General toxonomy and biology of Major crustaceans species useful for human consumption. Aquaculture practices.

1. Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable
commercially important Crustaceans
By:
B.Bhaskar
FRM

2. Introduction
• Arthropoda is the largest phylum of Animal Kingdom,about 11,340,000
species(83% of all the known animal species on earth) in all habitats.
• Arthropoda classified into subphylums and classes three subphyla namely
Trilobita, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata are definitively arthropods, classes
Trilobita, Xiphosura, Arachinida, Crustacea, Cheliopoda, Diplopoda, and
Hexapoda.
• Arthropoda includes spider, scorpions, prawns, crabs, millipedes, centipedes,
and many other insects. Arthropoda is characterized by heteronomous
metamerism, chitinous exoskeleton, and joined appendages. The
evolutionary acquisition of these traits is known as arthropodization.
• The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology. Other names for
carcinology are malacostracology, crustaceology, and crustalogy, and a
scientist who works in carcinology is a carcinologist, crustaceologist, or
crustalogist.
• Crustaceans include all the animals of the phylum Arthropoda Crustacea; the
word comes from the Latin crusta, which means shell.
• There are more than 52,000 species of crustaceans in the world, which include
popular marine animals like lobsters, crabs, shrimp, crayfish, and barnacles.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CRUSTACEANS

4. • crustaceans are second or third in abundance of all categories of animal life after insects and
vertebrates.
• They live in inland and ocean waters from the Arctic to the Antarctic as well as from
elevations in the Himalayas up to 16,000 feet to well below the sea level.
• Crustaceans are cladocerans if they have 4–6 pairs of (thoracic) legs, lack any paired eyes,
swim with their second pair of antennae, and have at least the head not covered by a carapace.
• All crustaceans have a hard exoskeleton which protects the animal from predators and
prevents water loss.
• However, exoskeletons do not grow as the animal inside them grows, so crustaceans are
forced to molt as they grow larger.
• The molting process takes between a few minutes to several hours.
• During molting, a soft exoskeleton forms underneath the old one and the old exoskeleton is
shed.
• Since the new exoskeleton is soft, this is a vulnerable time for the crustacean until the new
exoskeleton hardens.
• After molting, crustaceans typically expand their bodies almost immediately, increasing by
40–80%.
• Most crustaceans reproduce sexually with a separate male and female.
• Several species of penaeid shrimps, brachyuran crabs, spiny and scyllarid lobsters are
cultivated in several parts of the world.
• In 2012 farmed crustaceans accounted for 9.7% (6.4 million tonnes) of food fish aquaculture
production by volume which includes 3.91 million tonnes from mariculture (FAO, 2014).

5. Family-Penaeidae
• Penaeus monodon– Giant Tiger shrimp Rostrum straight, toothed on both ventral
(generally 3 teeth) and dorsal sides. Sub-hepatic ridge oblique. Petasma symmetrical
and consists of two simple lobes united at the upper edge by hook-lets. Thelycum
suboval in shape, posterior process triangular. Pale yellow and dark brown bands on
the abdomen. Uropods with pale yellow to pink median transverse bands.
• Fenneropenaeus (Penaeus) indicus – Indian White shrimp Rostral teeth on ventral
(3 to 6) and dorsal side. Body white or cream in colour. Adrostral crest ending just
before epigastric tooth. In males distal segment of third maxilliped as long as the
second segment and bear long tufts of hair at the tip. Subhepatic ridge in the
branchial region lacking. Fifth pereiopod without exopod.
• Fenneropenaeus (Penaeus) merguiensis – Banana shrimp The rostral crest is
elevated and somewhat triangular in shape. Teeth on rostrum present both on ventral
(3 to 5) and dorsal side. Adrostral carina not reaching as far as epigastric tooth. Body
colour paleyellow or white. In males the distal segment of third maxilliped half as
long as the second segment and bears hair at the tip.
• Penaeus semisulcatus – Greeen Tiger shrimp Rostrum curved. Rostrum and
abdomen are banded green or grey and white. Mostly the antennae are also banded
white and brown. Rostral teeth on ventral (generally 3 teeth) and dorsal side.
Adrostral grooves extending
• just beyond epigastric tooth. Subhepatic ridge is horizontal. Small exopod present on fifth pereiopod
(absent in P. monodon).

