectomy may also be
done with a myringoplasty.
– Tympanoplasty: This surgery repairs torn
eardrum and any damage to inner ear. A
tympanoplasty also helps prevent chronic ear
infections. The hole in eardrum will be covered
with a tissue graft
73. Infections of the Inner Ear
• Labyrinthitis and Vestibular
Neuritis
• Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are
disorders resulting from an infection that
inflames the inner ear or the nerves
connecting the inner ear to the brain. This
inflammation disrupts the transmission of
sensory information from the ear to the
brain. Vertigo, dizziness, and difficulties
with balance, vision, or hearing may
result.
74. signs and symptoms
• A prominent and debilitating
symptom of labyrinthitis is severe
vertigo.
• (nystagmus)
• Nausea
• Anxiety
• general ill feeling.
75. Diagnosis
• No specific tests exist to diagnose vestibular
neuritis or labyrinthitis. Therefore, a process
of elimination is often necessary to diagnose
the condition. Because the symptoms of an
inner ear virus often mimic other medical
problems, a thorough examination is
necessary to rule out other causes of
dizziness, such as stroke, head injury,
cardiovascular disease, allergies, side effects
of prescription or nonprescription drugs
(including alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, and
many illegal drugs), neurological disorders,
and anxiety
76. Treatment
• Vestibular rehabilitation therapy
is a highly effective way to
substantially reduce or eliminate
residual dizziness from labyrinthitis.
VRT works by causing the brain to
use already existing neural
mechanisms for adaptation,
neuroplasticity, and compensation.
• Rehabilitation strategies most
commonly used are:
77. • Gaze stability exercises - moving the head
from side to side while fixated on a stationary
object (aimed to restore the Vestibulo-ocular
reflex)
• Habituation exercises - movements
designed to provoke symptoms and
subsequently reduce the negative vestibular
response upon repetition.
• Functional retraining - including postural
control, relaxation, and balance training.
78. Ménière's disease
• Ménière's disease is a disorder of the
inner ear that can affect hearing and
balance to a varying degree. It is
characterized by episodes of vertigo, low-
pitched tinnitus, and hearing loss. The
hearing loss is fluctuating rather than
permanent, meaning that it comes and
goes, alternating between ears for some
time, then becomes permanent with no
return to normal function.
79. Causes
• Ménière's disease is idiopathic, but it is
believed to be linked to endolymphatic hydrops,
an excess of fluid in the inner ear.It is thought
that endolymphatic fluid bursts from its normal
channels in the ear and flows into other areas,
causing damage. This is called "hydrops."
• The symptoms may occur in the presence of a
middle ear infection, head trauma, or an upper
respiratory tract infection,
• aspirin, smoking cigarettes, or drinking alcohol.
• excessive consumption of salt in some patients.
• herpes virus.
80. Symptoms
• Attacks of rotational vertigo
• Fluctuating, progressive, unilateral
(in one ear) or bilateral (in both
ears) hearing loss
• Unilateral or bilateral tinnitus
• A sensation of fullness or
pressure in one or both ears
81. • Parasympathetic symptoms ,
These are typically nausea, vomiting,
and sweating which are typically
symptoms of vertigo, and not of
Ménière's
• nystagmus,
• Migraine
82. Diagnosis
• Complaints and medical history.
• otolaryngological examination,
audiometry, and
• head MRI scan should be performed
to exclude a vestibular schwannoma
or superior canal dehiscence which
would cause similar symptoms.
83. Management
• stopping to have coffee which contains
caffeine & stopping to have tea
•.Recommended salt intake is often around
one to two grams per day. One source
recommends taking two grams of
potassium or more daily
• Diuretics have traditionally been
prescribed to facilitate a Low sodium diet
although there is no definite supportive
evidence.
84. • Both prescription and over-the-counter
medicine can be used to reduce nausea
and vomiting during an episode. Included
are antihistamines such as meclozine or
dimenhydrinate, trimethobenzamide and
other antiemetics, betahistine, diazepam,
or ginger root.
85. Surgery
• Non destructive surgeries include
those which do not actively remove any
functionality, but rather aim to improve
the way the ear works
• Intratympanic steroid treatments
involve injecting steroids
(commonly dexamethasone) into the
middle ear in order to reduce
inflammation and alter inner ear
circulation.
86. • Surgery to decompress the endolymphatic sac has
shown to be effective for temporary relief from symptoms.
