Geography
Chapter 4

India is an agriculturally important country.
Agriculture produces most of the food that we consume.
 Agriculture also produces raw materials for various industries.
Did you know ?
 India is second in the world in crop output, next
to China.
 1.4 million square-kilometers of land in India is
under cultivation.
 Agriculture is India's biggest economic
sector and employs 52.1% of total work
force .

Over years, cultivation methods in India have changed significantly depending upon
the characteristics of physical environment, technological know-how and socio-
cultural practises.
Farming varies from subsistence to commercial farming.
At present, in different parts of India, the following farming systems are practised:
Primitive subsistence farming
Intensive subsistence farming
Commercial farming
Did you know ?
Agriculture is the largest
livelihood provider in
rural India.

This type of farming is still practised in few places in India. It is practised on small
patches with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family or
community labour. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of
the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions.
It is also called “slash and burn” cultivation. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce
crops to sustain their family. When soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and start
cultivating in the same way on a fresh patch of land. This allows nature to replenish
the fertility of the soil. Productivity in this type of farming is low as fertilisers or
modern inputs are not used.

In India
North-Eastern states : Jhumming
Manipur : Pamlou
Chhattisgarh : Dipa
Andaman & Nicobar : Dipa
Madhya Pradesh : Bewar/ Dahiya
Andhra Pradesh : Podu/ Penda
Orissa : Koman/ Bhringa
Western Ghats : Kumari
Rajasthan : Valre/ Waltre
Himalayan Belt : Khil
Jharkhand : Kuruwa
In the World
Mexico & Central America : Milpa
Venezuela : Conuco
Brazil : Roca
Central Africa : Masole
Indonesia : Ladang
Vietnam : Ray

This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land. It is labour-
intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining
higher production.
Though the right of inheritance leading to the division of land among successive generations has
rendered land-holding size uneconomical, the farmers continue to take maximum output from
the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous
pressure on agricultural land.
Did you know ?
12% of world’s farm
land is in India.

In this type of farming, higher doses of modern inputs like
HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides
are used in order to obtain higher productivity. The
degree of commercialisation varies from region to region.
For example: Rice is a commercial crop on Punjab and Haryana, but in Orissa, it is a
subsistence crop.

Plantation is a type of commercial farming. It is the type of farming in which a single crop is
grown on a large area. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. Plantations
use capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw
material in respective industries.
Tea plantations in Assam and North Bengal, Coffee plantations in Karnataka, Banana plantations
in Southern part of India, Rubber plantations in Kerala, Bamboo plantations in North-East India
etc. are some important plantation crops grown in India.
Since the production is mainly for market, a well-developed network of transport and
communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and market is present.

India has three cropping seasons. They are:

 Sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.
 Important crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
 States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and
western Uttar Pradesh are main rabi crop ( mainly wheat ) producing states.
 Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones
help in the success of these crops.
 The success of green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of
Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of rabi crops.
Wheat Mustard Peas

 Sown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and harvested in
September – October.
 Important crops are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,
groundnut and soyabean.
 Some of the most important rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the Konkan coast
along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
 Recently, paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana.
In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year : Aus,
Aman and Boro.

 Zaid season is a short season between the Rabi and Kharif seasons, during the summer
months.
 Crops produced are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

A variety if food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
the variations in soil, climate and cultivation practises.
Major crops grown in India are:
 Rice
 Wheat
 Millets Grains
 Maize
 Pulses
 Sugarcane
 Oil seeds
 Tea Food crops other than grains
 Coffee
 Horticulture crops
 Rubber
 Fibre crops
 Cotton Non-food crops
 Jute
Did you know ?
India produces 51
major crops.

 Staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.
 India is the second largest producer in the world after China.
Kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25 degree Celsius) and high humidity
with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
 Grown in the plains of North and North-Eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
 Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells have made it possible to
grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh and parts
of Rajasthan.

 Second most important cereal crop.
 Main food crop in North and North-Western part of the country.
 Requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at ripening
time.
 Requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over
the growing season.
 Important wheat growing zones – Ganga-Sutlej Plains & Black soil region in Deccan.
 Major wheat producing states – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of
Madhya Pradesh.

 Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are the important millets grown in India.
Though, these are known as coarse grains, they have high nutritional value.
 Ragi is rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. It is a crop of dry regions and
grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow soils. Karnataka is the largest producer
followed by Tamil Nadu. Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal
Pradesh are also important ragi producing states.
 Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-
fed crop grown in moist areas. Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
 Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest producer
followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
Ragi Jowar Bajra

 Used as both food and fodder.
 Kharif crop which requires temperature between 21-27 degree Celsius. And grows well in
alluvial soil.
 In states like Bihar, it is grown as rabi crop also.
 Use of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have contributed to the
increasing production of maize.
 Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.

