Presentation at the Cassava Value Chains Workshop CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 24-26 August 2016 Speaker: Thierry Tran

1. Cassava and the environment: inputs, outputs
and externalities
Presented by: Thierry Tran
Cassava Value Chains workshop, CIAT, Cali
24-26 / 08 / 2016
thierry.tran@cgiar.org / thierry.tran@cirad.fr

2. • CIAT
• IITA, ILRI
• CIRAD
• NRI
• Univalle (Colombia)
• Kasetsart University, KMUTT (Thailand)
• Clayuca
Partnership for RTB post-harvest project
Started 2013:
Complementary
funding RTB Post-
harvest project
1

3. RTBs are processed at large and small scales
Thailand 200t
starch/day
Nigeria 2t
HQCF/day
Nigeria 0.3t
gari/day
A. de la Giraudière
Colombia 2-3t
starch/day
Vietnam 3-11t
starch/day
Paraguay 25-
100t starch/day
Tanzania 2t
HQCF /day
2

4. Thailand produces 2-3 million tons cassava
starch/year
25-30 million tons cassava roots / year (3rd producer)
10-12 millions tons roots processed into starch
Factories use:
Electricity: 900 - 1000 MJ/t starch
Thermal energy: 1600 - 2500 MJ/t starch
Since 2004, 90% of factories switched from
fuel oil to biogas for starch drying
3

5. 4
Typical factory 200t starch/24 hours,
9-12 months/year

6. 5
Cassava starch production
Washing and
peeling
Cassava roots 600-800 t/day
Rasping
Photos: G. Da, T. Tran

7. 6
Extraction - centrifugation
Drying
Dry starch
150-200 t/day
Photos: G. Da, T. Tran
Cassava starch production

8. 7
By-products
Peels
Fibres (50% fibre / 50%
starch db)
Sun-drying
Compost
Fuel
Drying
Animal feed
Photos: T. Tran

9. 8
Wastewater Biogas
Open lagoon
Open
lagoon
Photos: T. Tran
Covered lagoon for Biogas

10. Roots: 63% of costs
279 USD/t starch
Energy: 20%
89 USD/t starch
Total costs:
443 USD/t HQCF
Demand to improve processing (1)
39%
7%
44%
6% 4%
Peak 1FD Black oil 2013
Raw material
Power
Energy (drying)
Labour
Packaging
63%11%
9%
10%
7%
Peak 1FD + Nobex HE
Palm Kernel Shells 2013
Raw material
Power
Energy (drying)
Labour
Packaging
Roots: 39% of costs
282 USD/t starch
Energy: 51%
368 USD/t starch
Total costs:
722 USD/t HQCF
Market
price:
650 USD
/t HQCF
NRI, 2012
Nigeria

11. Centrifuge
456 kg/hour
Electricity: 36 kWh/t starch / 70
Water: 22 m3/t starch / 35
Colladora
135 kg/hour
Electricity: 20 kWh/t starch / 55
Water: 34 m3/t starch / 48
Colombia
CIAT, Univalle, CIRAD, 2013
Demand to improve processing (2)
x 3
x 1.5
x 0.7

12. Flash dryer – Targets:
4 t/day
Energy: < 2500 MJ/t starch
Surface: < 20 m2
Sun drying
2 t/day
Energy: 0 MJ
Surface: 300-400 m2
Colombia
CIAT, Univalle, CIRAD, 2013-2015
Demand to improve processing (3)

13. Diagnostic: Drying uses most energy
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle
1.2 5.8 8.015.4
8.3
29.2
164.2
164.2
79.6
49.0
181.0
181.0
119.4 124.9
118.8
118.8
102.2
102.2
1 945.0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
VLT
Electricity +
thermal
energy;
2527.8MJ/t
VLT
Electricity
only;
582.8MJ/t
ST1;
213.1MJ/t
ST2;
211.1MJ/t
Drying - Thermal
Drying - Elec
Separation
Extraction
Rasping
Root washing
Water pump
Rasping, extraction use most electricity
Cassava starch
processing
TH, VN, COL

14. Diagnostic: Roots are the main cost of production
81,24%
3,34%
7,48%
1,41%
4,13%
0,45%
1,95%
Factory A
92.5%
1.5%
1.2%
4.8%
PA1
73%
7%
6%
6%
8% Roots
Electricity
Natural gas
Labour
Other costs
63%11%
9%
10%
7%
Raw
material
Power
66%
1%
15%
3%
15% Roots
Electricity
Labour
Consumabes,
packaging, etc.
Office &
Marketing
Thailand Vietnam Colombia
Nigeria
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, NRI, 2013-2014

15. 126 126
367 367
110114
267
106
62
389
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Biogas NO Biogas
CO2eq(kg/tstarch12.5%mc)
Wastewater
treatment
Biogas production
Electricity - biogas
Electricity - grid
Fuel oil
Chemicals
Transportation
Diesel - farming
N2O emissions
Fertilizer-organic
Fertilizer-mineral
127 127
372 372
219107
107
70
44
569
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Biogas NO Biogas
CO2eq(kg/tstarch12.5%mc)
Wastewater
treatment
Biogas production
Electricity - biogas
Electricity - grid
Fuel oil
Chemicals and
packaging
Transportation
cassava roots
Diesel - agric
N2O emissions
Fertilizer-organic
Fertilizer-mineral
71 71
247 247
121116
142
3221
346
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Biogas NO Biogas
CO2eq(kg/tstarch12.5%mc)
Wastewater
treatment
Biogas production
Electricity - biogas
Electricity - grid
Fuel oil
Chemicals and
packaging
Transportation
cassava roots
Diesel - agric
N2O emissions
Fertilizer-organic
Fertilizer-mineral
Biogas reduces GHG emissions
Factory 1 Factory 2
- Less fuel oil
- Less grid electricity
- Much less CH4 emissions
966
1410
910
1574
599
1028
Units: kg CO2eq/t starch
Savings:
430 - 660 kg CO2eq/t starch
26000 - 40000 t CO2eq/year/factory
Factory 3
14

