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SEMG DR.ESCALADA. Pamplona 7abril2018 definitivo.pptx

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SEMG DR.ESCALADA. Pamplona 7abril2018 definitivo.pptx

  1. 1. Últimos estudios en DM y su aplicación en la práctica clínica Javier Escalada Consultor del Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición Clínica Universidad de Navarra V Jornadas en Diabetes
  2. 2. Conflictos de interés Javier Escalada  Consultoría: Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi  Speakers bureau: AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi.
  3. 3. ¿VISIÓN CRÍTICA COMPARATIVA DE ESTUDIOS? ¿VISIÓN CRÍTICA MECANÍSTICA?
  4. 4. Agenda • Resultados clínicos de los estudios de seguridad CV de los nuevos compuestos para DM2 • ¿Mecanismos? • Conclusiones
  5. 5. Estudios de seguridad cardiovascular
  6. 6. Ensayos de seguridad CV (non-inferiority ‘safety’ studies)
  7. 7. Ensayos de seguridad CV (non-inferiority ‘safety’ studies)
  8. 8. Antidiabéticos y protección cardiovascular
  9. 9. EMPA-REG OUTCOME®, CANVAS®️ & LEADER®: CV results 3P-MACE, 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events Zinman B, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-2128; Neal B, et al. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 17;377(7):644-657; Marso SP, et al. N Engl J Med 2016;375:311-322 ↓ 3P-MACE 14%; 14%; 13% ↓ CV death 38%; 13% (ns); 22% ↓ All-cause mortality 32%; 13% (ns); 15% ↓ Heart failure hospitalisations 35%; 33%; 13% (ns) EMPA: Incident or Worsening Nephropathy HR, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.53–0.70); P<0.001 LEADER: Time to First Renal Event HR, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67–0.92); P<0.003 39% 22% CANVAS: Composite (eGFR, ESRD, renal death) HR, 0.60 (95% CI, 0.47–0.77) 40%
  10. 10. The Integrated Results of the CANVAS Program
  11. 11. Cumulative incidence function. HR, hazard ratio After only 3 months!! 38% EMPA-REG: CV death Zinman B, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-2128
  12. 12. LEADER: CV death Marso SP, et al. N Engl J Med 2016;375:311-322 22%
  13. 13. ¿MECANISMOS?
  14. 14. Heart Fail Rev. 2018 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9665-9
  15. 15. TEORÍA “CLÁSICA” TEORÍA HEMODINÁMICA TEORÍA “METABÓLICA”
  16. 16. TEORÍA “CLÁSICA”
  17. 17. Zinman B, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-2128 Reducciones en muchos factores de riesgo CV clásicos (EMPA-REG) Peso -2.5 kg PAS -4 mmHg HbA1c -0.35% Uric acid
  18. 18. Neal B, et al. N Engl J Med 2017;377 (7):644-657 Reducciones en muchos factores de riesgo CV clásicos (CANVAS) PAS -3.9 mmHg HbA1c -0.58% Peso -1.6 kg
  19. 19. Authors’ opinion (EMPA-REG OUTCOME study) Changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin mediated 51.8% and 48.9%, respectively, of the effect of empagliflozin versus placebo on the risk of CV death on the basis of changes from baseline, with similar results in analyses on the basis of updated means. Smaller mediation effects (maximum 29.3%) were observed for uric acid, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c. Diabetes Care 2018;41:356–363
  20. 20. TEORÍA HEMODINÁMICA
  21. 21. Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole PCT: Proximal Convoluted Tubule GL: Glomerulus MD: Macula densa Henle’s loop Adapted from Cherney D et al. Circulation 2014;129:587; Tonneijck L et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 28: 1023–1039, 2017 Diabetes causa hipertensión intra-glomerular PCT GFR Na+/glucose co-transport SGLT2 SGLT2 SGLT2 Hemodinámica renal bajo condiciones de hiperglucemia Glucose
  22. 22. SGLT2 SGLT2 Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Henle’s loop Adapted from Cherney D et al. Circulation 2014;129:587 iSGLT-2 reduce la presión intra-glomerular GFR Glucose Inhibición SGLT2 Hemodinámica renal con iSGLT-2 SGLT2 PCT PCT: Proximal Convoluted Tubule GL: Glomerulus MD: Macula densa
  23. 23. Teoría Hemodinámica Heerspinck et al. Circulation 2016;134(10):752-72 HIPÓTESIS: “Contracción de volumen (diuresis osmótica y natriuresis) y reseteo del FTG”
  24. 24. TEORÍA “METABÓLICA”
  25. 25. Balance energético negativo crónico Inhibición SGLT2 GLUCOSURIA ESTADO CATABÓLICO ↓ Insulina ↑ Glucagón Lipólisis:  AGL Hipercetonemia (-hidroxibutirato) •  rendimiento del trabajo cardíaco (24%) •  consumo de oxígeno •  estrés oxidativo • Estimula biogénesis mitocondrial • Estabiliza el potencial de membrana celular (supresión de arritmogénesis) ATP GENERATION Adapted from Vettor V, et al. Diabetologia 2017; 60:395–398 Mudaliar S, et al. Diabetes care 2016;39:1115-1122
  26. 26. NHE involvement in the failing myocardium during hyperglycaemia Baartscheer et al. Diabetologia (2017) 60:568–573; Vettor et al. Diabetologia (2017) 60:395–398 Increased influx of Na+   [Na+]c SGLT2 inh (yellow arrows) treatment directly inhibits NHE, causing a reduction of [Na+]c and [Ca2+]c, and an increase of [Ca2+]m, thus improving mitochondrial activity and ATP generation Increased influx of Na+   [Na+]c   [Ca2+]c and  [Ca2+]m
  27. 27. Activation and Inhibition of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Is a Mechanism That Links the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus With That of Heart Failure Circulation. 2017;136:1548–1559
  28. 28. Inhibición de SGLT2: efectos protectores a largo plazo Conclusiones • RESULTADOS CLÍNICOS: La inhibición de SGLT2 reduce el riesgo de eventos CV mayores, hospitalización por insuficiencia cardíaca y eventos renales duros en pacientes con DM2 y ECV previa. • MECANISMOS:  La reducción de la mortalidad CV no parece deberse a una mejoría en factores de riesgo CV clásicos  Podría deberse a cambios HEMODINÁMICOS: – Cambios renales que contribuyen al beneficio CV – Disminución de la precarga cardíaca: reducción de insuficiencia cardíaca – Reducción de la post-carga (reducción de PA y rigidez arterial) – Aumento del hematocrito? – ¿Cambios estructurales en el VI? ¿Mejoría en la función diastólica?  Y también podría deberse a cambios METABÓLICOS a nivel del miocardiocito (mitocondria) – 𝛃-HB:  rendimiento del trabajo cardíaco; ¿reducción de arritmias? – Acciones “nuevas” (directas): mitocondria/NHE
  29. 29. Circ Res 2014;114:1788-1803 GLP-1 R GLP-1 R LEADER: CV death
  30. 30. ¿ACCIÓN ANTIATEROSCLERÓTICA?
  31. 31. Circulation. 2017;136:849–870. Liraglutida Estudio LEADER FC +3 lpm HbA1c -0.35% PAS -1.2 mmHg Peso -2.3 kg
  32. 32. Circ Res 2014;114:1788-1803 ¿DIFERENCIAS ENTRE AR GLP-1? • Origen del AR GLP-1 (exendina-4 vs GLP-1) • Duración de acción de los AR GLP-1 (t1/2) • Diferencias en las poblaciones de estudio (ELIXA) • Diferencias en el uso de fármacos concomitantes
  33. 33. AR GLP-1: efectos protectores a largo plazo Conclusiones • RESULTADO CLÍNICO: El agonismo sobre el receptor de GLP-1 (liraglutida) reduce el riesgo de eventos CV mayores y eventos renales duros en pacientes con DM2 y ECV previa. • MECANISMOS: – Estos efectos beneficiosos CV podrían deberse a una mejoría en factores de riesgo CV clásicos (¿largo plazo?) – También podrían deberse a efectos sobre el receptor de GLP-1 en el sistema CV: • Acción sobre contractilidad miocárdica, captación de glucosa, tolerancia a la isquemia,… • Acción sobre función endotelial (estabilidad de la placa, rigidez arterial,…) – Y por la contribución de otros efectos: • Renales: natriuresis. • Reducción de resistencia a insulina, mejoría EHNA, reducción de inflamación/citokinas,…
  34. 34. “The good physician treats the disease; the great physician treats the patient who has the disease.” …William Osler
  35. 35. Top drugs by sales in 2017: Who sold the blockbuster drugs?
  36. 36. Circulation. 2018;137:1432–1434