 India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world
 These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
 Major pulses grown in India are – Tur(arhar), Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas and Gram.
Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
 All these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air,
because of which it is grown in rotation with other crops.
 Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra and Karnataka.

 It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
 It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21 to 27 degree Celsius and an
annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
 Can be grown on variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
 India is the second largest producer after Brazil.
 Main source of sugar, jaggery, khandsari and molasses.
 Major sugar producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

 Example of plantation crop.
 Important beverage crop introduced in India by British.
 Tea plant grows well in Tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-
drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
 Tea bushes require warm and moist free climate throughout the year.
 Tea requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.
 Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.
 Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
 India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the world.

 India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee.
 Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
 The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in India.
 This variety is of great demand in the world.
 Its cultivation was initially introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today
its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

 India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.
 India is s producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
Fruits in great demand :
 Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
 Oranges of Nagpur and Cherapunjee.
 Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra
and Tamil Nadu.
 Lichi and Guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Pineapples of Meghalaya
 Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
 Apples, Pears, Apricots and Walnuts of
Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
 India produces 13% of the world’s
vegetables.
 It is an important producer of pea,
cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato,
brinjal and potato.
Did you know ?
India accounts to 10 % of
the world’s fruit
production.

 It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions it is also grown in tropical and sub-
tropical areas.
 Requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above
25 degree Celsius.
 It is an important industrial raw material.
 It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.
 India ranks fifth among the world’s natural rubber producers.

Consumption of Natural Rubber
Auto Tyres and Tubes
Cycle Tyres and Tubes
Camel Back
Footwears
Belts and Hoses
Latex Foam
Dipped Goods
Others

 Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.
 The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, silk is obtained from cocoons of
silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.
 Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

 India is believed to be the original home of cotton plant.
 One of the main raw material for cotton textile industry.
 India is the 3rd largest producer of cotton in the world.
 Cotton grows well in drier pars of black soil of Deccan plateau.
 Requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for growth.
 Kharif crop, requires 8-10 months to mature.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana
Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh are major cotton producing states.

 Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. Sustained uses of
land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of
agricultural development.
Why has India not improved in technical and institutional reforms in agriculture ?
 In spite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts
of the country, still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on
their agriculture.
 Agriculture needs serious technical and institutional reforms.
 Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari
etc. were given priority to bring reforms in country after independence.

 Land focus was the main focus of the First Five Year plan.
 Right of inheritance had lead to fragmentation of land holdings.
 Laws of land reforms were enacted but laws of implementation were lacking.
What were the steps taken by government in agricultural reforms?
 Government of India embarked upon introducing agriculture reforms to improve Indian
agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s.
 Green Revolution based on use of package technology and White Revolution(Operation
Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian agriculture.
But this led to the concentration of development in few selected areas.
Therefore, in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development program was initiated,
which included both institutional and technical reforms.
Provisions for crop insurance against calamities, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative
societies and bank for providing loan facilities to he farmers at lower rates of interest were some
steps taken.

Other steps taken :
 Kissan Credit Card(KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme(PAIS) are some other schemes
introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
 Moreover, special weather bulletins and agriculture programmes for farmers were introduced
on the radio and television.
 The Government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement
prices for important crop to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middleman

Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He also participated in Satyagraha
as one of the foremost satyagrahis. He supported Gandhiji’s concept of gram swarajya. After
Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook Padyatra to spread this message throughout
the country.
Once, when he was at Andhra Pradesh, some landless farmers demanded land for their
economic wellbeing. He assured them to talk to the Indian Government for provision of land for
them if they undertook cooperative farming.
Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to 80 land less farmers. This was
known as Bhoodan. Later he introduced his ideas throughout India.
Some Zamindars offered to distribute villages among the landless.
This was known as Gramdan. However, many land owners chose
to provide some part of their land to the poor farmers due to the
fear of land ceiling act.
This Bhoodan – Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is
also known as Blood-less Revolution.
Vinoba Bhave

Contribution of agriculture to the national economy,
employment and output
 Agriculture has been the backbone of Indian economy though its share in the gross domestic
product [GDP] has registered a declining trend from 1951 onwards; in 2010-2011 about 52%
of the total work force was employed by the farm sector.
 Declining the share of agriculture in the GDP is the matter of serious concern because any
decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a decline in a other spheres of economy having
wider implications for society .
Establishment of Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural
universities, veterinary services and animal
breeding centers, horticulture development,
research and development in the field of
meteorology and weather forecast etc. were
given priority for improving Indian agriculture.

