The role of Geography in climate education: science and active citizenship
Computer Network Devices and Topologies
1. PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF
MANAGEMENT AND REASEARCH
SUBMITTED TO
“ COMPUTER NETWORK
PROF. Dr. DEEPAK JAROLIYA
SUBMITTED BY:
AYUSH YADAV
AVESH FAISAL RAYEEN
SOUMYA PATHAK
SOMIL PUNGLIYA
MEENAL MANTRI
AND ITS DEVICES”
3. WHAT IS NETWORK?
• Dictionary meaning of network is “ a particular network is a
system of things which are connected and which are operates
together”
• Network has a wide meaning it involves all networks like business
network, communication network, social network, electrical
network and computer network.
• A great example of a network is the Internet, connecting millions
of people all over the world together.
• They can share data and information.
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4. WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORK?
A computer network is a system of
interconnected computer and the
peripheral devices.
For example, it may connected to
computer , scanner , printer and camera.
A computer network is a
telecommunications network that allows
computers to exchange data.
The connection between networked
computing devices are established using
either cable media or wireless media.
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GOALS OF COMPUTER NETWORK?
• Access to remote resources.
• Human communication.
• Mobile computing.
• Computing power through parallelism.
• Optimising resources- load balancing.
• Incremental growth of .computer system (reduced cost and risk).
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS
• By size:- 1. Local area network (LAN).
2. Metropolitan area networks (MAN).
3. Wide area networks (WAN).
• By media type:-1. Point to point networks vs. broadcast networks.
• By mobility:-1. Mobile networks vs. fixed network.
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LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• Smallest networked compared to other two network.
• The simplest form of LAN is connected two computer together.
• LAN is operated within a limited physical area such as at home ,
school and a single building or a several buildings.
• A network which consists of less then 500 interconnected devices
across several buildings, is still recognised as a LAN.
• Local area networks normally use coaxial cables to connect the
computers together.
11. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
• Metropolitan – describes important cities like Mumbai, Delhi,
Calcutta and Bengaluru, Chennai etc.
• Companies that have several branches within the Mumbai city
such as banks, use a MAN.
• Can be collection of several LANs within the same city.
• MAN can be defined as a group of computers and network
devices connected together within a large physical area.
• MAN’s are larger than LAN’s but smaller than WAN’S.
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WIDE AREA NETWORK
• The largest network of all networks type.
• Internet is the largest WAN in the world.
• WAN generally covers a large distances such as states, countries
or continents .
• E.g. Local banks have always maintained their business online by
connecting all computers of their branch's in the countries.
International banks also use WAN to connect their computers all
over the world.
• WAN is a collection of MANs and LANs or the mixture of both
network.
15. COMPARISON OF
LAN, MAN AND WAN
Critera LAN MAN WAN
Cost Low High Higher
Network size Small Large Largest
Speed Fastest Slow Slowest
Transmission media type Twisted pair Twisted pair and fibre-optic
cables
Fibre-optic, radio and
satellite
Numbers of computer Smallest Large largest
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BUS TOPOLOGY
A bus topology consists of a single central cable to which all
computers and other devices connected. A bus topology also
known as a bus network.
Description of bus topology
• Very common in LAN.
• Must have common backbone(the central cable) to connect all
devices.
• All nodes share the backbone to communicate with each other
on the network.
• Sometimes a bus network has more then one server is not needed
on the network.
19. BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages
• Short cable length and simple
wiring layout.
• Easy to extend.
• Reliable from hardware point
of view.
Disadvantages
• Fault isolation is difficult.
• Repeater configuration.
• Nodes must be intelligent.
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21. RING TOPOLOGY
A ring topology consists all the computers and other devices that
are connected in a loop. Ring topology also known as ring
network.
Description of ring topology
• Can be found in LAN.
• Each node directly connected to the neighbours nodes.
• The server, like other nodes, will only communicate to its two
neighbours nodes.
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RING TOPOLOGY
Advantages
• Short cable length.
• No wiring closet space required.
• Suitable for optical fibres.
Disadvantages
• Node failure causes network failure.
• Difficult to diagnose fault.
• Network reconfiguration is difficult.
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STAR TOPOLOGY
A star topology consists of a central host which acts as the centre,
and all nodes connected to the nodes. A star topology is also
known as star network.
Description of star topology
• A star network is found in LAN setting.
• A star network must have a host which act as a centre.
• The host can be a server , hub or router.
• In a star network, every node will not connected to the
neighbouring nodes.
25. STAR TOPOLOGY
• Every node must connected to the host in order to communicate.
• The host will control the flow of communication in the network.
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26. STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages
• One device per connection.
• Centralised control.
• Simple access.
Disadvantages
• Long cable length.
• Difficult to expand.
• Central nod dependency.
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TREE TOPOLOGY
Tree topology is the combination of bus and star topology. The tree
like structure allows you to have many servers on the net work on
many ways. Also known as hierarchical network.
Description of tree topology
• Nodes of some devices are linked to a centrally located hub
which is called the active hub.
• The active hub has a hardware device called the repeater.
• This strengthens the transmission and increase the travelling
distance of signal.
• The secondary hub can isolate communication between
computers.
29. TREE TOPOLOGY
Advantages
• Easy to extend.
• Fault isolation.
Disadvantages
• Dependent on the root.
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MESH NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Mesh network is a network where all nodes are connected to each
other and is complete network. In a mesh network every node is
connected to other nodes on the network through hops.it is called
the self healing technology where it receives data one way or the
other.
Description of mess technology
• Data is automatically configured to reach the destination by
taking the shortest route.
• The reliability factor is high in any kind of mess network.