6. • Melicertus latisulcatus – Western King shrimp Rostrum with dorsal and one ventral teeth.
Adrorstral crest extends almost to the posterior margin of carapace. Telson with three pairs
of movable lateral spines. Vertical black bar on pleuron. Anterior process of thelycum horn
like and strongly bifurcate.
• Marsupenaeus japonicus– Kuruma shrimp Rostrum with dorsal and one ventral teeth.
Adrostral crest extends up to near to the posterior margin of the carapace. Carapace with
three continuous bands and the band on the last abdominal segment interrupted. Telson with
three pairs of movable lateral spines. Thelycum closed infolding laterally forming anteriorly
open pocket functioning as seminal receptacle. Distomedian projection of petasma curved
forming hood.
• Metapenaeus dobsoni – Kadal shrimp Rostrum extends little beyond the tip of the
antennular peducncle. Distomedian projection of petasma with a short filament on ventral
surface and another on dorsal surface. Thelycum is long grooved and tongue shaped and
ensheathed in a horse-shoe like process formed by lateral plates. Merus of fifth pereiopod in
adult males with one or two large triangular teeth.
• Litopenaeus vannamei – Whiteleg shrimp Rostrum with teeth both on ventral and dorsal
side, moderately long extending beyond the antennular peduncle in young but shorter in
adults. In mature males the petasma is symmetrical, semi open and in mature females the
thelycum is open. The species is translucent white. They may have a bluish hue near the
margin of the telson and uropods. Legs are white in colour.

7. Life cycle
• The life cycle for different crustaceans may be different or they are similarities between
one crustacean and the next when it comes to their lifecycles. The Crustacean class is the
largest group of arthropods of a marine nature, and there are approximately 30,000
different species in this group alone.
• The life cycle for different crustaceans is going to have unique qualities, but there are also
similarities between one crustacean and the next when it comes to their life cycles.
• Nauplius stage—this stage of crustacean life cycle is perceived as being a defining link
among all crustaceans.
• This is the first larval stage of crustaceans and consists only of crustacean head and telson
as neither the abdomen nor the thorax has developed.
• Zoea larval stage—the crustacean life cycle involves a larval stage that is known as a zoea.
• When the zoea name was given to the crustacean, naturalists believed that it was an
entirely separate species.
• Mysis or megalopa stage—the stage of growth following the zoea stage of growth is either
the Mysis or megalopa stage development on what crustacean group is involved.
• The crustacean is going will being to look more like to its adult form.
• This is also the stage of growth where the crustacean will depend more on foraging and
grazing to feed.
• Adult growth stage—the adult growth stage is reached by 1 year of age for the most
crustacean.
• After a year has passed, most crustacean varieties will be capable of mating and
reproducing

8. Mating system
• Crustacean produced by sexually: a small number is hermaphrodites,
including Barnacles, Remipedes, and Cephalocarida. Some may even
change sex during the course of their life. Parthenogenesis is also
widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a
female without needing fertilization by a male. This occurs in many
branchiopods, some ostracods, some isopods, and certain “higher”
crustaceans, such as the Marmorkrebs crayfish.
Eggs
• The fertilized eggs are simply released into the water column, while others
have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until
they are ready to hatch. Most decapods carry the eggs attached to the
pleopods, while peracarids, notostracans, anostracans, and many isopods
form a brood pouch from the carapace and thoracic limbs. Female
Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to
rocks and other objects. Most leptostracans and krill carry the eggs between
their thoracic limbs; some copepods carry their eggs in special thin-walled
sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings

9. • Larvae
• The visual systems of crustacean larvae concentrate on the compound
eyes of decapod and stomatopod larvae as well as the functional and
behavioral aspects of their vision. Larval compound eyes of these
macrurans are all built on fundamentally the same optical plan, the
transparent apposition eye, which is eminently suitable for modification
into the abundantly diverse optical systems of the adults. Many of these
eyes contain a layer of reflective structures overlying the retina that
produces a counter illuminating eye shine, so they are unique in being
camouflaged both by their transparency and by their reflection of light
spectrally similar to background light to conceal the opaque retina.
Besides the pair of compound eyes, at least some crustacean larvae have a
non-imaging photoreceptor system based on a naupliar eye and possibly
other frontal eyes. Larval compound eye photoreceptors send axons to a
large and well-developed optic lobe consisting of a series of neuropils that
are similar to those of adult crustaceans and insects, implying
sophisticated analysis of visual stimuli. The visual system fosters a number
of advanced and flexible behaviors that permit crustacean larvae to
survive extended periods in the plankton and allow them to reach
acceptable adult habitats, within which to metamorphose

10. • Crustacean burrow
• Crustaceans are mainly males, excavate burrows largely in carbonate substrates, and are
therefore referred to as the burrowing barnacles. While their greatest diversity is found in
shallow tropical seas, the most generalized or primitive members are found for the most part
in deep water (between 1000 and 3000 m). Trace fossils, ranging back to the Devonian if not
the Ordovician [16], reveal that species once occupied relatively high latitudes in Northern
Europe and Gondwanaland, and at least one extant species is known from Antarctic waters
today. Interpretation of the crustacean burrows from Mallorca makes them very comparable
to some modern and fossil thalassinidean burrow systems [17, 18], and it is a direct
consequence of the versatile behavior of fossorial shrimps. The helical burrows described
herein were very likely part of complex burrow systems produced by thalassinideans. From
an ichnotaxonomic point of view, these would be compound structures composed of pellet-
lined (Ophiomorpha) and unlined (Thalassinoides) branching tunnels, sometimes with
spreiten due to vertical shifting (Teichichnus), or double (Lapispira) helical elements. Such
double helix elements (Lapispira) were previously known only from the Jurassic as isolated
burrows, also assigned to crustaceans [13]. Despite the lesser geometric regularity of the
Mallorcan burrows, the presence of a knobby lining and the fact that these may be connected
to branching systems. The new occurrence of this unusual ichnogenus may record a case of
behavioral convergence expressed in burrow architecture [19] (Figures 3–6). While most
crustaceans are marine, a large number of crayfish live in freshwater, including crayfish
(Figure 7). Etyus martini is one of the more common crabs in the Gault Clay (Figure 8).
Spiny lobsters are among the larger crustaceans. Big specimens can weigh several kilograms
and make very good eating

11. Biology of penaeid shrimps
• They have two phases in their life cycle – estuarine and marine.
• The post larvae migrate to the estuaries, where they grow to juveniles/adults and return to the sea.
• Here they mature and spawn and the cycle is repeated.
• The eggs, larvae and post larvae have pelagic existence and the juveniles/sub-adults and adults are
benthic.
• Several species like Penaeus monodon, Fenneropenaeus indicus, Metapenaeus dobsoni, Metapenaeus
monoceros, Metapenaeus brevicornis support important fishery in the estuarine systems in India -
Hoogly-Matlah in WB, Mahanadi & Chilka Lake in Orissa, Godavari & Krishna in AP, Vellar & Killai
backwaters and Pulicat Lake in TN, Cochin backwaters & Vembanad Lake in Kerala; Narmada-Tapthi and
Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
• Penaeid shrimps are carnivorous, females are usually larger than males and have high fecundity which
depends on the species, size of the female and ovary weight.
• They spawn throughout the year, peak seasons varying between years. Their life span is usually 3+ years.
• The maturity stages in penaeid shrimps are classified as immature (IM), early maturing (EM), late
maturing (LM), mature (M) and spent (SP).
• Stages of maturity can be ascertained externally through the exoskeleton.
• Penaeus monodon attains maximum length of 300 mm.
• In the backwaters and estuaries they grow to 120 to 130 mm. From inshore waters they are caught in
various types of seine nets and from deeper waters in trawls.
• It is an important candidate species for culture because of its hardiness, fast growth, large size and high
market price. F. indicus grow to 230 mm in total length and F. merguiensis up to 320 mm. P. semisulcatus
grows to 250 mm total length. It is the most dominant penaeid shrimp species.
• supporting commercial fishery along Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay on the southeast coast.
• The maximum size of M. dobsoni recorded is 130 mm. Litopenaeus vannamei native of East Pacific coast
is an introduced penaeid shrimp in India.
• It grows to a maximum length of 230 mm.

