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1 Valuation Concepts The valuation of a financial asset is based on determining the present value of future cash flows. Thus we need to know the value of future cash flows and the discount rate to be applied to the future cash flows to determine the current value. The market-determined required rate of return, which is the discount rate, depends on the market’s perceived level of risk associated with the individual security. Also important is the idea that required rates of return are competitively determined among the many companies seeking financial capital. For example ExxonMobil, due to its low financial risk, relatively high return, and strong market position, is likely to raise debt capital at a significantly lower cost than can United Airlines, a financially troubled firm. This implies that investors are willing to accept low return for low risk, and vice versa. The market allocates capital to companies based on risk, efficiency, and expected returns—which are based to a large degree on past performance. The reward to the financial manager for efficient use of capital in the past is a lower required return for investors than that of competing companies that did not manage their financial resources as well. Throughout this course, we apply concepts of valuation to corporate bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. For that purpose we have to be aware of the basic characteristics of each form of security as part of the valuation process. We have to consider the following: · The valuation of a financial asset is based on the present value of future cash flows. · The required rate of return in valuing an asset is based on the risk involved. · Bond valuation is based on the process of determining the present value of interest payments plus the present value of the principal payment at maturity. · Preferred stock valuation is based on the dividend paid. · Stock valuation is based on determining the present value of the future benefits of equity ownership. List of terms: required rate of return That rate of return that investors demand from an investment to compensate them for the amount of risk involved. yield to maturity The required rate of return on a bond issue. It is the discount rate used in present-valuing future interest payments and the principal payment at maturity. The term is used interchangeably with market rate of interest. real rate of return The rate of return that an investor demands for giving up the current use of his or her funds on a noninflation-adjusted basis. It is payment for forgoing current consumption. Historically, the real rate of return demanded by investors has been of the magnitude of 2 to 3 percent. inflation premium A premium to compensate the investor for the eroding effect of inflation on the value of the dollar. risk-free rate of return Rate of return on an asset that carries no risk. U.S. Treasury bills are often used to represent this measure, although longer-term government securities have al.
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09 Chapter modelChapter 9. Stocks and Their Valuation (Models)This model is similar to the bond valuation models developed in Chapter 7 in that we employ discounted cash flow analysis to find the value of a firm's stock.THE DISCOUNTED DIVIDEND MODEL (Section 9-4)The value of any financial asset is equal to the present value of future cash flows provided by the asset. Stocks can be evaluated in two ways: (1) by finding the present value of the expected future dividends, or (2) by finding the present value of the firm's expected future free cash flows, subtracting the market value of the debt and preferred stock to find the total value of the common equity, and then dividing that total value by the number of shares outstanding to find the value per share. Both approaches are examined in this spreadsheet.When an investor buys a share of stock, he/she typically expects to receive cash in the form of dividends and then, eventually, to sell the stock and to receive cash from the sale. Moreover, the price any investor receives is dependent upon the dividends the next investor expects to earn, and so on for different generations of investors. The basic dividend valuation equation is:P0 =D1+D2+. . . .Dn( 1 + rs )( 1 + rs ) 2( 1 + rs ) nThe dividend stream theoretically extends on out forever, i.e., n = infinity. It would not be feasible to deal with an infinite stream of dividends, but if dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate, we can use the constant growth equation as developed in the text to find the value.CONSTANT GROWTH STOCKS (Section 9-5)In the constant growth model, we assume that the dividend will grow forever at a constant growth rate. This is a very strong assumption, but for stable, mature firms, it can be reasonable to assume that the firm will experience some ups and downs throughout its life but those ups and downs balance each other out and result in a long-term constant rate. In addition, we assume that the required return for the stock is a constant. With these assumptions, the price equation for a common stock simplifies to the following expression:P 0 =D 1( r s − g )The long-run growth rate (g) is especially difficult to measure, but one approximates this rate by multiplying the firm's return on equity by the fraction of earnings retained, ROE x (1 – Payout ratio). Generally speaking, the long-run growth rate is likely to fall between 5% and 8%.EXAMPLEAllied Food Products just paid a dividend of $1.15, and the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 8.3%. What stock price is consistent with these numbers, assuming a 13.7% required return?D0$2.15g8.3%rs13.7%P0 =D1=D0 (1+g)=$2.33( rs − g )( rs − g )0.054P0 =$43.12STOCK PRICE SENSITIVITYOne of the keys to understanding stock valuation is knowing how various factors affect the stock price. We construct below a series of data tables and a graph to show how the stock price is affected by changes in the dividend, the growth rate, and rs. R ...
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In our research paper titled "Qualitative Analysis on Tax Evasion and Reasons for Reluctance to Join ATL in Pakistan," we delve into the intricate dynamics of tax compliance and explore the underlying reasons why individuals in Pakistan might hesitate to become a part of the Active Taxpayer List (ATL) within the framework of business law and taxation. With a multidisciplinary approach, our team of five researchers embarked on an in-depth exploration of tax evasion behaviors and the factors influencing them. Through qualitative analysis, we aimed to unravel the complex interplay of socio-economic, cultural, and institutional factors shaping tax compliance attitudes among Pakistani taxpayers. Drawing on a diverse range of qualitative research methods, including interviews, focus groups, and content analysis, we gathered rich insights from a diverse sample of individuals representing various sectors of the economy. By immersing ourselves in the lived experiences and perceptions of taxpayers, tax advisors, and legal experts, we uncovered nuanced perspectives on tax evasion practices and attitudes toward ATL membership. Our findings highlight the multifaceted nature of tax evasion in Pakistan, shedding light on both the motivations driving non-compliance and the barriers to ATL enrollment. From perceived inefficiencies in the tax system to cultural norms and trust deficits in governmental institutions, our research identifies a myriad of factors contributing to tax evasion behavior and reluctance to join ATL. Furthermore, our study offers valuable implications for policymakers, tax authorities, and business stakeholders seeking to enhance tax compliance and foster a culture of transparency and accountability in Pakistan's taxation landscape. By addressing the underlying drivers of tax evasion and promoting the benefits of ATL membership, policymakers can design more effective strategies to broaden the tax base and promote sustainable economic development. In conclusion, our research paper represents a comprehensive endeavor to deepen our understanding of tax compliance dynamics in Pakistan and elucidate the complexities surrounding ATL enrollment. By unraveling the intricacies of tax evasion behaviors and attitudes, we hope to contribute to informed policymaking and foster a culture of tax compliance and integrity in Pakistan's business and taxation environment.
Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in Pakistan
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Marel Q1 2024 Investor Presentation from May 8, 2024
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SEO Case Study: How I Increased SEO Traffic & Ranking by 50-60% in 6 Months
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Marel Q1 2024 Investor Presentation from May 8, 2024
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HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
Horngren’s Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, Canadian 9th edition soluti...
Horngren’s Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, Canadian 9th edition soluti...
Common stock valuation
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Example: Valuing equity
with growth of 30% for 3 years, then a long-run constant growth of 6% D 0 = 4.00 5.20 6.76 8.788 9.315 4.48 5.02 5.63 59.68 P 3 = 9.315 74.81 = P 0 .10 0 k=16% 1 2 3 4 g = 30% g = 30% g = 30% g = 6%
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