• The mess network is based on very sensible concept and has lesser
chances of network breakdown.
33. DIFFERENCE
Bus topology Ring topology Star topology
Structure There is a single central
cable(backbone)and
all computers and al
other devices
connected to it.
All computers and
other devices are
connected in a circle.
There is a central host
and all nodes
connected to it.
Host existence Depends on networks
need.
Depends on network
need.
Yes
Connection between nodes it has no connection
between nodes.
Yes. No.
Host failure Network can still run. Network will fail. Network will fail.
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DIFFERENCE
Bus topology Ring topology Star topology
Node failure Network can still run. Network will fail. Network will fail.
Ease of troubleshooting Difficult. Need to search for
the problematic node one
by one.
Depends on
backbone. If there
is a backbone
troubleshooting is
difficult. if there is
no backbone, the
focus is on the tow
nodes not
communicating.
Depends on the
host.it is easier to
repair the
problematic host.
However if nodes
fails, then each
node to be
searched.
Ease of adding and removing
nodes.
Easy. Difficult. Average.
Number of node when extending
network.
Many. Limited. Limited.
35. NETWORK PROTOCOL
• A set of rules and conventions for communication between
network devices.
• A protocol includes formatting rules that specify how data is
packaged into messages. It also include conventions like
message acknowledgement or data compressing to support
reliable and high-performance network communication.
• Various protocol exist in computer networking ranging from the
high level to the low level like TCP/IP, HTTP,FTP,SMTP and telnet.
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TCP/IP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL
PROTOCOL/ INTERNET PROTOCOL).
• It is the communication protocol for communication between
computers connected to the network specially internet.
• These are standard which defines how electronic devices(like
computers) should be connected to the network, and how data
should be transmitted between them.
• TCP/IP is responsible for successful delivery of data at destination.
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TCP/IP LAYERS
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Link/physical layer
39. HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL
• Computers on the www. Use the hypertext transfer protocol (http) to talk
with each other.
• The HTTP provides a set of instruction for accurate information exchange.
• The communication between the client and the server involves request sent
by the client and response from the server.
• Each client server transaction , wheather a request or a response, consists of
three main parts:-1. a response
2. header information.
3. the body.
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41. FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
• FTP allows user to transfer files between two computer on the
internet. To transfer files with FTP we use program called FTP
client.
• It is a simple network protocol based on TCP/IP.
• The FTP CLIENT INITIATES ACONNECTION TO A REMOTE
COMPUTER RUNNING fftp server software.
• After the connection is established, the client can choose to
send or receive copies of files. To connect to an FTP server, a
client requires a username and password as set by the server
administrator of the server.
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43. SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL
• SMTP mail is the protocol that E-mail servers use to transfer mail.
• The usual method of sending mail is that your mail client will
contact the given SMTP server which transports the mail to the
destination.
• To determine the SMTP server for a given domain name, the
MX(mail exchange) DNS record is used.
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44. TRANSMISSION MODES
• The term Transmission Modes defines the direction of the flow of
information between two communication devices i.e. it tells the
direction of signals flows between the two devices.
• There are three ways or modes of data transmission:-
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full -duplex
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45. SIMPLEX
• Simplex is a type of communication in which data can only be
transmitted in one direction.
• It is often used in contrast to duplex communication in which
data can flow bidirectional between two devices.
• Broadcasts in which a single transmissions sent many users, is a
common type of simplex communication.
• For examples – radio broadcast , television broadcast etc.
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46. FULL - DUPLEX
• Full-duplex, or simply "duplex," is a type of communication in
which data can flow two ways at the same time. It requires
four wires .
• Telephones are common examples of full-duplex devices. They
allow both people to hear each other at the same time.
• The terms duplex and full-duplex can be used interchangeably
since both refer to simultaneous bidirectional communication.
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47. FULL - DUPLEX
• . Full-duplex is often used in contrast to half-duplex, which refers
to bidirectional communication, but not at the same time.
Simplex communication is even more limited and only supports
data transmission in one direction.
• NOTE: Full-duplex is sometimes abbreviated "FDX."
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ROUTER
• A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer
networks. creating an overlay internetwork.
• A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks.
When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address
information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination.
• Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the
packet to the next network on its journey. Routers perform the "traffic
directing" functions on the Internet.
51. SWITCHES
• In electrical engineering, a switch is
an electrical component that can break
an electrical circuit, interrupting
the current or diverting it from one
conductor to another
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52. HUB
• An Ethernet hub, active hub, network
hub, repeater hub, multiport
repeater or hub is a device for connecting
multiple Ethernetdevices together and
making them act as a single network
segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O)
ports, in which a signal introduced at the
input of any port appears at the output of
every port except the original incoming. A
hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of
the OSI model.[1] The device is a form of
multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also
participate in collision detection, forwarding
a jam signal to all ports if it detects
a collision.
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53. MODEM
• A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device
that modulates an analog carrier signal to
encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the
transmitted information. The goal is to produce
a signal that can be transmitted easily and
decoded to reproduce the original digital data.
Modems can be used with any means of
transmitting analog signals, from light emitting
diodes to radio. The most familiar example is
avoice band modem that turns the digital data of
a personal computer into modulated electrical
signals in the voice frequency range of
a telephonechannel. These signals can be
transmitted over telephone lines and
demodulated by another modem at the receiver
side to recover the digital data.
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CABLING
Coaxial Cable
- Thinet looks like regular TV cable. It is about ¼ inch in
diameter and is very flexible and easy to work with.
- Thcknnet is about ½ inch in diameter and not very flexible.
Thicket is older and not very common anymore except as a
backbone within and between buildings. Coax transmits at 10
Mbps.
