This presentation includes the History and development of Agricultural Extension Education and also includes new dimensions of Agricultural Extension Education. It also includes different developmental programmes related to agricultural development and extension education.

2. Seminar on
DIMENSIONS OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
Presented By
Mr. Pisure Basvraj Limbraj
Reg.No: 2010A/82ML
Seminar Incharge
Dr. D. D. Suradkar
Assistant Professor
Department Of Extension Education
College Of Agriculture, Latur
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani

3. ☻ Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. Even after five
decades of planning, agriculture continues to remain the most
dominant sector of the economy.
♠ Agricultural Extension is the key mechanism in the agricultural
development.
 Agricultural Extension Education includes all activities and
programmes directed towards the development of the rural people.
♣ Newer technologies for increasing agricultural production are now
becoming available at much faster rate. The new technologies
should reach the right people in the right and appropriate time. A
well- developed extension network is the prime necessity to meet
the above need.

4. Cont…
 The successful implementation of the erstwhile programmes in
our country has helped us to reach self sufficiency in the food
grain production
 But in developed countries 80-85 per cent of agricultural
findings reach farmers in the required time, but in our country,
it is only 15-20 per cent.
 Successful planning and diffusion of new technologies not
only requires efforts, but also requires a combination of
administrative, managerial and communication skills.
 Towards understanding the gamut of the practice of extension
in agricultural development, this seminar provides a view of
the various aspects of extension efforts.

5. OBJECTIVES
To understand the concept of extension education.
To know the dimensions of Agricultural Extension
Education.
To know about rural development and different rural
development programmes in India from independence and
before independence.
To know the role and importance of Extension Education in
Agriculture.
To know current issues and schemes for rural development.

6. Extension
The word „Extension‟ is derived from the Latin
roots, „tensio‟ meaning „stretching, and „ex‟
meaning „out.‟
Thus, the term „Extension Education‟ means
that type of education which is stretched out
into the villages and fields beyond the limits of
the schools and colleges to which the formal
type of education is normally confined.
In other words, the „Extension‟ used in the
context signifies an out of school system of
education.

7. Education
Education may be defined as the production of desirable changes
in human behaviour.
The aim of education is to influence the people to make those
desirable changes in their behaviour that contribute to better
living.
These changes occur mainly in the following four area, namely
knowledge, attitude, skills and aspiration (KASA).
There are three types of education
1. Formal education.
2. Informal education.
3. Non-formal education.

8. Agricultural Extension
Agricultural extension is defined as the process of transfer of
technology of agricultural technology (TOAT) for bringing
desirable change in the individual, group of individual, or
community.
It is a continuous process of transferring technology till its
adoption by the farmers.
The agricultural Extension has gained worldwide acceptability
as a strategy for Transfer of Technology (TOT) and hence it is
used in many countries for transfer of technology.

9. Objectives of Extension Education
1. To assist people to discover and analyze their problems and identify
there felt needs.
2. To develop leadership among people to help themselves in organizing
groups to solve their problems.
3. To disseminate research information of economical and practical
importance in a way people be able to understand and use.
4. To assist people in mobilizing and utilizing resources which they have
and which they need from outside.
5. To collect and transmit feedbacks information for solving management
problems.
6. To ensure the development of people. This is the fundamental
objective of extension education.

10. Dimensions Of Agricultural Extension
From the above discussion the following dimensions of
agricultural extension can be identified.
1. Agricultural extension is a professional method where
professional extension workers are employed.
2. It is non-formal educational process in which emphasis is given
on technology transfer.
3. It includes behavioural changes in farmers.
4. It has emphasis on increased income from two courses namely,
production of double/multiple cropping and increased
productivity by introduction of new technology like seeds,
fertilizers etc.

11. Cont…
5. It includes firm linkage with research for solving farmers
problems. This includes transfer of latest technological
innovations from research to farmers and farmers feedback to
research.
6. It ensures adequate and timely supply of inputs.
7. It uses proven methods of communication for speeding up the
process of adaption and diffusion of innovations.
Thus, extension is mainly related to the rural development and for
accomplishing this objective there are different projects and schemes
were introduced by GOI before and after independence for increasing
rural development

12. ☻Rural Development ☻
 Rural Development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and
social life of rural poor. It is a dynamic process, which is mainly
concerned with the rural.
 These includes agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social
infrastructure , fair wages, as well as housing for landless, village
planning, public health , education, functional literacy, communication
and other aspects.
 Rural development programmes should aim at improving the lot of
poor people by creating new productive assets for them. The emphasis
should be to help people in order to help themselves.

