Beekeeping theory disease and pests of honey bee

Disease and pest of the
honey bees
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL
Andreas Reichart 2016
1

Disease of the adult honey
bee
2

Nosema disease
Symptoms
•Affected worker bees are unable to fly
•Crawler about the hive entrance
•Bees tremble on top of the frames
•Abdomen of an infected worker often swollen
•Dysentery, you see feacal spots in the hive or
entrance
Cause
•Protozoa: Nosema apis or Nosema cerana
3

Nosema disease
Treatment
•No medicines for treatment in EU
•Fumidil ( an antibiotic) not licenced in EU
Prevention
•Good husbandry
•Maintaining strong colonies
•Well fed
•Young and prolific queens
•Good location
4

Amoeba disease
• Importance:
Can lead in spring to damage, like Nosemosis is not often
recognised.
• Cause:
Amboeba Malpighamoeba mellificae PRELL (Protozoe)
• Incidence:
In the malpighi tubuli, at the end of the digestive canal.
• Sympotoms:
Similar as nosemosis
Dysentery
Crawler
Abdomen of an infected worker often swollen
5

Amoeba disease
Malpighi tubuli
6

Amoeba disease
Treatment:
•No medicine available
Prevention
•Good husbandry
•Maintaining strong colonies
•Well fed
•Young and prolific queens
•Good location
7

Tracheal mite (Acarine)
Importance
In former days resonsible for winter looses?
• partly by varroa‐treatment seized
• on climatic inclement locations same problems
• in same regions occur suppentily colonies with damage:
USA (13 years ago), Baden
• causes unknown
8

Tracheal mite
Sympotoms
Acarapisosis is the infestation of the breathing tubes (trachea)
of the adult bee by the parasitic mite Acarapis woodi
• Crawler
• Feacal spots in the hive or entrance
• Shorten the lifespan of the over‐wintering bees. This may
lead to ‘spring dwindling’, where the winter bees die early
in the spring, meaning that the expanding brood cannot be
supported sufficiently leading to the demise of the colony
9

Tracheal mite
10

Tracheal mite
Treatment
Same varroacides effective:
• formic acid
• thymol
Prevention
• Stronge colonies
• good location (climate, pollen)
• dissolve infected colonies and weak colonies
• Re‐queen colonies that are susceptible to the disease
11

Disease of the brood
12

distinction „brood damage“
from healthy brood
Egg (~3 days) →larvae (~6 days) → capped phase
(~12 days) → pupal stage: white eyed → red eyed →
brown eyed → brown body → dark body → skinning →
wings, hairs → tan colouring
13

This is?
brood disease?
healthy brood!
14

American foulbrood
(AFB)
Importance
• Notifiable disease:
• Everybody has even a suspicion to report!
• high infectious
• no self‐healing
• onset of disease associate with prohibited area and the
veterinary officer determined what to do
15

American foulbrood
Diagnosis: „typical“ bee location
16

American foulbrood
•Diagnosis: perforated and sunken cappings
Strange smell: like chocolate
17

American foulbrood
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016
18
Roping, sticky larval remains when drawn out with a
matchstick

Control American
foulbrood
Number infected location last 20 years
constant (250 – 400 in Germany)
•All infected colonies are destroyed.
The first stage is to destroy the adult
bees and brood combs by burning, then
the hives and any appliances are
sterilised by scorching with a blow lamp.
• No Antibiotic in the EU allowed!
LV Hannover Imker
19

European foulbrood
symptoms
American foulbrood European foulbrood
Smell like sauerkraut
20

European foulbrood
Primär:
- Melissococcus plutonius
Sekundär:
- Achromobacter eurydice
- Streptococcus faecalis
- Bacillus alvei
Anton Imdorf, Liebefeld Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016
21

European foulbrood
•Erratic or uneven brood pattern
•Twisted larvae with creamy‐white guts
visible through the body wall
•Melted down, yellowy white larvae
•An unpleasant sour odour
•Loosely‐attached brown scales
Stress supports the spread of the
pathogen shortage of food
bad weather period
22

Chalkbrood
•Adult bees usually tear down the brood cell
cappings to remove the dead larvae, often
noticeable on the hive floor or at the hive
entrance
Disease signs
23

Chalkbrood
Treatment
A good, strong healthy colony will usually be able
to tolerate chalkbrood and it is not usually a
serious disease. However, in smaller colonies or
those under stress (for example suffering heavy
varroa infestations) chalkbrood can be a
problem. The best method for keeping
chalkbrood to a minimum is the maintenance
good strong stocks of bees, although in
particularly bad cases the problem may be solved
by re‐queening with a young and vigorous queen
from a chalkbrood‐free colony. Choice of apiary
site is also important and you should avoid damp
sites.
24

Varroa
bee pest no.1
Importance
• Nowadays responsible for dramatic losses of
colonies (partly 30% a year)
• Very different distibutions in the country, in the
bee colonies
• Consistend treatment leeds to less losses
25

„Varroa family“ in a worker cell after
11 days after capping the cell
Protonymph
Deutonymph
Deutochrysalis
Fresh young
femal Mother mite
Adult male
26
26

Livecyclus
27
27

Deutsches Bienenmonitoring
„DEBIMO“
Effective varroa burden to winter losses 2005 -
2009
Anzahl Varroa-Milben pro 100 Bienen im Oktober
EingegangeneVölker[%]
n = 3.588 Bienenvölker
From 5 mite/ 100 bees
risk of winter losses increase
5
10%
28
28

29
Diagnosis
Varroa mite

30
Drawer with varroa
mite

31
Drawer
colony 1 colony 2

32
Diagnosis with icing
sugar
Quelle:
ADIZ/db/IF 8/2011
Fotos:
Pocker; Binder-
Kölhofer

33
Drone brood removal
oAt the beginn of the willow bloom give the frame for drone
brood direct near the brood nest.
oSuccess 20-50%.
ocombine swarm-control with Varroa control
oWax free of arrears for wax foundation
Best with 2 drone comb frames.

