Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
A&P DIGESTIVE 1.ppt
1. The Digestive System
Chapter 23 – Lecture Notes
to accompany
Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life
textbook by
Gail Jenkins, Christopher Kemnitz, Gerard Tortora
2. Chapter Overview
23.1 Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
23.2 Accessory Organs of the Head
23.3 Swallowing
23.4 Stomach
23.5 Accessory Organs of the Abdomen
23.6 Small Intestine
23.7 Large Intestine
23.8 Phases of Digestion
23.9 Food Molecules
23.10 Metabolism
3. Essential Terms
digestion
process of mechanically or chemically breaking
down food
absorption
passage of small molecules into blood and lymph
digestive system
organs which carry out process of digestion and
absorption
metabolism
all the chemical reactions of the body
4. Introduction
Digestive System
1. Composed of GI tract and accessory
organs
2. Breaks down ingested food for use by the
body
3. Digestion occurs by mechanical and
chemical mechanisms
4. Excretes waste products or feces through
process of defecation
9. Functions of Digestive System
1. Ingestion
2. Secretion
3. Mixing and propulsion
• Motility
4. Digestion
• Mechanical and chemical
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
10. Layers of GI Tract
Same in all areas of GI tract
From deep to superficial:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
19. Folds of Peritoneum
Greater omentum
Adipose tissue
Falciform ligament
Liver to anterior abdominal wall
Lesser omentum
Mesentery
Small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
Mesocolon
20. Neural Innervation of GI Tract
Regulated by autonomic nervous system
Enteric division
Myenteric plexus / plexus of Auerbach
Submucosal plexus / plexus of Meissner
Able to function independently from rest of nervous system
Linked to CNS by extrinsic sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerves
Sympathetic nerves decrease GI secretions & motility
Parasympathetic nerves increase GI secretion and motility
22. Mouth Parts of Digestive System
Mouth formed by several parts:
Cheeks
Lips / labia
Labial frenulum
Orbicularis
Vestibule
Oral cavity proper
Fauces
Hard and soft palate
Uvula
Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch
26. Composition of Saliva
99.5 % water
0.5% other solutes
Ions
Mucus
Immunoglobulin A
Enzymes
Salivation controlled by autonomic nervous
system
Stimulated by various mechanisms
42. Stomach
Serves as mixing chamber and storage area for
ingested food
Rugae allow for increased volume
4 main regions
1. Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pylorus
Pyloric antrum and canal
Pyloric sphincter
Lesser and greater curvatures
48. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Mixing waves caused by peristaltic movement
Chyme released in process of gastric emptying
Proton pumps bring H+ into the lumen
Carbonic anhydrase forms carbonic acid to
provide H+ and bicarbonate ions (HCO3
-)
50. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Chemical digestion stimulated by nervous system
Parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine
Works with gastrin
HCl released in presence of histamine
Pepsin begins digestion of proteins
Stomach protected by alkaline mucus secretion
Gastric lipase digests triglycerides
Few molecules absorbed by stomach
Water, ions, short-chain fatty acids, alcohol
54. Pancreas
Produces secretions to aid digestion
Head
Body
Tail
Pancreatic duct /duct of Wirsung
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
(sphincter of (Oddi)
Regulates passage of pancreatic juice and bile
Accessory duct (duct of Santorini)
67. Bile Duct System
Bile secreted by hepatocytes
Bile canaliculi
Bile ducts
Right and left hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Common bile duct
Gallbladder for temporary storage of bile
Cystic duct
68. Blood Supply of Liver
Hepatic artery provides oxygenated blood
Hepatic portal vein provides deoxygenated blood
Nutrients, drugs, toxins, microbes
Hepatic artery and vein carry blood to sinusoids
Substances exchanged by hepatocytes
Blood drains to central vein and eventually hepatic vein
Portal triad
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct
73. Small Intestine
Adapted for digestion and absorption
3 m (10 ft) living
6.5 m (21 ft) without muscle tone
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal sphincter
Connection to large intestine