12. Commercially imp exploited Shrimps
along the Indian Coast
P. Monodon
F. Indicus

13. P. polyphagus
Thenus
unimaculatus
P. homarus
P. ornatus
P. peniciilatus
.Panulirus versicolor

14. Family- Portunidae
• Family- Portunidae Scylla serrata – Giant mud crab Carapace smooth
having strong transverse ridges; H shaped gastric ridges deep.
• Teeth on frontal margin sharp.
• Nine anterolateral carapace spines of same size projecting obliquely
outwards.
• Carpus of chelipeds with two distinct spines on distal half of outer margin.
• Colour green to browny black depending on the habitat, outer surface of
palm green and often with marbled pattern; last legs marbled both in
males and females.
• Scylla olivacea – Orange mud crab Frontal margin usually with rounded
teeth.
• Carpus of cheliped with only one reduced spine. Carapace smooth, more
evenly convex with very low transverse ridges.
• H-shaped gastric groove shallow.
• The median pair of the frontal lobes more rounded and projecting slightly
forwards of the lateral ones.

15. Commercially imp exploited Crabs along
the Indian Coast
Scylla serrata
p. sanguinolentus
. C. feriatus
S. olivacea
P. pelagicus
Podopthalmus vigil C. lucifera
C. natator
Charybdis smithi
C. annulata
C. lucifera

16. Important crabs along Indian coast
C. helleri
P. gladiator
Portunus. hannii

17. Biology of mud crabs
• Biology of mud crabs S. serrata is usually found in mangrove areas with high salinity, and also in
offshore waters where they spawn, can tolerate reduced salinity also whereas S. olivacea prefer low
saline water.
• They are found in low intertidal muddy bottom
• . The megalopa or postlarval stage migrates to the estuaries and backwaters attain maturity and go
to the inshore waters for spawning.
• Immature and mature males have slender triangular abdominal flaps. Immature females have a
broad and triangular abdominal flap and mature females a semicircular flap.
• They have five zoeal stages and one megalopa stage which metamorphose to the crab instar
(seed).
• They are carnivorous and prefer small molluscs, trash fish and other crustaceans as food.
• Portunus pelagicus– Blue Swimmer Crab Carapace with reticulated markings. Front with four teeth.
Inner margin of merus of cheliped with three spines.
• Nine teeth on anterolateral margin of carapace.
• Males with blue markings and females with dull green.
• Portunus sanguinolentus– Three Spotted Crab Carapace with three brown or purple spots on the
posterior half of the carapace, having white border.
• Nine teeth on anterolateral margin of carapace.
• Charybdis feriatus– Crucifix Crab Five teeth on each anterolateral margins.
• Longitudinal stripes of brown and white colour with distinct white cross mark on the median part of
the gastric region, hence also called commonly as crucifix crabs.
• The pleopods or swimming appendages are banded white and brown.
• They grow to very large size.

18. • Biology: They are marine crabs. P. pelagicusis found at a depth of
up to 50 m and is caught in trawl and gill nets.
• They show sexual dimorphism, males being bright blue in colour
and females are dull green.
• The males grow larger. and their chelate legs are longer.
• They have five zoeal stages and metamorphose to the megalopa
followed by the juveniles/seed stage.
• Charybdis feriatusare found at a depth of up to 60 m and are caught
mostly in bottom trawl.
• They have six zoeal stages (stage I to stage VI) which metamorphose
to the megalopa stage.
• They have good market in East Asia where it commands
substantially higher premium prices than Portunus spp. P.
sanguinolentus are caught at a depth of 30 m.
• All the three species prefer sandy to sandy muddy substrates.