• Conversely, destructive surgeries are irreversible and
involve removing entire functionality of most, if not all, of
the affected ear. The inner ear itself can be surgically
removed via labyrinthectomy although hearing is always
completely lost in the affected ear with this operation
• Alternatively, a chemical labyrinthectomy, in which a
drug (such as gentamicin) that "kills" the vestibular
apparatus is injected into the middle ear can accomplish
the same results while retaining hearing.
87. • In more serious cases surgeons can cut the
nerve to the balance portion of the inner ear in a
vestibular neurectomy. Hearing is often mostly
preserved, however the surgery involves cutting
open into the lining of the brain, and a hospital
stay of a few days for monitoring would be
required
• Physiotherapy
• In vestibular rehabilitation, physiotherapists use
interventions aimed at stabilizing gaze, reducing
dizziness and increasing postural balance within
the context of activities of daily living.
88. Hearing Loss
• Hereditary disorders - some types of
deafness are hereditary, which means
parents pass on flawed genes to their
children. In most cases, hereditary deafness
is caused by malformations of the inner ear.
• Genetic disorders - genetic mutations
may happen: for example, at the moment of
conception when the father’s sperm joins with
the mother’s egg. Some of the many genetic
disorders that can cause deafness include
osteogenesis imperfecta, Trisomy 13 S and
multiple lentigines syndrome.
89. • Prenatal exposure to disease - a baby will be
born deaf or with hearing problems if they are
exposed to certain diseases in utero, including
rubella (German measles), influenza and mumps.
Other factors that are thought to cause
congenital deafness include exposure to methyl
mercury and drugs such as quinine.
• Noise - loud noises (such as gun shots,
firecrackers, explosions and rock concerts),
particularly prolonged exposure either in the
workplace or recreationally, can damage the
delicate mechanisms inside the ear.
90. • Trauma - such as perforation of the
eardrum, fractured skull or changes in air
pressure (barotrauma).
• Disease - certain diseases can cause
deafness, including meningitis, mumps,
cytomegalovirus and chicken pox. A severe
case of jaundice is also known to cause
deafness.
• Other causes - other causes of deafness
include Meniere’s disease and exposure to
certain chemicals like ototoxic drugs
91. Conductive hearing loss
• It is characterized by an obstruction
to air conduction that prevents the
proper transmission of sound waves
through the external auditory canal
and/or the middle ear. It is marked
by an almost equal loss of all
frequencies. The auricle (pinna),
external acoustic canal, tympanic
membrane, or bones of the middle
ear may be dysfunctional.
92. Sensorineural hearing loss
Occurs when the sensory receptors of the inner ear
are dysfunctional. Sensorineural deafness is a
lack of sound perception caused by a defect in
the cochlea and/or the auditory division of the
vestibulocochlear nerve. This type of hearing loss
is more common than conductive hearing loss
and is typically irreversible. It tends to be
unevenly distributed, with greater loss at higher
frequencies.
93. • Sensorineural hearing loss may result from
congenital malformation of the inner ear,
intense noise, trauma, viral infections,
ototoxic drugs (e.g., cisplatin, salicylates,
loop diuretics), fractures of the temporal
bone, meningitis, ménière's disease, cochlear
otosclerosis, aging (i.e., presbycusis), or
genetic predisposition, either alone or in
combination with environmental factors.
Many patients with sensorineural hearing loss
can be habilitated or rehabilitated with the
use of hearing aids.
94. Mixed hearing loss
• Have both conductive and sensory
dysfunction. Mixed hearing loss is due to
disorders that can affect the middle and
inner ear simultaneously, such as
otosclerosis involving the ossicles and the
cochlea, head trauma, middle ear tumors,
and some inner ear malformations.
Trauma resulting in temporal bone
fractures may be associated with
conductive, sensorineural, and mixed
hearing loss
95. Degree of hearing loss
• Deaf/Deafness refers to a person who has a
profound hearing loss and uses sign language.
• Hard of hearing refers to a person with a hearing
loss who relies on residual hearing to communicate
through speaking and lip-reading.
• Hearing impaired is a general term used to describe
any deviation from normal hearing, whether
permanent or fluctuating, and ranging from mild
hearing loss to profound deafness.
• Residual hearing refers to the hearing that remains
after a person has experienced a hearing loss. It is
suggested that greater the hearing loss, the lesser the
residual hearing.