16. Improvements: Flash drying
• Demand for small scale cassava starch/flour production
process in many countries : Nigeria, Tanzania, Colombia,
Peru …
• Traditional processes (solar) are limited in capacity
• Down-scaling flash drying process is one of the main barriers
• Model to help understanding the influence of several
parameters, including:
• Design: pipe length, diameter…
• Control and regulation : air speed, temperature, starch feed rate…
15

17. Diversity of dryers - Thailand
CIRAD, Kasetsart

18. Diversity of dryers - Thailand

19. Paraguay (Brazil EBS technology)
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle,
Clayuca, KMUTT

20. Diversity of dryers Paraguay (Larsson)
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca, KMUTT

21. Diversity of dryers Argentina (Montecarlo)
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca, KMUTT

22. Diversity of dryers Argentina (San Alberto 1)
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca, KMUTT

23. Diversity of dryers Argentina (San Alberto 2)
CIRAD, CIAT,
Univalle, Clayuca,
KMUTT

24. Diversity of flash dryers
Capacity Energy use Energy type
t/day MJ/t
Thailand 200 1500 - 2000 Biogas
Vietnam 2 5000 Coal
Nigeria 1 - 2 3000 - 10000 Oil / Biomass
Paraguay 25 - 100 2000 - 3400 Wood
Colombia (AdS) 50 2600 Natural gas
Colombia (Cauca) 2 - Sun drying
Can we make dryers at small scale with same
energy efficiency as large scale?
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca, KMUTT

25. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
Pipe length [m]
Specificenergyconsumption[kJ.kg
−1
]
U
a
0
= 10 m.s−1
Ua
0
= 15 m.s−1
Ua
0
= 20 m.s−1
Predictions of the model
Higher air flow rate (e.g. 10, 15, 20 m/s) requires a
longer pipe for good energy efficiency. Min 20 m.
Specificenergyuse
CIRAD
Large scale dryers
length: 30-40m
EFFICIENT
Small scale dryers
length: 10-12m
NOT EFFICIENT
Use long pipes
even for small
dryers
Adjust
capacity with
pipe diameter

26. Downscaling is not proportional
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle,
Clayuca, KMUTT, IITA
2-4 t starch/day
50 t starch/day

27. Prototype:
Energy efficient,
small-scale
flash dryer
CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle
Capacity:
100 kg/hr
Adjustable length:
15 – 35m
Adjustable air
velocity

28. Consumer preferences
To match varieties, processing and expectations of users &
consumers
Interviews, focus groups, sensory analysis to understand
expectations
Making sure varieties and processing deliver products
that meet these expectations
On-going work on:
- Effect of rasping on texture, starch recovery
- Effects of process on the quality of garis (Benin, Cameroon)
- Cooking ability
- Fermentation ability
- Etc.

29. Matière première
Epluchage
Lavage
Râpage
Pressage /
fermentation
Emottage par 2nd
râpage
Cuisson poussée
Tamisage
Gari Ahaoye
Broyage
Tamisage
Gari Ahaoye

30. Matière première
Epluchage
Lavage
Râpage
Pressage /
fermentation
Emottage /
Tamisage
Cuisson / séchage
en 2 temps
Gari Sohui
Tamisage
Gari Sohui

31. Matière première
Epluchage
Lavage
Râpage
Pressage /
fermentation +
Preséchage
solaire
Emottage /
Tamisage
Cuisson
Séchage solaire
Gari Sohia
Tamisage
Gari Sohia

32. Matière première
Epluchage
Lavage
Râpage
Pressage /
fermentation
Emottage /
Tamisage
Cuisson et
séchage en 2
temps
Gari Missé
Tamisage
Gari Missé

33. Quality criteria when buying - Gari in Benin

34. Processing and cassava value chains
Scenario 1: Current low-
efficiency processing
technologies (small-scale)
expand to meet demand.
Next 20-30 years:
- Cassava production increases
- Demand for processed products increases
Scenario 2: More efficient
technologies are available for
expansion
Lower production costs,
lower environmental impacts.
Needed: Links with value chains approaches to improve adoption
Technologies for:
- Starch, flour
- Gari, fufu; ready-to-use products (fresh, waxed, frozen, etc.)

35. Nanthiya Hansupalak
Klanarong Sriroth
Arnaud Chapuis
Palotai Piromkraipak
Pakhamas Tamthirat
Sudarat Lee
Apisit Manitsorasak
Martin Moreno
Dominique Dufour
Andrès Escobar
Timothée Gally
Arthur de la Giraudière
Equipment manufacturers and cassava
starch factories
Contributors and donors
Adebayo Abass
Marcelo Precoppe
Keith Fahrney
Cu Thi Le Thuy
Andy Graffham
Diego Naziri
Uli Kleih
Warinthorn Songkasiri
Kanchana Saengchan
Patrick Sébastian

36. Gracias!