1. Value Objects
Brendan Eich
brendan@mozilla.com
@BrendanEich
!
Ecma TC39 January 2014

2. Caveats & Pleas
• A review & update from July 2013 TC39 meeting
• I’m looking for big picture and detailed feedback
• The big picture matters most at this stage
• There will be some TypeScript syntax/semantics!
• Please hold your fire, illustrative & concrete but
could be changed based on other ES7 work
• These slides are dense, please feel free to ask Qs
• Not done yet, open issues & imperfections below

3. Value Objects
• int32, uint32!
• int64, uint64!
• int32x4, int32x8 (SIMD)
• float32 (to/from Float32Array today)
• float32x4, float32x8 (SIMD)
• bignum
• decimal (long-time TC39 goal: self-hosted extension)
• rational
• complex

4. Overloadable Operators
• | ^ &!
• ==!
• < <=!
• << >> >>>!
• + -!
• * / %!
• unary- unary+
boolean-test!! ~

5. Preserving Boolean Algebra
•
!= and ! are not overloadable, to preserve
identities including
•
•
•
•
X ? A : B
<=>
!X ? B : A
!(X && Y)
<=>
!X || !Y!
!(X || Y)
<=>
!X && !Y
X != Y
<=>
!(X == Y)

6. Preserving Relational Relations
•
> and >= are derived from < and <= as
follows:
•
•
A > B
<=>
B < A
A >= B
<=>
B <= A
• We provide <= in addition to < rather than
derive A <= B from !(B < A) in order to
allow the <= overloading to match the same
value object’s == semantics -- and for special
cases, e.g., unordered values (NaNs)

7. Strict Equality Operators
• The strict equality operators, === and !==,
cannot be overloaded
• They work on frozen-by-definition value
objects via a structural recursive strict
equality test (beware, NaN !== NaN)
• Same-object-reference remains a fast-path
optimization

8. Why Not Double Dispatch?
• Left-first asymmetry (v value, n number):
•
•
v + n
==>
v.add(n)
n + v
==>
v.radd(n)!
• Anti-modular: exhaustive other-operand type
enumeration required in operator method
bodies
• Consequent loss of compositionality:
complex and rational cannot be
composed to make ratplex without
modifying source or wrapping in proxies

9. Cacheable Multimethods
• Proposed in 2009 by Christian Plesner Hansen
(Google) in es-discuss
• Avoids double-dispatch drawbacks from last slide:
binary operators implemented by 2-ary functions
for each pair of types
• Supports Polymorphic Inline Cache (PIC)
optimizations (Christian was on the V8 team)
• Background reading: [Chambers 1992]

10. Binary Operator Example
• For v + u with either a value object: !
• Let p = v.[[Get]](@@ADD)
• If p is not a Set, throw a TypeError
• Let q = u.[[Get]](@@ADD_R)
• If q is not a Set, throw a TypeError
• Let r = p intersect q
• If r.size != 1 throw a TypeError
• Let f = r[0]; if f is not a function, throw
• Evaluate f(v, u) and return the result

11. API Idea from CPH 2009
// NOTE: NOT PROPOSED FOR ES7
!
function addPointAndNumber(a, b) {
return Point(a.x + b, a.y + b);
}
!
Function.defineOperator('+', addPointAndNumber, Point, Number);
!
function addNumberAndPoint(a, b) {
return Point(a + b.x, a + b.y);
}
!
Function.defineOperator('+', addNumberAndPoint, Number, Point);
!
function addPoints(a, b) {
return Point(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y);
}
!
Function.defineOperator('+', addPoints, Point, Point);

12. Literal Syntax
•
•
•
•
•
int64(0)
==>
0L // as in C#!
uint64(0)
==> 0UL // as in C#!
float32(0) ==>
0f // as in C#!
bignum(0)
0n // avoid i/I!
==>
decimal(0) ==>
0m // or M, C/F#!
• We want a syntax extension mechanism, with
declarative not runtime API
• This means new syntax for operator function
and suffix definition

13. Value Class Declaration
value class point2d {
// no suffix
// default typeof “point2d” (no overriding/spoofing)
!
constructor(private x: int32, private y: int32) {
// implicit Object.freeze(this) on return
}
!
// binary operators (note arrow shorthand for { return … })
point2d + number (a, b) => point2d(a.x + b, a.y);
number + point2d (a, b) => point2d(a + b.x, b.y);
point2d + point2d (a, b) => point2d(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y);
!
point2d - number (a, b) => point2d(a.x - b, a.y);
number - point2d (a, b) => point2d(a - b.x, b.y);
point2d - point2d (a, b) => point2d(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y);
!
// more operators with private access elided
}

