Bringing Back Seasonality into Coastal Aquatic Agricultural Systems

Bringing
back
seasonality
into
coastal

aqua3c
agricultural
systems:

shi$ing
from
shrimp
monoculture
to
more

produc3ve,
diversiﬁed
and
resilient
systems

BANGLADESH

Salinity fluctuates from high in dry
season to medium in rainy season
Research site

Research Questions:
1.
Can
brackishwater
aquaculture
system
produc9vity
be

increased?

2.
What
species
combina9on
is
more
suitable
for
increased

produc9vity,
proﬁtability
and
resilience
in
year-‐round

brackishwater
areas?

3.
What
are
the
costs
and
beneﬁts
of
monoculture
versus

polyculture?

4

Before

Construc3on

Ponds

Pond

Aquaculture Treatments in 2012
3 treatments with 4 replications:
1. Farmer’s mgt: Polyculture, shrimp+ different fish sp
2. Improved mgt1: Rotational Monoculture, shrimp-tilapia-prawn (Cycle 1, 2 & 3)
3. Improved mgt 2: Rotational Polyculture, shrimp+tilapia – tilapia+tengra -
prawn+tengra( Cycle 1, 2 & 3)
Tilapia
+
CaEish

Prawn
(fresh
water)
Shrimp
(brackish
water)

Aquaculture Treatments in 2013
3 treatments with 4 replications:
1. Farmers’ mgt : Polyculture
Shrimp+ several fish spp, multiple stockings & harvests
2. Improved mgt 1: Rotational monoculture
Dry season - shrimp (2 crops) (Cycle 1 & 2)
Wet season - tilapia (Cycle 3)
3. Improved mgt 2: Rotational polyculture
Dry season - shrimp+tilapia (2 crops) (Cycle 1 & 2)
Wet season - polyculture rohu + singh + magur (Cycle 3)
Carp

Singh
&
Magur

Shrimp

Nona
tengra

Tilapia

……………Dry
season……………………

……………….Wet

CaFish
(3
spp)

Aquaculture treatments (4 reps)
Treatments

Culture

paLerns

2012
2013

Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3
Cycle
1
Cycle
2
Cycle
3

Farmer’s

prac3ce

Poly

Shrimp
+
different
sp
of
fish

(mul3ple
stocking
&

harves3ng)

Shrimp
+
different
sp
of
fish

(mul3ple
stocking
&

harves3ng)

Improved

prac3ce
1

Mono
Shrimp
Tilapia

Prawn

Shrimp
Shrimp

Tilapia

Improved

prac3ce
2

Poly

Shrimp

Tilapia

Tilapia

Tengra

Prawn

Tengra

Shrimp

Tilapia

Shrimp

Tilapia

Rohu

Singh

Magur

Managed
by
farmers

Management
Prac3ce
Farmer’s

Prac3ce

Improved
1
&
2

Liming
200
kg
ha-‐1
200
kg
ha-‐1

Water
filtering
Unfiltered
Filtered

Predatory
Fish
No
control
Controlled

Disinfec3on
No
disinfec9on
Disinfected

Fer3liza3on
No
fer9lizer
Fer9lizer
&
dolomite

Shrimp
seed
Not
PCR
tested
PCR
tested

Feed
No
feed
Feeding

Water
replenishment
When
needed
When
needed

Post
stocking
fer3liza3on
Very
insufficient
When
primary

produc9on
is
low

Fish
seed
Some
wild
All
from
hatcheries

Timeline 2012
Shrimp
& fish
Stocking 1 Shrimp
disease in
some ponds
Harvest 3
AprilMarch Aug. Dec.
Harvest 2
Sept.
Stocking 3Harvest 1 &
Stocking 2
June July Nov.May Oct.
Dry season Wet season

Timeline 2013
Shrimp
& fish
Stocking 1
Rice
harvest
AprilMarch Aug. Dec.
Harvest 2
Harvest 3
Sept.
Harvest 1
Stocking 2
May July Nov.
Stocking 3
Dry season Wet season

Water
Depth
(2012
versus
2013)

2012

2013

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1

15

28

42

56

70

84

98

112

126

140

154

168

182

196

210

224

238

252

266

280

Depth
(cm)

