There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.

1. Presentation On
Available Breeding
Methods Of Mango

2. Hello!
I am Bonny Amin
I am here to give presentation on Mango Breeding Methods.

3. Introduction

4. Common Facts Of Mango
The common mango (Mangifera indica L.)
and closely related genera (Mangifera
spp.) belong to the family Anacardiaceae
that consists of dicotyledonous trees and
shrubs. Mango trees are evergreen with
branched, upright to spreading dense
canopies that can grow to heights of 30m.
The tree is supported by one to several deep
taproots and abundant surface feeder roots.
Trees are long lived with many specimens
living for more than 100 years. The canopy
consists of dark green, simple, alternate
leaves, oval-lanceolate to roundish-oblong in
shape
Hundreds of hermaphrodite and male flowers are borne on branched conical panicles that
grow from the terminals of branches. The fruits are fleshy drupes that vary in size, shape and
colour, with the fleshy mesocarp being the most attractive edible proton of the fruit.

5. ∎ Each fruit contains a single seed
enclosed in a stony endocarp. Seed
embryos can be either
monoembryonic or polyembryonic
dependant on genotype.

6. ”
Mango by production is the fifth largest fruit crop
in the world behind bananas, grapes, apples and
oranges and the second most important tropical
fruit crop. Global production is estimated to be
around
27 million tonnes per annum.

7. Nutritional Value

11. Origin of Mango
and Genetic
Resources

12. Mangifera species are found growing throughout
the tropical and subtropical world today, with the
greatest diversity of species in the Southeast Asian
regions of the Malay peninsula, the Indonesian
archipelago, Thailand, Indochina and the
Philippines.
(Bompard 1989; Bompard and Schnell 1997)

13. The common mango (M. indica) is thought to have
originated in the Assam valley in Myanmar and
domesticated independently in several areas to the
southwest and southeast of the centre of origin.
Domestication in the Indian region (southwest) gave rise
to the monoembryonic varieties and domestication in the
Indochina, Thailand and Myanmar regions (southeast)
gave rise to the polyembryonic varieties.
(Bompard and Schnell 1997)

14. Floral Biology

15. Flower starts opening early in the
morning from 4-7 a.m. and maximum
flowers open between 9.30-10.30 a.m.
and complete 11.a.m. Dehiscence of
anthers takes place at 11.30 a.m. and it
continues up to 3.45 p.m. The pollen
grains are oval, or triangular or oblong.
Stigma becomes receptive even 18 hours
before flower opening.
Mode of pollination is entomophily;
nectar is present to attract the
insects. The flowering duration is
usually of short i.e. 2 to 3 weeks. The
mango inflorescence or panicle bears
mainly two types of flowers – male
and perfect. The number of flowers
per panicle varies between 1000 to
6000 depending upon the variety and
climatic factors.
∎ The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to
55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.

16. Main Objectives

17.  Developing dwarf plant types
 Regular bearing
 Better fruit quality
 Better shipping quality and
 Resistance to diseases and pests
Main Objectives Of Mango Breeding

18. Perspective Of
Mango Breeding

19. Inherent Constraints Are Involved Like
◉ Long juvenility
◉ High clonal heterozygocity
◉ One seed per fruit
◉ Recalcitrant seeds
◉ Polyembryony
◉ Early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility
◉ Large area requirement for assessment of hybrids

20. Advantages for the Breeders
◉ Wide range of diversity
◉ Ease of vegetative hybrid propagation
◉ Seedling screening from known mother plants to select better lines
◉ Comprehensive knowledge about phenology, inheritance patterns of
mango
◉ Advanced techniques for hybridization

21. Current Improved
Commercial Cultivars

22. Commercial Cultivars
◉ There are at least 350 local varieties in the country and most of them
grow in Chapainawabganj district
◉ The seven varieties of mangoes released by RHRS are:
BARI Aam 1,2,3,4,6,7 and 8
◉ BARI Aam 1 was released in 1995, BARI Aam 2 in 1996, BARI Aam 3 in
1999, BARI Aam 4 was released in 2003 and at last BARI Aam 6,7 and 8
were released in October in 2009.
◉ The better varieties of mangoes have exotic names like Fazlee, Langda,
Gopalbogh, Himsagar, Khirsapat, Ashhwina, Khisanbogh, Kuapahadi,
Lata Bombai, Foria, Bombai, Kohitoor, Laksmanbhog, Mohanbhog,
Misribhog etc. Fazli, Lengra, Gopalbhog and Khisrapat are considered to
be the premier varieties.