13. ☻Developmental Programmes☻
Different Development programmes are divided in to two eras on
their launching years viz.,
A) Pre-independence era
B) Post-independence era
A) Pre-independence era
Some social workers and thinkers were moved by the
misearies of the rural people. They were inspired by profound
humanism. These past experiments were helpful in framing the
future rural development programmes and hence are discussed in
great detail.

14. Sr.No Name of Activity or Starting Name of the Remarks
Programme year worker
1. Co-operative 1904 F. Nicholson Individually
movement financed
2. Gurgaon Project 1920 F.L. Brayne Concept of
(Haryana) Village Guide
3. Sevagram (M.S) 1920 M.K. Gandhi To spread
Charakha &
Khadi
4. Sriniketan (W.B) 1921 R.Tagore Concept of VLW
5. Marathandum 1921 Spencer Hatch With the help of
project (Kerala) YCMA
6. Etawah Pilot Project 1948 Albert Mayer
7. Nilokheri 1948 Shri. S.K. Dey Created a
Experiment ‘Mazdoor
Manzil’
8. Firka Develpoment 1950 Madras Govt. Promoting Khadi
Project (Prakashan) & village
industries

15. ♦ COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ♦
Community Development Programme launched in 1952.
Community Development is a method of assisting the village
people in desiring and achieving certain improvements in their
life and ways of living.
The community development involves a change or
modification or development in the motives, attitudes, habits
and practices of thousands of people in their individual, family
and community life. This change amount to “ a cultural change
through cultural development” of the people.

16. CD assumed high propriety after independence
• 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering 300 villages
popn. of 30,000
• 1953 National Extension Service project – similar objective, to
cover larger areas
• Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural
life and livelihood
• CD blocks treated as admin. units for planning and devt. with
separate budget.
• By first 5yr plan (1952-57) – 1114 blocks covering 163,000
villages were operation
• By the sixties CDP covered the entire country
• Economic progress was core objective
• CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr plan.
• Objective was to create conditions for high living standards and
upliftment of rural poor

17. Implementation Facets of CDPs
Headed by a block development officer
 BDO assisted by eight Extension Officers
One each for agriculture, animal husb, Panchayat, co-
operation rural industries, rural engineering, social education,
women and child welfare
VLV – BDO – Dist. Collector – Devt Comssioner–
Planning Commssion
Govt. officials prepared plan under Planning Commission.
Initially no chance for community to demand any facility to
solve their problem

18. ☻Objectives of CDP☻
Achievement of increased production through the
application of scientific knowledge to the rural occupations
like agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage, industries etc.
 Provision of opportunities for the full employment to the
under employed and unemployed population.
 Creation of more amenities mainly through the efforts of
the concerned communities, by making them devote their
unutilized energies and spare time.
 Development of self-reliant and harmonious village
communities.

19. ☻ Phases of CDP ☻
As a method, community Development Programme in
India involves the following phases, in a sequence.
 Systematic discussion and analysis of the needs and problems
faced by members of the community.
 Systematic planning for aided self-help understandings for
satistifying the needs or solving the problems of the
community.
 Mobilization and harnessing of physical, economic and social
potentials of the community group to achieve the desired ends
 Formation of groups with specific responsibilities and
development of local leadership.

20. ♦ National Extension Service ♦
It was launched on 02 October, 1953 in the areas, which were
not covered by CDP.
Objectives:
 To integrate the efforts of all the developmental departments
at the village level with a view to provide quick help and
service to the rural people.
 To intensify the impact of the extension service on village
with a view to improve all aspects of village life, to change
the outlook of the farmer and to mobiles local initiative and
resources for the betterment of rural conditions.

21. •Panchayat Raj System•
 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to
suggest measures to remove obstacles from CDP
 Three tier system of local Govt. –
Gram Panchayat (Village level),
Panchayat Samiti (Block level),
Zilla Parishad (District level)
 The three-tier system aimed to link Govt. and elected
representative.
 To decenterlise decision making
 To shift decision making closer to people and
encourage their participation
 To place Bureaucracy under people‟s control

22. Specific Objectives of Panchayat Raj System
 Assistance to the economically weaker sections of the
community.
 Cohesion and cooperative self help in the community.
 Development of cooperative institutions.
 Development of local resources including the utilization of
manpower.
 Production in agriculture as the highest priority in planning.
 Progressive dispersal of authority and initiative both vertically
and horizontally with special emphasis on the role of
voluntary organizations.
 Promotion of rural industries.
 Understanding and harmony between the people‟s
representatives and people servants through comprehensive
training/education and a clear demarcation of duties and
responsibilities.

