2. HISTORIC MEDIA
MEDIA SHOWN IN THESE SLIDES IS FROM EARLY HISTORY, SPANNING THE 20,000 BC
TO AS FAR AS THE 5TH CENTURY
3. Cave Paintings are the oldest type of
media discernable in Human history. The
oldest known ones have been as close to
as 40,000 years old, these arts of history
have stood the test of time.
Commonly, they were paintings of
animals and prey that our ancestors
would catch for food, other times it’s more
ambiguous. For example, Cueva de las
Manos, one of the most known paintings
shows multiple handprints. Commonly,
the oldest type of cave paintings are hand
stencils or geometric shapes. This type of
media was most-likely used for informing
and exploring, as if the Humans of the
time were experimenting with different
objects on their walls. Another dispute
says this could be decoration for cave
walls.
CAVE PAINTINGS
c. 13,000-9,000 years ago
Cueva de las Manos
Joseph
O’Boyle
4. Egyptian Hieroglyph was the very first
graphological & hieroglyphic alphabet in
known history. It contained a variety of
types of elements, for example,
logographic, syllabic and alphabetic
elements. The use of hieroglyphs started
from systems in the Bronze Age, around-
about 3200 BC. They eventually
developed into the infamous hieroglyphic
language the Egyptians used for many a
century. Egyptians first picked up this
language form around 2800 BC.
Hieroglyphs were used for a variety of
purposes, most commonly being used for
religious manuscripts (To discern their
other writing between religious writing,
anything religious was written in cursive).
They were also used to record famous
events, most famously in tombs of
emperors in places like the Pyramids. It is
also most likely it was used as a common
writing form, similar to how we use
English today.
HIEROGLYPHS
c. 2800 BC
Seal Impression, 2nd dynasty
Joseph
O’Boyle
5. The Diamond Sutra is a sutra from the
Perfection of Wisdom genre, also known
as the “Prajnaparamita sutras”. It is one
of the most famous and influential sutras
in Asia which was created around. The
Sutra does not have a set date of
creation. People dispute it as being from
the 2nd century to even the 5th century
Anno Domini (AD). The Sutra was used
for informing and inspiring people,
sticking to it’s genre. Because of its
influence, the sutra was reproduced many
times and translated in to several other
East Asian languages, ending up in China
around 401 AD.
The Diamond Sutra contains writing of an
exchange between the Buddha and
Subhuti (a monk alive in the book’s
creation). The book speaks highly of a
wide variety of things. From selflessness,
to not experiencing phenomena and even
liberation.
BOOKS
c. 200-500 AD
The Diamond Sutra
Joseph
O’Boyle
6. MODERN MEDIA
AFTER THIS POINT, ALL TYPES OF MEDIA SHOWN ARE FROM MASS PRODUCE D
SOURCES. THIS IS BECAUSE OF THE DEMAND FOR MORE TYPES OF MEDIA, SO MORE
SUPPLIERS CAME INTO PLAY.
7. Woodblock printing on textiles preceded
printing on paper in both East Asia and
Europe, and the use of different blocks to
produce patterns in colour were common.
The earliest way to add colour to pictures
printed on paper was by hand-colouring,
and this was widely used in both East
Asia and Europe.
Chinese woodcuts have this from at least
eh 13th century, and European ones from
very shortly after in the 15th century.
Elements of the official British Ordnance
Survey maps were coloured by hand by
boys until 1875. Early European books
were often printed leaving spaces
allowing them to be coloured by hand,
include initials, rubrics and other
elements.
COLOUR PRINTING
c. 13th century
Printing block
Rose
Gumble
8. Johannes Gutenberg’s work on the printing press
began approximately 1463 when he partnered
with Andreas Dritzehn (a man who previously in
gem-cutting) and Andreas Heilmann (an owner of
a paper mill). However, it was not until a lawsuit in
1439 against Gutenberg in which the official
records existed.
Due to his previous working as a professional
goldsmith, Gutenberg made use of his skillful
knowledge of metals. He was the first to make
from an alloy of lead, tin and antimony, which was
critical for producing high-quality printed books; he
went on to prove that these were the most suitable
materials to use as they are better suited for
printing. In order to create these lead types,
Gutenberg had used what was considered his
most ingenious inventions – a special matrix
enabling the quick and accurate molding for each
letter.
Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of
oil-based ink which is more durable than the
water-based inks which were previously used. He
used both paper and vellum – a high-quality
parchment – as his printing materials. In the
Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg had used a trial of
coloured printing to print a few headings, however
it is only present in some copies.
GUTENBERG PRESS
C. 1463
Gutenberg Press
Rose
Gumble
9. The process of separating stats by separating
the original artwork into red, green and blue
components. Before digital imaging was
developed, the traditional method of doing
this was to photograph the image three times,
using the filter for each primary colour.
However this is achieved, the desired result
is three gray scale images, which represents
red, green and blue components of the
original image.
Cyan, magenta , and yellow are the three
basic colours used for colour reproduction.
When these three colours are variously used
in printing, the result should be a reasonable
reproduction of the original, but in reality, this
is not the case. Due to limitations in the inks,
the darker colours are dirty and muddied. To
resolve this, a black separation is also
created, which improves the shadow and
contrast of the image.
Numerous techniques exist to derive this
black separation from the original image;
these include grey component replacement,
under colour removal, and under colour
addition. (This printing technique is referred
to as CMYK – the “K” standing for key, a
traditional word for the black printing palette.
COLOUR SEPARATION
c. 18th century
CMYK colour separation
Rose
Gumble
10. At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, the
mechanics of the hand-operated Gutenberg-
style press were still essentially unchanged.
By 1800, Lord Stanhope had successfully
built a press completely made from cast iron,
reducing the force required by 90%, all the
while doubling the size of the printed area. At
the same time, the press was able to print out
480 pages per hour, doubling the output of
the old style press.
There was two alterations made to the
printing press: first was the use of the steam
power which was used for running the
machinery, and the second was the
replacement of the printing flatbed with the
rotary motion of the cylinders. Both of these
two things were for the first time successfully
implemented by the German printer Freidrich
Koenig in a series of press designs devised
between 1802 and 1818.
Koenig and Andreas Freidrich Bauer sold
their first models of The Times in London in
1814, the machine being capable 1100
impressions per hour.
PRINTING PRESS
c.1802-1818
Printing press
Rose
Gumble
11. The first permanent photograph was
made in 1822, using the bitumen-based
heliography process developed by
Nicephore Niepce.
A few years later, the first photographs of
a real world scene, made using a camera
obscura. However a camera exposure
lasting for hours or days was required
In 1829, Niepce made a partenership with
Louis Daguerre and the collaborated to
work out an improved process.
Niepce’s passed away in 1833, and
consequently Daguerre concentrated on
silver-halide based alternatives. He went
on to create his ofirst practical for making
photographs with a camera the
Daguerreotype. It was announced on the
7 January 1839, and working details were
revealed on the 19 August.
Other inventors soon made improvement,
which reduced exposure time from
minutes, to seconds, this advanced
portrait photography truly practical and
widely popular.
However, it had a weaknesses. For
example, the fragility of the mirror-like
image.
PHOTOGRAPH
c.1850-1900’s
Unknown
Haashim
Ahmed
12. The Phonograph was invented in 1877 by
Thomas Edison.
It was the first to be able to reproduce
recorded sound.
Later on, it was also called a
Gramaphone, and in the 1940s, a record
player.
His Phonograph originally recorded sound
to tinfoil wrapped around a rotating
cylinder .A stylus responding to sound
vibrations produced an up and down
groove in the foil.
In the 1880’s it was improved by Graham
Bell, and renamed the Graphophone.
It used wax-coated cardboard cylinders
and a cutting stylus that moved from side
to side in a zig zag groove around the
record.
In the 1890’s, phonograph cylinders were
replaced by flat discs with a spiral groove
running from the periphery to near the
center.
PHONOGRAPH
c. 1877
Phonograph
Haashim
Ahmed
13. First Computer
Charles Babbage, considered the father
of the computer, came up with the idea
of, and invented the first computer in
1833.
Analog
The first modern analog computer was
invented in 1872, by Sir William
Thomson. A mechanical computer that
was used to predict the tides.