Notes de l'éditeur

  • FTG: feed-back túbulo-glomerular
  • Regeneron’s flagship eye treatment, Eylea (aflibercept) which is marketed by Bayer outside the United States, added another US $1 billion in annual sales last year to record US $8.260 billion in total sales. Eylea net sales grew 11 percent year-on-year in the US and 19 percent year-over-year outside the US.
    The company believes much of the recent growth in the US was driven by demographic trends with an aging population as well as an overall increase in the prevalence of diabetes.
    These demographic trends are expected to continue in the coming years, providing an opportunity for continued growth.
    Eylea sales alone contribute 63 percent to Regeneron’s total sales. 
  • In the EASEL study, for example, new users of SGLT2i or of non-SGLT2i AHAs were defined as patients whose first exposure during 2013 to 2016 was not preceded by a prescription within the same AHA medication class in the prior 365 days.2  However, if a patient was “a new user of both SGLT2i and non-SGLT2i AHA, the patient would be classified as a SGLT2i new user, and the non-SGLT2i AHA would be considered a baseline or concomitant therapy.”2  Therefore, the study cohort creation skipped over the initial treatment period treated with a non-SGLT2i AHA for patients subsequently switched to a SGLT2i. Excluding or misclassifying the time between initiation of the comparator non-SGLT2i AHA and initiation of the study drug SGLT2i will result in inmortal time bias.3
    Evidence for the extent of this problem is found in the article’s table, showing that the new users of SGLT2i were more frequent users of many of the other AHAs, such as sulfonylureas (47% versus 24%), dipeptidyl peptidase–4 inhibitors (59% versus 15%), glucagonlike peptide–1 receptor agonists (22% versus 3%), and insulin (25% versus 7%) in the year before initiation.2 This implies that most new users of SGLT2i had been prior initiators of other AHAs. For these patients, the time between the first other AHA prescription (comparator drugs) and the first SGLT2i prescription (study drugs) is called immortal because the patient first using another AHA must remain alive to subsequently receive their first SGLT2i prescription; had they died during that time, they would have been classified in the other AHA group.3  Immortal time bias is introduced by omitting this other AHA-exposed time from the design and the analysis.3

    The Figure depicts 3 patients who received a first prescription at the same time point during the study period. Whereas the second (SGLT2i) and third (other AHA) patients are directly comparable, the first is not because the other AHA was followed by SGLT2i. By the study’s design, the time they were on the other AHA and survived to receive the SGLT2i (immortal time) was not considered in the other AHA mortality rate calculations. This rate is overrepresented by the patients who died during this time; excluding the AHA-exposed inmortal time results in an overestimate of the mortality rate in the comparator group, and thus an apparent protective effect.3

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