23. Commercial Cultivars (Hybrid)
◉ Method of development/origin: BARI Mango-4 (Hybrid Mango)
- Crossing between Florida M-3896 variety (male) and local Ashina variety
(female).
Year of release: 2003
◉ Yield : 18 t/ha
◉ Main characteristics: High fruit yielding, regular bearing, sweet and late
variety, inflorescence initiation in February, flesh deep yellow, fibreless
and fleshy, fruit size larger (600g),

24. Commercial Cultivars (Local)
◉ Method of development/origin: BARI Mango-6
- Local
Year of release:2010
◉ Yield : 16 t/ha
◉ Main characteristics: High fruit yielding, regular bearer and mid season
variety, plant medium size and medium straight. Inflorescence initiation
in February, medium sized fruit (280g).

25. Hybridisation Technique

26. The mango varieties that have been used in the
hybridization programme in Bangladesh are
monoembryonic and hence there is no difficulty in
obtaining hybrid seedlings from their crosses.

27. 106 fruits
18,000 flowers
were obtained
Not that much success!
crossing more than

28. 362 fruits
26,911 flowers
were obtained
Now thats a success!
crossing more than

29. Hybridisation Steps

30. The panicle should be bagged with a
muslin bag (60 cm x 30 cm) fully
stretched and fixed with two rings and
a rod made of spliced bamboo. A
piece of thick iron wire can also be
made into a good frame for stretching
the muslin bag over the panicle.
Staminate flowers of the selected
panicle to be used as female parent
should be removed daily before
dehiscence. Panicles of the variety
selected as male parent should also
be bagged before their flowers begin
to open.
Freshly dehisced male flowers should be
carried in a small petridish lined with a
filter paper and covered with another
petridish to protect the flower from
contamination with foreign pollen carried
by insects. Perfect flowers should be
emasculated early in the morning before
dehisced. Freshly dehisced anther of the
male parent should gently be brushed
against the stigma which should then be
examined under lens to see if pollen grains
have adhered to it.

31. ‘Caging technique’ for crossing, developed at IARI following the discovery of self-
incompatibility in Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay Green, involves planting of
grafted plants of the self-incompatible varieties along with those of male parents
enclosed in an insect proof cage and allowing pollination by freshly rared house flies
and thus doing away with the tedious hand pollination.
Caging Technique

32. Genetic Map of Mango

33. ∎ The individual maps showed strong
agreement which makes the consensus
map a powerful tool for comparative
mapping and the association of
markers and alleles to important
horticultural traits

34. The map opens the way for MAS in mango breeding.
MAS is an excellent tool for preselection of seedlings
more likely to show improved traits, but in many fruit
tree crops the required genetic resources are not
available. The set of markers and genetic map developes
are valuable resources for mango breeders, help them to
identify accessions as potential parents and validate
progeny as hybrids.

36. Hello!
I am Mostarina Tasmin Tinni
I am here to give presentation on Mango Breeding Methods.

37. Pollination

38. Mango is self-fertile (Sturrock, 1944) but cross
pollination increases fruit set (Popenoe, 1917).
Some self-unfruitful cultivars may get benefit
from cross-pollination.

39. more than 50% flowers
don’t receive any pollen.
Naturally

40. There are several hundred flowers in
a panicle and less than 1% only
develop fruits because of pollination
failure and premature fruit drop.
Singh et al. (1962) reported that
crossed flowers set fruit; whereas,
selfed ones did not, indicating self-
sterility.
Though self-sterility is not a major
problem in fruit set, but within cultivar,
there is a definite need for a pollinating
agent. Popenoe (1917) stated that some
of the embryos are capable of
development without fertilization,
however, Naik and Rao (1943) obtained no
parthenocarpic fruit set of more than
100,000 flowers studied.

41. Getting flowers to set
fruit was more of a
problem than getting
trees to bloom

42. Cytology
On the basis of studies on certain Mangifera
species (M. indica, M. caloneura, M.
sylvetica, M. foetida, M. caesia, M. odorata
and M. zeylanica), the basic chromosome
number of mango have been found to be
2n=40 and n=20 (Roy & Visweswariya, 1951;
Mukherjee, 1957). Mukherjee (1950)
reported mango as an allopolyploid. Easy and
frequent interspecific crossing is observed in
mango (Mukherjee, 1953).
Polyembryony
Incidence of polyembryony is genetically
controlled character. Leory (1947) found
adventive embryony reflecting the effect
of one or more recessive genes. Sturrock
(1968) supported Leory (1947) as he
found monoembryony as a dominant
character in mango hybridization.