The Concept of Modern Computer
The principle was proposed by Alan
Turing in his seminal 1936 paper “On
Computable Numbers” He also proposed
the UCM (universal computing machine),
and proved that a machine can compute
anything given the right instructions to
follow.
THE FIRST COMPUTER
c.1833 and 1981
First computer + Laptop
Ben
McArthur
14. Digital Computers
By 1938 the US Navy had developed an
electromechanical analog computer small
enough to fit in a standard sub. This was
used to calculate the trajectory of torpedoes
that were being fired at moving targets.
Stored Programs
The first computer with a fixed program was
created in 1945 and was based on Turing’s
paper in 1936. Turing then began work in the
National Physical Laboratory, and began
developing what we would know as the first
modern computer. Sadly this was destroyed
at the end WW2
Home Computers
The first thing that we would recognize as a
computer entered the market in 1977 with the
IBM Personal Computer (PC)
Commodore 64
In 1982 home computers were
commonplace, and the commodore 64 was
one of the first in a generation of home
computers, with its primary use as games.
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
c. 1982
Commodore 64
Ben
McArthur
15. Unix Systems
Alternative to windows, this includes the
Macintosh and Linux distributions.
Provides a better and more secure
system, with faster access to its internal
file systems.
Laptops
The first laptop was invented by Adam
Osborne in 1981. Called the Osborne 1, it
cost $1,795. The screen was less than 5
inches. Although it weighed under 5
pounds.
Microsoft
Windows 1.0 was released in 1985 but
with a less advanced graphical user
interface, than the first iMac.
iMac
Introduced in 1998 the iMac was the first
in a long line of good quality computers,
with enough memory to be used as one is
today. This was also the first computer to
contain the Macintosh operating system.
MODERN COMPUTERS
c. 1981
IBM Computer
Ben
McArthur
16. Web 1.0 is a former version of the World
Wide Web, created by Tim Burners-Lee in
1989, with CERN. Web 1.0 consisted of
something a lot more barren and empty
compared to Web 2.0. In the beginning,
the only way of accessing websites was
via either being given a URL, which back
then was gibberish and unpronounceable
(e.g. a URL would be
w.dl;fjkgsdjgfhsdk.csfgs/? Instead of
something like “www.google.co.uk”.), or
you would have to find a website which
gives you direct links in a list.
Web 1.0 did have some functionality. For
example, things from Web 2.0 still find
themselves in the former: Web 1.0 had a
“guestbook” of sorts where visitors could
publish comments, similar to comment
sections.
Web 1.0 was used for lots of purposes.
From informing to entertaining, from
advertising to educating. It’s essentially a
basic internet. And still works to this day.
WEB 1.0
c. 1994
Netscape website on Web 1.0
Joseph
O’Boyle
17. British scientist Kane Kramer invented the
first digital audio player, which he called IXI.
His 1979 prototypes were capable of
producing 1 hour of audio feedback, however
did not enter commercial production.
In 1996 AT&T developed the FlashPAC
digital audio player which had initially used
AT&T Perceptual Audio Coding for music
compression, but in 1997 they switched to
AAC.
The first MP3 player was launched in 1997 by
Saehan Information Systems, which sold its
“MPMan” player in Asia spring 1998.
The first production-volume portable digital
audio player was The Audible Player from
Audible.com – which was available for sale in
January 1998.
More recent media players include the Apple
iPod, Microsoft and Mobile phones which
range from 2001 to 2000.
PERSONAL MEDIA
c. 1980-2002
Rose
Gumble
18. Finally, what we use today. Web 2.0,
A.K.A the “social web” is the web we
know and love. Things like Google,
Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Snapchat,
Instagram, Tumblr, Bing, MSN, the list
goes on. We use web 2.0 for all
purposes. Informing, educating,
entertaining, product advertising,
improving, and working. The term itself
was created in 1999, and then fully put
into use around 2004. It uses client-side
and server-side clients to network, with
P2P networking. P2P or peer to peer, is a
network in-which two different clients
(client – client or server – client, or client
– server) communicate data, or packets,
between eachother. This is the building
blocks of how we see news sites, search
engines, video streams, social media,
and more.
WEB 2.0
c.2018
Google
Joseph
O’Boyle