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Minerals
Sodium
 Chief cation of extracellular fluid
 50% present in bone
 40% in extracellular fluid
 10% in soft tissue
Biochemical function
 Blood pressure
 Sodium regulates the body’s acid base
balance
 Necessary for cell permeability
 Necessary for initiating and maintaining
heart beat
 Sodium, meanwhile, allows your small
intestine to absorb amino acids, glucose
and water from the foods you eat
RDA value
 5-10 g/day
 Patient of hypertension, around 1g/day
Sources
 Common salt
 Ingested food
 Bread
 Whole grains
 Leafy vegetables
 Nut
 Eggs and milk
Absorption
 Readily absorbed in the GIT
 Little of it is found in feces <2%
 In diarrhea, large quantities of sodium
is lost in feces
Plasma sodium
 Normal conc. Is 135-145 mEq/l
 Sodium is extra cellular cation therefore
blood cells contains less(35 mEq/l)
 Excretion
 Urine and less in feces
 The conc. Is controlled by aldosterone antagonist
to ANP
Disease states
 Hyponatremia.
serum sodium level falls below normal
 sodium deficiency can cause muscle cramps
 Causes
diarrhea,vomitting,chronic renal disease
Addison's disease
 Also observed in edema
 Manifestation of hyponatremia include
reduce blood pressure and congestive heart
failure
hypernatremia
 Increase in serum sodium level
 Symptoms
blood volume and blood pressure
 Occur due to
1. Cushing’s syndrome
2. Prolonged administration of cortisone
3. Diabetes insipidus
4. Pregnancy placenta and steroid cause sodium
and water retention
Potassium
 Intracellular cation
Biochemical function
 Intracellular osmotic pressure
 Acid base balance
 Pyruvate kinase k+ for optimal activity
 Transmission of nerve impulse
 Necessary for proper biosynthesis of protein
by ribosome's
 Extracellular k+ influences cardiac muscle
activity
Sources
 Banana,orange,pineapple,potato,beans
chicken and liver
absorption
 Absorption of potassium from GIT
is very efficient(90%)
 Very little is lost through feces
 Diarrhea ,good proportion lost
Plasma potassium
 3.4-5.0 mEq/l
Excretion
 Mainly through urine
 Maintenance of body acid base balance
 Influences potassium excretion
 Aldosterone increase excretion of k
Disease states
 Hypokalemia
 Decrease k+ in serum
 Occur due to
 Cushing’s syndrome and prolonged cortisone
therapy
 Iv administration of k+-free fluid
 Diarrhea and vomiting
Symptoms
 Muscle weakness
 Tachycardia
 Cardiomegaly
 Changes in ECG are observed
hyperkalemia
 Increase in the concentration of serum potassium
observed in renal failure
 Severe dehydration
 Iv fluid with excess of potassium
 Diabetic coma
symptoms
 Numbness
 Reduce heart sound
 Changes in ECG
Chlorine
 Chlorine is a constituent of chloride
 Therefore the metabolism of chlorine and sodium
are intimately related
Biochemical function
 Formation of HCl
 Salivary amylase is activated by chloride
 Acid base balance
Dietary requirement
 Requirement of chlorine as nacl is
 5-10mEq/l
Sources
 Common salt
 Whole grains
 Leafy vegetables
 Eggs
 Milk
Plasma chloride
 95-105 mEq/l
 CSF contain higher level of chlorine
125mEq/l
Absorption and excretion
 Totally absorbed in GIT
 Excretion through urine
Disease state
 Hypochloremia
Vomiting,diarrhea,rspiratory alkalosis
Addison’s disease and excessive sweating
Hyperchloremia
Dehydration
Respiratory acidosis
Cushing’s disease

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Minerals by Muazam Ali Khan & Bilal dear