23. Agriculture Development Programmes
There are so many important and successful programmes are
implemented by the Govt. for agriculture development
including. Some important programmes are listed below.
Sr.No. Year Name of programme
1. 1948 GMFC- Grow More Food Campaign
2. 1952 CDP- Community Development Programme
3. 1953 NES- National Extension Service
4. 1960 IADP- Intensive Agricultural Devlpt. Progrm.
5. 1964-65 IAAP- Integrated Agril. Area Programme
6. 1966-67 HYVP- High Yielding Verities Programme
7. 1970 DPAP- Draught Prone Area Programme
Cont….

24. 8. 1970 DFAP- Dry Farming Area Programme
9. 1971 ICDP- Integrated Cotton Development Programme
10. 1971 SFDA- Small Farmers Development Agency
11. 1974 T&V- Training and Visit System
12. 1974 KVK - Krushi Vigyan Kendra
13. 1975 CADP- Command Area Development Programme
14. 1978 IRDP- Intergraded Rural Development Programme
15. 1978 DDP - Desert Development Programme
16. 1979 LLP- Lab-to-Land Programme
17. 1979 NARP -National Agricultural Research Project
18. 1979 TRYSEM-Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
19. 1981 RLEGP- Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Progrm.
20. 1982 DWCRA- Develpt of Women and Children in Rural Areas
21. 1989 JRY -Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
22. 1998 NATP -National Agricultural Technology Project
Cont….

25. 23. 1997 GKY- Ganga Kalyan Yojana
24. 1998 ATMA -Agricultural Technology Management Agency
25. 1999 SGSY- Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojagar Yojana
26 2000 PMGSY- PM Gram Sadak Yojana
27. 2001 SGRY- Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana
28. 2005 BNY- Bharat Nirman Yojana
29. 2005 NAIP -National Agricultural Innovation Project
30. 2006 MGNREGA- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act
31. 2011 NFSB- National Food Security Bill

26. Some
important
programmes

27. IRDP- Intensive Rural Development Programme
 IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and weaker sections of
society .
 Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems which suppressed
self-reliance
 Shift from community development to schematized planning.
 IRDP is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented by DRDAs
at the district level.
 The centre and the states fund the scheme on a 50:50 basis.

28. Objectives of IRDP
 The main objectives of IRDP are creating assets, employment,
increased income, removal of poverty and maintaining inequality.
 Rural poverty alleviation.
 The guideline given to achieve the objectives includes:
1. Job opportunities must be created through the application of
science and technology in making optimum use of existing local
resources.
2. The programme must be simple enough to operate and must
be economically viable to ensure quick returns to the beneficiaries.
3. IRDP aimed at provision of assets to the identified poor in the
form of govt. subsidy and bank credit at reasonable rate of interest.

29. ☻LAB TO LAND PROGRAMME☻
 Launched in 1979
 By ICAR on completion of 50 years of their establishment.
OBJECTIVES :
To study and understand the background and resources of the
selected farmers.
To assists the farmers in utilization of their available
resources.
To guide and help the farmers in adopting improved
technologies.
 To organize training programmes and other extension
activities.
To make a functional relations and linkages with scientists
and institutions for future guidance, advisory service and
help.

30. ♦ SWARNJAYANTI GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA (SGSY) ♦
Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojagar Yojana is centrally sponsored
which came into effect from 01 April,1999
Scheme basically emphasizes on self-employment.
Scheme covers all aspect of self- employment like capacity
building, subsidy, and infrastructure facility, and credit, skill up
gradation, insurance and marketing.
SGSY is combination of 6 earlier programmes namely TRYSEM,
DWCRA, SITRA and GKY, besides MWS.
SGSY is financed on 75:25 cost sharing base between Centre and
State Governments.

31. Targed groups
Families Below the Poverty Line (BPL) in rural areas
constitute the target group of the SGSY. Within the target
group, special safeguards have been provided to vulnerable
sections, by way of reserving 50% benefits for SCs/STs, 40%
for women and 3% for disabled persons.
 The Projects may involve different strategies to provide long
term sustainable self employment opportunities either in terms
of organization of the rural poor, provision of support
infrastructure, technology, marketing, training etc. or a
combination of these.

32. ☻Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)☻
 Launched on 25th September 2001
 Objectives of providing additional wage
employment ensuring food security while creating
durable community, social & economic
infrastructure and assets in the rural areas.
 SGRY along with National Food for Work
Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the
NREGA districts

33. ♣ Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) ♣
 Launched December, 2000
 100% centrally sponsored scheme to provide connectivity
to unconnected habitations
Road connectivity to all habitations with a population of
thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all
weather roads by 2009
 Will lead to rural employment opportunities, better access
to regulated and fair market, better access to health,
education and other public services.
 Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of
economic growth.