Sector Tenth Five Year Plan
2002-2007
11th Five Year Plan
2007-2012
2012-2017
Target I Target II
Agriculture 1.7 3.2 4.0 4.2
Industries 8.3 7.4 9.6 10.9
Services 9.0 10.0
10.0 10.0
GDP 7.2 8.2 9.0 9.5
India: Growth of GDP and Major Sectors

 Though GDP rate is increasing over the years, it is not generating sufficient
employment opportunities in the country.
 Growth in agriculture id decelerating.
 Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and our
government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agriculture sector.
 Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
 Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved harmful to agriculture
in the country.
 Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the
employment in agriculture.

Did You Know ?
India is the largest
waster of food.
What is food security system ?
 In order to ensure availability of food to all sections of society, our
government carefully designed a national food security system.
 It consists of two components: buffer stock and public distribution system (PDS).
 PDS is a program which provides food grains and other essential commodities at subsidised
prices in rural and urban areas.
 The primary objective of this policy is to ensure food grains to common people at affordable
prices.
 The policy focuses on growth in agriculture production and on fixing the support price for
procurement of wheat and rice, to maintain the stock.
 Food Corporation of India (FCI) procures and stocks food grains, whereas distribution is
ensured by PDS.

How are food grains procured? What are the disadvantages and advantages of this
method?
FCI procures food grains from the farmers at the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
 The government used to provide subsidies on agricultural inputs like fertilisers, water etc.
 But these have now reached sustainable levels and have also led to large scale
inefficiencies in the use of these scarce inputs.
 Excessive use of water and fertilisers have led to water logging, salinity and depletion of
micronutrients in the soil.
 The high MSP subsidies in input and committed FCI purchases have distorted the
cropping pattern.
Wheat and paddy crops grown in Punjab and Haryana are for the MSP they get, which has
created serious imbalance in inter-crop parities.
How are consumers divided? What are its drawbacks/disadvantages?
 Consumers re divided into: below poverty line(BPL) and above poverty line(APL).
 However this categorisation is not perfect as a number
of deserving poor are excluded from BPL category and
some of the so called APL slip back to BPL, because of the
failure of one crop and it is administratively difficult to
accommodate such shifts.

How can we become self sufficient ?
 Self sufficiency can be attained if government provides proper agricultural infrastructure, credit
linkage and also encourages the use of latest techniques.
 Instead of concentrating only on wheat or rice, the food crop with a better growth potential in
that particular area mist be encouraged.
 Creation of necessary infrastructure like irrigation facilities, availability of electricity etc. may
also attract private investments in agriculture.
 The focus on increasing food grain production which should be on a sustainable basis and also
free trade in grains will create massive employment and reduce poverty in rural areas.
What is the future of India’s food security?
 Shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil-seeds and industrial
crops. This has led to reduction of net sown area under cereals and pulses.
 Competition for land between non-agricultural uses and agriculture has reduced net sown area
 Productivity of land is declining due to fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides.
 Scarcity of water has led to reduction of area under irrigation whereas inefficient water
management has led to water logging and salinity

Cereals 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011
Rice 93.4 96.7 99.2 89.10 95.3
Wheat 75.8 78.6 80.7 80.80 85.9
Coarse 18.0 17.4 16.3 16.6 16.5
Pulses 14.2 14.8 14.6 14.70 18.1
Total 201.4 207.5 210.8 201.2 215.8
India : Food grains production ( million tonnes)

Why has food grains production remained stagnant or fallen for five consecutive years? ( From
the above table)
The reasons are:
 Land degradation
 Reduced water storage in aquifers due to unsustainable pumping.
 Inadequate storage and marketing facilities. Farmers have to pay high prices for HYV seeds,
fertilisers etc. but lack bargaining power to fix prices in their favour.
 Higher the supply, lower is the demand. This cause distress sale.
 Therefore, there can be no food security without security of small farmers.

In the 19th century when European traders came to India, Indian spices were exported to
different countries of the world and farmers were encouraged to grow these crops. Even today it
is one of the important export items from India.
During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and eventually cotton was
exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile industries. The Champaran movement
started in 1917 in Bihar because the farmers of that region were forced to grow Indigo for British
textile industries.
Under globalization, particularly after 1990, Indian farmers have been exposed to new challenges.
Despite India being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices,
our agricultural products are not able to compete with developed countries due to their highly
subsidized agriculture in those countries.

To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the
improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. . The green revolution promised
much. But it is being alleged that it has caused land degradation. The keyword today is “gene
revolution” which includes genetic engineering.
In fact organic farming is much in vogue today because it is practised
without factory made chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. Hence,
it does not affect environment in a negative manner.
Indian farmers have a bleak future if they continue growing food grains
on the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the population rises.
Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to
high-value crops. This will increase incomes and reduce environmental
degradation simultaneously
India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-
value crops.
Organic agriculture will adapt
to climate change more
quickly.
Did you know ?

 Athira
 HrutuBala
 Keerthi
Ameesha
 Neha
 Hrishitaa