2. Introduction
• A disagreement or argument or differences between two individual.
• Labor disputes are differences, conflicts between workers and employers.
• They manifest in the form of strikes, lockouts and other industrial actions.
• Disputes can be between employers and workers, between employers and
employers, between workers and workers, and between employers and
government. In practice, most disputes are between employer and workers
3. Types
• Dispute of right: which relate to the application or interpretation of an existing
agreement or contract of employment such as training and development, working
conditions, fair wage levels.
• Dispute of interest: relate to claim by employees or proposal by management
about the terms and conditions of employment such as, debates over the
determination of new wage levels, bonuses, leave and hours of work and
indiscipline.
4. Causes
• Compensation demand: relate to pay, benefits and services. Inflation increase cost of living. High cost
of living leads to demand by labour for higher compensation. Employers want to pay the least and
workers want to get the most in terms of wages, benefits and services.
• Bonus: No bonus or insufficient bonus can lead to disputes.
• Working Conditions: Hours of work, working environment, safety, health, and other factors related to
working conditions.
• Industrial Sickness: Economic recession, taxation policies and changing competitive forces make
industries sick
• Lack of communication
• Modernization and automation: IT has increased organizations’ efficiency, at the same time they pose
a threat for unskilled labor force. Many workers are resisting such changes and creating disputes in the
organization
• Job security
• Multiple unionism affiliated with national parties
5. Settlement Methods
• Collective Bargaining : Refers to negotiation, settlement and administration of a
time-bound agreement between labor and management to settle disputes.
• Conciliation(मेलममलाप): Process whereby a third party provides assistance in settling
disputes.
• Mediation (मध्यस्थता): Process whereby the third party is more active and submits
proposals for dispute settlement.The mediator cannot force agreement but
facilitates it. Mediators should be impartial and be trusted by both parties.
• Adjudication (न्याय): Process of mandatory settlement of a dispute by ordinary
courts, labor courts.This method only deals with rights dispute.The verdict of
adjudication is binding on both the parties.