34
Drone brood removal
…ist eine rückstandsfreie, natürliche
Varroamilben-Falle
…wirkt schwarmvorbeugend
…dient der Wachsproduktion
Regelmäßige
Drohnenbrutentnahme…
nach 14
bis 24
Tagen

35
Summer treatment
Varroa treatment in colonies
with brood
• synthetic
Bayvarol
danger of resistance,
thus inadequate
effectiveness
• Naturally occurring
substances
formic acid
60% and 85%
Thymol
Apilife VAR
After the last honey harvest, or nucleus colonies without
honey harvest

36
Thymol treatment
• Alternative to a treatment with formic acid
• No effect in capped brood
• Treatment for 4 weeks, after 2 weeks new drug
• Wafers placed directly on top bars of brood nests.
• Minimum 0,5 cm distance to cover
• Keep hive entrance small, put the drawer under
mesh floor
• Daytime temperatures above 15°C

37
Long time evaporator
Nassenheider Professional Nassenheider alte Ausführung
Liebig-Dispenser

38
Nassenheider Verdunster
Professional
• You need a empty box (honey super)
• You have to controll the amount of formic acid that
evaporated
• Procedure:
• After the last honey harvest, check supplies of feed (
minimum need 5‐6kg )
• 1. treatment with 290 ml formic acid 60% for 14 days
• Afterwards 14 days to feed the colony. Check the natural
mite fall
• Perhaps 2. treatment with 60% or 85% formic acid

39
Authorised varroacides
treatment of the colonies
with brood
• 60%/85% Ameisensäure
• Apilife var
• Bayvarol
treatment of the colonies
without brood
• Oxuvar
• Milchsäure 15%

40
Winter treatment
oxalic acid treatment
• 3.5% acid solution in 60% sucrose trickled over combs of
bees; 2.5ml per brood comb side (5ml per seam of bees)
• Don’t use evaporated oxalic acid
Latic acid treatment

41
Oxalic acid

New Pests
Small hive beetle Tropilaelabs mites
42
42

Small hive beetle in
Italy
• On September 11 2014, the
Italian Istituto
Zooprofilattico
Sperimentale delle Venezie,
National Reference
Laboratory for Apiculture
(IZSV) confirmed the first
detection of the presence
of Small hive beetle (SHB)
in South West Italy, in the
port city of Gioia Tauro.
• Untill now 1800 bee
colonies destroyed
43
43

Lundie 1940, Schmolke 1974, Neumann & Elzen 2004
In the colony
Outside the
colony
Egg Larvae Wanderlarven
Pupa
2‐6T 8
‐
29T
8T‐3M
Small hive beetle
livecyclus
Andreas Reichart 2015 44
44

Adult
Eggs • hidden
• as parcel
• 2/3 size of the honey
bees eggs
45
Small hive beetle
45

Larvea
10-11mm
• 1.2cm brown‐white
• 6 legs
3 pair
legs
«Stachelborsten »
46
Small hive beetle
46

Acetic acid: depot of frames against Galleria mellonella Formic acid: In bee colony against Varroa destructor
47
Small hive beetle
47

Tropilaelaps Milben
48
48

Tropilaelaps mite
• Tropilaelaps mites are parasites of the bee brood.
• original host Apis dorsata, Apis brelivigual, Apis
laboriosa (Südostasien, Iran to Neu-Guinea and up
to Korea
• Life cycle probably similar Varroa destructor
49
49

Small hive beetle and
Tropilaelaps mite
Notifiable parasite/disease!!!!!
50
50

Virus in honey bees
Akute paralysis virus ABPV
Chronical bee
paralysis virus
CBPV
Deformed wing virus DWV
Sacbrood bee virus SBV
Kaschmir bee virus KBV
Black queencell virus BQCV
51

Bee virus & varroa
Akuter paralysis virus ABPV
Chronical bee
paralysis virus
CBPV
Deformed wing virus DWV
Sacbrood bee virus SBV
Kaschmir bee virus KBV
Black queencell virus BQCV
DWV, ABPV, SBV and KBV will be transmitted by Varroa!!! 52

Virus + Varroa
Bee virus alone hardly effects
Bee virus + varroa often dramaitcally
effects
varroa mites:
1. spread virus
2. The can virus activate
53

Prevention of diseases
by the beekeeper!
1. General hygiene
2. controll the colony strength and broodnest
3. Early spring manangement
4. Make new colonies
5. Queens: age and genetic quality
6. Summer management
7. Varroa‐Treatment
54

7. Varroa-treatment:
„treatment plan“
1. Spring
Drone brood
removal
2. Summer
Formic acid
Thymol
3. Winter treatment
Oxalic acid
4. Diagnosis!
During and after the
treatment!!! 55

56
Pest
• Wax moth
• Green woodpeaker
• Badger
• Racoon
• Ants
• Vespa velutina
• Mouse

Vespa velutina
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 57

Villmools Merci firs nolauschteren
58

Beekeeping theory disease and pests of honey bee

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