34. ☻MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT☻
GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA)
FEATURES :
 The NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT
GUARANTEES ACT- 2005” It is also known as
NREGA.
 NREGA Launched on 2nd February 2006 as a momentous
initiative towards pro-poor growth.
 The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA)
guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any
rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled
manual work.
 NREGA renamed as MGNREGA on 2 October, 2009.

35. Cont…
 Work within 15 days of demand.
 Compensation under Payment of Wages act, 1936 for delayed
payment of wages.
 The shelf of projects for a village will be recommended by the
gram sabha and approved by the Zilla Panchayat.
 At least 50% of works will be allotted to Gram Panchayats for
execution
 Permissible works predominantly include water and soil
conservation, afforestation and land development works
 A 60:40 wage and material ratio has to be maintained. No
contractors and machinery is allowed.

36. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
(RKVY)

37.  On August 16, 2007, the government approved the
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) with the allocation
of Rs. 25,000 crore for the eleventh five year plan.
 The RKVY is a flagship scheme of the government. The
areas of focus in RKVY are seeds, fertilizers, IPM, testing
laboratories, horticulture, farm mechanization, extension,
crops, marketing and cooperatives.
 Besides, state have stepped of activities in the animal
husbandry, dairy and fisheries sectors.
 The RKSY is mainly related to the overall development of
the agriculture sector in India.

38. ☻ OBJECTIVES OF RKVY☻
1. To incentivize the states that increase their investment to
achieve 4% growth in Agriculture and allied sectors.
2. To provide flexibility and autonomy to the States in planning
and executing programmes for agriculture.
3. To ensure the preparation of Agriculture Plans for the districts
and the states.
4. To achieve the goal of reducing the yield gaps in important
crops.
5. To maximize returns to the farmers.
6. To address the agriculture and allied sectors in an integrated
manner

39. Basic features of the RKVY
1. It is a State Plan scheme.
2. The eligibility of a state for the RKVY is contingent
upon the state maintaining or increasing the State Plan
expenditure for Agril. & Allied Sector.
3. The base line expenditure is determined based on the
average expenditure incurred by the State Government
during the three years prior to the previous year.
4. The list of allied sectors is as indicated by the Planning
Commission.
5. The preparation of the district and State Agriculture
Plans is mandatory.
6. Encourages convergence with other programmes such
as NREGS, SGSY, BRGF, etc.
7. Pattern of funding is 100% Central Government Grant.

40. ☻ BHARAT NIRMAN YOJANA ☻
 Launched on December 16, 2005.
 Under Bharat Nirman, developmental works are undertaken in the
areas of irrigation, road, rural housing, rural water supply, rural
electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity.
 Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the
Min. of Rural Development:
• rural connectivity
• rural housing
• rural water supply
 Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this
initiative.
 Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural India's growth potential and
key for ushering a new era
'National Common Minimum Programme' (NCMP)

41. NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY BILL
 This bill passed in 2011
 Why National Food Security Bill is important ?
 According to Global Hunger Index published by International
Food Policy Research Institute, 22 % of Indian population is
undernourished. 44.4 % children below age of 3 years are
underweight where as 33% of women in the age group 15 year to 49
years have BMI below normal level. These facts clearly give the
necessity of food security. Hence the bill is proposed for providing
minimum quantity of food grain per month to BPL families through
public distribution system.

42. Provisions
 75% of the rural population and 50% of Urban population will be covered
under the bill. These families will be identified by government local
bodies and women will be treated as head of the household.
 Households will be classified as Priority households and General
households.
 Establishment of Central Food Security Fund, State Food Security
Allowance Fund.
 Establishment of national and state food commission.
 Mid-day Meal Scheme has been brought under the bill.
 Pregnant women, children in the age group of 0-6 years, also those below
14 years and out of school, homeless, migrants and disaster affected
persons have special provisions.

43. ☻ Conclusion ☻
 Extension Education plays a vital and major role in
agriculture and rural development.
 Dimensions of Extension Education are mainly related with
the overall rural and agriculture development and poverty
alleviation.
 Rural development is very important for any country for well
growth it.
 Government launched so many and successful schemes or
programmes in our country before and after independence.

44. Cont…
 Presently, Indian extension system has broadened its horizons
to make more meaningful services to farmers, farm women
and rural youths. The rather is no more an effort limited to
transfer technology to the farmers, rather it has been thrusting
to add new dimensions of providing market, lending,
insurance, diagnosis and advice related services with a
collaborative efforts of public, private and farmers
organizations.