19. Family Palinuridae
• Family Palinuridae Panulirus homarus–Scalloped spiny lobster Anterior margin
of carapace with two frontal horns, Antennular plate bearing four equal well
separated large spines, Each abdominal segment with a transverse groove, Body
greenish in colour with numerous white spots, Transverse bands absent,
Antennules banded white and green, Legswith white spots and stripes.
• Panulirus ornatus- Ornate spiny lobster Antennular plate with one pair of
principal spines anteriorly and a second pair half the size of first.
• Abdominal segment smooth without transverse grooves.
• Each abdominal segment with dark pale spot on the outer margin. Abdomen
greenish or brownish grey.
• Legs with alternate bands of black and white bands.
• Panulirus polyphagus- Mud spiny lobster Broad antennular plate with one pair
of principal spines.
• Abdominal segments without transverse grooves, having white transverse
bands.
• Legs irregularly blotched creamy white.
• Panulirus versicolor- Painted spiny lobster Antennular plate with two unequal
and separated spines.
• Abdominal segments without transverse grooves.
• Blue black patches and white lines on carapace and abdominal segments.
• Legs, antennules longitudinally striped. Bases of antennae bright pink.

20. Biology of spiny lobsters
• Biology of spiny lobsters Panulirus homarus is an important lobster fishery resource in India particularly
around Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• They are found up to a depth of 90 m and are caught in gill nets, trawls, trammel nets and traps.
• They use rocky reefs for shelter. P. ornatus is found at a depth of 10 to 50 m in sandy and muddy substrates.
• It is the largest of the Panulirus species and can attain a total body length of about 50 cm.
• The size of lobsters in the fishery ranges from 113 to 233mm TL in males and 128-452 mm TL in females
with 41% falling in the size range of 181-190 mm TL, which are juveniles.
• Panulirus versicolor is also a coastal species found up to a depth of 15 m. Panulirus polyphagus inhabits
coastal waters on muddy and rocky substrates to a depth of 40 m and occasionally seen at 90 m.
• This species is the most important commercial species contributing to nearly three-fourth of the total
lobster catch of the country.
• Major fisheries are on the northwest coast of India. Size in the fishery range from 75 to 385 mm total length
(TL) those between 160 and 230 mm TL forming the mainstay of the fishery in Maharashtra.
• P. ornatus and P. polyphagus move to deeper waters for breeding. Phyllosoma larvae are planktonic and are
carried away by currents.
• The last stage before becoming juveniles is the peurulus which swims towards the shore for settlement.
Spiny lobsters are susceptible to diseases when held at high stocking density or due to stress or injury.
Common diseases are white tail, tail fan necrosis and shell disease.

21. Family Scyllaridae
• Family Scyllaridae Thenus unimaculatus– Slipper
lobster/sand lobster Body dorsoventrally
flattended, pale brown in colour.
• Three spines on the antero lateral border of
carapace and a notch in middle of each segment.
• Fifth abdominal segment with a spine on the
dorsal side.
• Tubercles present on the body.Variable purple to
black pigmentation (blotch or large or narrow
streak) on the inner surface of merus of second
and sometimes third legs.

22. Biology
• Biology It forms a fishery in trawlers along the Saurashtra coast, Kollam and
Chennai.
• They burrow in sand and generally feed on molluscs. The phyllosoma stages (I-
IV) are completed in 7, 5, 7 and 7 days respectively and the nisto stage in 4
days.
• The lobsters are usually caught at a depth of 50 m.
• They form bycatch in trawls and are also caught in gillnets. Petractus rugosus
(H. Milne Edwards, 1837) – Hunchback locust lobster Rostral teeth reduced to
tubercle.
• Median teeth on carapace before the cervical groove blunt and inconspicuous.
• Gastric tooth most conspicuous. Surface of carapace uneven and tubercles are
high.
• The dorsal surface of the body is grayish or purplish brown with darker spots.
• The first abdominal somite shows dorsally often a dark blue colour.
• The abdomen shows a distinct median longitudinal carina on somites 2 to 5,
that of somite 3 is the highest; in each somite there is a wide transverse
groove. Biology They are found at depths of 20 to 60 m.
• They attain a total length of 2.5 to 6cm.
• They have ornamental potential and presently forma component inthe low
value bycatch in trawl.