96. Assessment
• Hearing loss is confirmed using a
battery of audiologic tests, with the
specific tests and measures selected
according to the age of the patient.
However, in general, comprehensive
hearing assessment designed to
confirm hearing loss usually includes
a hearing history, physiological
procedures, and behavioral
procedures
97. Components of a Comprehensive Hearing
Assessment and Hearing History
• General concern about hearing and
communication
• Auditory behaviors (reacting to and
recognizing sounds)
• History of otological diseases and other
risk factors for hearing loss
100. Management
• Interventions for most infants and young
children with hearing loss are primarily
focused on the following goals:
• Preventing or reducing the communication
problems that typically accompany early
hearing loss.
• Improving the child's ability to hear.
• Facilitating family support and confidence
in parenting a child with a hearing loss.
101. • Communication approach options for
young children with hearing loss
range from sign language alone to
auditory/verbal (spoken language) or
various combination approaches.
Parents also must choose a means
for improving their child's access to
sound.
•
102. Hearing aid
• A hearing aid is an electroacoustic
device which is designed to amplify
sound for the wearer, usually with
the aim of making speech more
intelligible, and to correct impaired
hearing as measured by audiometry.
Ordinary small audio amplifiers or
other plain sound reinforcing
systems cannot be sold as "hearing
aids".
103. Types
• There are many types of hearing aids (also
known as hearing instruments), which vary in
size, power and circuitry. Among the different
sizes and models are:
– Body worn aids
– Behind the ear aids (BTE)
– "Mini" BTE (or "on-the-ear") aids
– Receiver in the canal/ear
(CRT/RIC/RITE)
– Earmolds
104.
105. • In the ear aids (ITE)
• Invisible in canal hearing aids
(IIC)
• Extended wear hearing aids
• Open-fit devices
• Personal, user, self, or consumer
programmable
• Disposable hearing aids
106. • Bone anchored hearing aids
(BAHA)
• Eyeglass aids
– Spectacle hearing aids
– Bone conduction spectacles
– Air conduction spectacles
Stetho-Hearing Aid
110. • Other assistive devices include FM systems and
tactile aids. Some children with severe to
profound hearing loss who have demonstrated
little benefit from conventional hearing aids may
receive a cochlear implant, an electronic device
that is surgically placed in the inner ear.
• A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically
implanted electronic device that provides a sense
of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or
severely hard of hearing. Cochlear implants are
often called bionic ears.
111.
112. Aural rehabilitation
• Refers to the services and procedures needed to
facilitate adequate receptive and expressive
communication in individuals with hearing
impairments [American Speech-Language-
Hearing Association (ASHA), 1984]. It is also
called auditory or audiologic rehabilitation. Aural
rehabilitation is typically an integral component
used in the overall management of individuals
with hearing loss and is often an interdisciplinary
endeavor involving physicians, audiologists, and
speech-language pathologists. For school-age
children, therapy may also be coordinated with
the school system.
113. Services involved in the provision of aural
rehabilitation include
• Identification and evaluation of sensory
capabilities, including the extent of impairment
and the fitting of auditory aids.
• Interpretation of the audiological findings, plus
counseling and referral.
• Development and provision of an intervention
program for communicative disorders in order to
facilitate expressive and receptive
communication.
• Re-evaluation of the patient's status.
• Evaluation and modification of the intervention
program.
114. References
UCG Ear, Nose and Throat conditions. (2016)
pg.903-910
Y.Medina-Blasini and T. Sharman. (2022). Otitis
Externa. StatPearls Publishing LLC, Treasure
Island(FL)
L. Xavier. (2018). Ear disorders presentation
Editor's Notes
Not done if Ear drum is perforated or if the patient is diabetic to avoid malignant otitis externa.
Pain symptoms should resolve within 48hrs otherwise re-evaluation is warranted after 72 hrs of antibiotic treatment.
Clinical resolution in 7-10 days.
Other topical antibiotics indicated are: ploymixin B, neomycin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin with hydrocortisone
If tympanum is perforated, avoid ear drops except floroquinolones-no ototoxicity
Reference: Y.Medina-Blasini and T. Sharman. (2022). Otitis Externa. StatPearls Publishing LLC, Treasure Island(FL)
No surgery if Schwartz sign present, sodium fluoride is indicated