43. Incompatibility
Dijkman and Soule (1951) suspected selfsterility in mango
but the prevalence was established in cv. Dashehari by
Singh et al. (1962). The cultivars of mango like Dashehari,
Langra and Chausa were found to be self incompatible
(Sharma & Singh, 1970). Ram et al. (1976) reported
incidence of cross incompatibility among certain mango
cultivars and suggested use of certain pollinizers.

44. Character inheritance
High heterozygosity and the inadequate number of hybrid progenies have made it
difficult to analyze the genetics of mango. Dwarfness, regular bearing and precocity
are characters controlled by the recessive genes while regularity of bearing is linked
with precocity (Sharma & Majumder, 1988a). Lavi et al. (1989) observed that there is
no maternal effect on juvenility and fertility while there is slight effect of female
parent on fruit taste, size, color and harvest season. The flesh color inheritance is a
multigenic character (Sharma, 1987; Iyer & Subramanyam, 1987). Iyer (1991) studied
inheritance of flesh color in Alphonso and Neelum cvs. of mango and found that light
yellow color is dominant over orange yellow. Iyer and Subramanyam (1979) found
bunch bearing and presence of beak on the mango fruit as dominant character.
Bacterial canker inheritance is cytoplasmic in ‘Neelum’ while the mango malformation
susceptibility appears to be dominant (Sharma & Majumder, 1988a).

45. Advances In Classical
Breeding In Mango

46. In spite of the difficulties encountered in mango hybridization with controlled
pollination significant progress has been made in the recent past with regard
to release of new hybrid varieties from many centres. Many countries have
initiated mango breeding programmes with well defined objectives. In many
countries, large number of hybrids are under intense screening and it is
expected that many more hybrid cultivars will be released in the near future.
As in any other perennial crop, in mango also the adoption rate of new
cultivars is slow for obvious reasons.

47. Clonal selection
Within many cultivars has yielded valuable results and hence appears
to be worth pursuing particularly in countries where certain cultivars
are in cultivation for a long time. Greater caution needs to be taken
with regard to introduction of cultivars from one country to another
and from one agroclimatic zone to another even within a country since
some pathogens are known to be virulent under certain environment.
Screening of cultivars under different agroclimatic zones has shown
that while in certain cultivars the genotype x environment interaction is
very minimal, it is not so in others for the same character.

48. Genetic engineering
An alternative approach for improving mango production, emerged just over a decade
ago, and offers a sustainable way for addressing certain key breeding objectives. The
primary components of mango genetic engineering include:
1) efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery from elite (i.e., nucellar)
material;
2) induction of random mutations in embryogenic cultures and challenging for
resistance to a specific selective agent;
3) transformation with a gene that mediates a horticultural trait.

49. Genetic engineering
On the basis of past and current research, it is probable that the following
breeding priorities can be addressed by
1) mutation breeding: resistance to abiotic soil stress and certain diseases;
2) genetic transformation: control of fruit ripening, seedlessness and
certain diseases.

50. Role of wild species in mango breeding
Fairchild (1948) observed that crosses between five stamened and Indian mango could
produce hybrids with better pollinating quality.
Bompard (1993) stated that M. laurina could be used to incorporate resistance to
anthracnose. There are certain wild cultivars of mango i.e., M.orophila and M.
dongnaiensis both described from Malaysia and Vietnam respectively, that are restricted
to mountain forests above sea level.
These could help to start mango cultivation even in the Mediterranean areas. Other wild
species have certain specific characters like M. mangifica is fibreless, M. rufocostat and M.
swintonioides have off-season bearing habit, M. pajang and M. foetida have good quality
fruits and M. casturi from S. kalimanta is prolific bearer with small black sweet fruit.
These species may be helpful to enhance the existing gene pool and to develop new
hybrids in mango (Bompard, 1993; Kostermans & Bompard, 1993). M. altissima
unaffected by hoppers, tip and seed borers (Angeles, 1991).
.

51. In The End

52. Breeding Problems
First
Can be minimized by
minimizing the high fruit
drop, shortening juvenility
and polyembryony
dilemma for the breeder
and asset in rootstock
propagation..
Second
Extending the fruit season
could provide
opportunities for increased
production and more
favorable marketing
conditions for growers
Third
In future, better efficiency
in mango breeding will
have to rely on planned
hybridization assisted by
the new tools offered by
biotechnologies. .

53. The recent emergence of molecular markers and the application
of somatic embryogenesis to genetic transformation will enable
the integration of specific genes from cultivated varieties or
wild species into popular current cultivars.

54. Thanks For
Your Patience

55. Any questions?