14. Value Class Declaration, cont.
value class pixel { // CSS unit, 1/96th of an inch
suffix “px”;
typeof “CSS:pixel”; // we allow a lot, but overriding throws
!
constructor pixel(public twips: int32) {
// implicit Object.freeze(this) on return
}
!
// unary operators (note arrow shorthand for { return … })
+() => pixel(this.twips);
-() => pixel(-this.twips);
!!() => !!this.twips;
~() => pixel(~this.twips);
}
!
value class point { // CSS unit, not Cartesian plane point!
suffix “pt”;
typeof “CSS:point”;
// constructor and unary operators not shown…
}

15. Binary Operator Declaration
value operators {
// Here number, string, boolean are in scope, and new operator
// syntax common to value class works.
!
pixel + number (a, b)
number + pixel (a, b)
pixel + pixel (a, b)
pixel + point (a, b)
point + pixel (a, b)
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
pixel(a.twips + b * 15);
pixel(a * 15 + b.twips);
pixel(a.twips + b.twips);
pixel(a.twips + b.twips * 20);
pixel(a.twips * 20 + b.twips);
pixel - number (a, b)
number - pixel (a, b)
pixel - pixel (a, b)
pixel - point (a, b)
point - pixel (a, b)
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
pixel(a.twips - b * 15);
pixel(a * 15 - b.twips);
pixel(a.twips - b.twips);
pixel(a.twips - b.twips * 20);
pixel(a.twips * 20 - b.twips);
!
!
// etc… (note only public class members)
}

16. Value Subclasses
value class point2d {
constructor point2d(public x: int32, public y: int32) {
// implicit Object.freeze(this) on return EXCEPT via super
}
// call this function f:
point2d + point2d (a, b) => point2d(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y);
}
!
value class point3d extends point2d {
constructor point3d(x: int32, y: int32, public z: int32) {
super(x, y);
// implicit Object.freeze(this) on return once, here
}
// call this function g:
point3d + point3d (a, b) => point3d(a.x+b.x, a.y+b.y, a.z+b.z);
}
!
// What does point3d(1, 0, 0) + point3d(0, 1, 0) do?
{f, g} intersect {f, g} => {f, g}, ambiguity error!

17. Class Precedence via Prototype Depth
// When point2d’s declaration is evaluated:
let f = point2d + point2d (a, b) => point2d(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y);
point2d.prototype.@@ADD = Set([[1, f]]);
point2d.prototype.@@ADD_R = Set([[1, f]]);
!
// When point3d’s declaration is evaluated:
let g = point3d+point3d (a,b) => point3d(a.x+b.x,a.y+b.y,a.z+b.z);
point3d.prototype.@@ADD = Set([[1, f], [2, g]]);
point3d.prototype.@@ADD_R = Set([[1, f], [2, g]]);
!
// Set notation, please! Here’s what we have at this moment:
point2d.prototype.@@ADD: {[1, f]}
point2d.prototype.@@ADD_R: {[1, f]}
point3d.prototype.@@ADD: {[1, f], [2, g]}
point3d.prototype.@@ADD_R: {[1, f], [2, g]}
!
// What does point3d(1, 0, 0) + point3d(0, 1, 0) do?
{[1,f], [2,g]} intersect {[1,f], [2,g]} => g, more specific wins

18. The (Other) Frame Problem
// P1: Primitives, e.g. strings, are wrapped via the corresponding
// scoped constructor/converter function, e.g. String.
String.prototype.len = function () { return this.length; }
!
// Suppose otherFrame.str is “LOL”, the primitive string value:
alert(otherFrame.str.len()); // 3
!
// Value objects are objects, that’s the price of extensibility.
int64.prototype.digits = function () { … }
!
alert(otherFrame.int64(42).digits()) // throws, method missing
!
// P2: As noted last time, cross-frame/realm binary ops fail:
let three = 1L + otherFrame.int64(2); // throws, no such method
!
//
//
//
//
Possible solutions:
1. Live with it, frames/realms (should be) more isolated FTW
2. Proxy as if across a membrane, isolation with mediation FTW
3. Memoize aggressively (hash-cons); solves P2, not P1 in full

19. Healing the Old Wounds
// Primitives: built-in magic, not extensible, auto-wrap via scope
// Reference Objects: user-extensible, conversions not operators
// Value Objects: by-value semantics; multimethod dyadic operator,
//
unary operator, suffix, and typeof extensibility
!
// Idea: enable the JS hacker to bless primitives as value objects
// and thereby opt into value object operator semantics.
!
value
value
value
value
class
class
class
class
null;
boolean;
number;
string;
//
//
//
//
typeof null == “null”
false != "", true != 1
42 != "42", 1 != true
"" != false, “42" != 42, [] + “" throws
!
// ‘value class string;’ will require explicit .toString() calls!
!
use value sanity;
// all of the above, a shorthand; no way to
// “undeclare”; upgrade your Realm!

20. Thanks / Q&A
Brendan Eich
brendan@mozilla.com
@BrendanEich
!
Ecma TC39 January 2014