23. Reference
• S. Lakshmi Pillai and G. Maheswarudu. Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Species of Shrimps, Crabs and Lobsters. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala.
• Crustacean written by, Imad Mahmood Ghafor https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70062
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• https://www.google.com/search?q=S.+olivacea&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjku9qV0sP5AhUVjtgFHUwZDXIQ2-
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• https://www.google.com/search?q=C.+natator&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjRmarK28P5AhVm73MBHVkeC1QQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=C.+natator&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoGCAAQHhAIOgcIIxDqAhAnUPaLDFjrmwxgqqoMaANwAHgCgAGoAYgBrgmSAQQxMC4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1
pbWewAQrAAQE&sclient=img&ei=TIv3YtHDKObez7sP2bysoAU&bih=568&biw=1366#imgrc=zD-2PNz3IniFjM
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Charybdis+smithi&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi_0eaQ3sP5AhW2ELcAHfu8CFUQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Charybdis+smithi&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQGDoECCMQJ1CjFljNNmCcOWgAcAB4AIABwwGIAYYHkgEDOS4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=i
mg&ei=-Y33Yv_wE7ah3LUP-_miqAU&bih=568&biw=1366#imgrc=7HZu6U7frOhhqM&imgdii=47boQzaaBK44wM
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Charybdis+C.+annulata&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiHydaW3sP5AhXSjtgFHT6CC5cQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Charybdis+C.+annulata&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoECAAQGDoFCAAQgARQpOwGWOn_BmDqiQdoAXAAeACAAc4BiAGzB5IBBTUuMy4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3
dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=BY73YseyJ9Kd4t4PvoSuuAk&bih=568&biw=1366#imgrc=AV1jodCU2H9rFM
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Charybdis+ucifera&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjG0bKF38P5AhWnjNgFHW--D2MQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Charybdis+ucifera&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJ1COiRNYjokTYPCSE2gBcAB4AIABa4gBlwKSAQMyLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=
7Y73YoanM6eZ4t4P7_y-mAY&bih=568&biw=1366#imgrc=_hSY79LDT-P62M&imgdii=U2V6inRP-qimCM

24. • https://www.google.com/search?q=Charybdis+C.+helleri&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjV0onB4MP5AhXXk9gFHbIyC14Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Charybdis+C.+helleri&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoFCAAQgAQ6BAgjECdQzCNY3rYGYPzABmgAcAB4AIABU4gBtQKSAQE0mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img
&ei=d5D3YpW7Gten4t4PsuWs8AU&bih=568&biw=1366#imgrc=Uc_x1xD4-kRLpM
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Charybdis+P.+gladiator&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj6spb_5MP5AhWZKbcAHVUsBM0Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Charybdis+P.+gladiator&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoFCAAQgARQtdoCWMLmAmDkswRoAHAAeACAAVGIAb0CkgEBNJgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&scli
ent=img&ei=K5X3YrrxGJnT3LUP1diQ6Aw&bih=568&biw=1366#imgrc=K70t46cm2Vh5IM&imgdii=-wja8ahVcUz54M
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Portunus.+hannii&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwje07TV5sP5AhXaNrcAHQQOCmUQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Portunus.+hannii&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJ1CaCliUF2C_G2gAcAB4AIABbogBoAWSAQM3LjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=7Jb3Yt6tKt
rt3LUPhJyoqAY&bih=568&biw=1366#imgrc=e7-pp1dpvCA4UM

25. No mention thanks, just serve& do
something possible good to see better
change in society be Responsible yourself
so you can see soundings also good-
peaceful enough in your World-
B. Bhaskar, Indian Fisheries