7
March

Farmer's
prac3ce

Monoculture

Polyculture

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1

14

28

42

56

70

84

98

112

126

140

154

168

182

196

210

224

238

252

Depth

(cm)

Days
of
culture

14
March

Farmer's
prac3ce

Monoculture

Polyculture

Cycle
1

Cycle
2

Cycle
3

Cycle
1

Cycle
2

Cycle
3

Water
Salinity
(2012
versus
2013)

2012

2013

Cycle
1

Cycle
2

Cycle
3

0

5

10

15

20

25

1

15

28

42

56

70

84

98

112

126

140

154

168

182

196

210

224

238

252

266

280

Salinity
(ppt)

7
March

Farmer's
prac3ce

Monoculture

Polyculture

0

5

10

15

20

25

1

14

28

42

56

70

84

98

112

126

140

154

168

182

196

210

224

238

252

Salinity
(ppt)

Days
of
Culture

14
March

Farmer's
prac3ce

Monoculture

Polyculture

Cycle
1

Cycle
2

Cycle
3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Farmer's
prac3ce
Monoculture
Polyculture

Yield
(kg
ha-‐1)

Shrimp

Fish

2012

a

b

c

a

b

c

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Farmer's
prac3ce
Monoculture
Polyculture

Yield
(kg
ha-‐1)

Shrimp

Fish

2013

a

b

c
a

b
c

(1)
System
produc3vity

-‐
annual
Produc3on
(kg/ha)
in
2012
&
2013

2012
Culture
patterns
Cycle-1
(91 days)
Cycle-2
(71days)
Cycle-3
(100 days)
Total
Shrimp Tilapia Tilapia Tengra Prawn Tengra Shrimp Fish
Farmer’s
practice
278 days *209.84a 728.14a
Mono 197.77 -‐

2367.4
8
-‐

363.63

-‐

556.40b 2367.48b
Poly 172.64 1163.41
1519.78

352.34

231.74 286.50
404.38c 3322.04c
2013
Culture
patterns
Cycle-1
(70 days)
Cycle-2
(50 days)
Cycle-3
(99 days)
Total
Shrimp Tilapia Shrimp Tilapia
Magur+
singh
Tilapia/
rohu
Shrimp Fish
Farmer’s
practice
259 days 390.05a 659.41a
Mono 565.62 -‐
291.77
- - *3307.71 857.39b 3307.71b
Poly 373.64 1744.45
193.19
777.90
557.63
**480.05 566.83c 3560.02c
Cycle-‐wise
produc3on
(kg/ha)
in
2012
&
2013

Fish
Category
2012**
2013**
Remarks

Tengra-‐Tilapia
41654.38a

-‐
Risk
free;
Less
proﬁt

-‐
Tengra
may
escape
if
dikes

are
not
good

Tengra
-‐Prawn
116000b

-‐
Depends
on
availability
of

prawn
Juvenile;

-‐
Tengra
may
escape
if
the

dikes
are
not
good

Carp-‐Singh-‐Magur
147816.11c

-‐
Singh
&
Magur
culture

depends
on
rainfall

-‐
Singh
&
Magur
may
escape

if
the
dikes
are
not
good

Shrimp-‐Tilapia
101450.71b
128000b

-‐Shrimp
risky
but
9lapia

provides
the
back
up

(2)
Species
combina3ons
-‐
gross
margin
(BDT/per
cycle/ha)
from

diﬀerent
polyculture
species
composi3on

(3)
Polyculture
vs

monoculture

-‐100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Farmer's
prac3ce
Monoculture
Polyculture

BDT
1000
ha-‐1

Variable
cost

Total
return

Gross
margin

2012

a

b

c

-‐100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Farmer's
prac3ce
Monoculture
Polyculture

BDT1000
ha-‐1

Variable
cost

Total
return

Gross
margin

2013

a

b
b

Cost,
return,
gross

margin

(including
farmer’s
labor
&

land
leasing
value)

Ponds Species
Total
cost

(BDT/ha)
Produc3on

(kg/ha)
Sale

(BDT/ha)
Gross
return

(BDT/ha)
3
Shrimp
212240

515.97
257985
297985

Tilapia 2557.58
281333.8
281356

8
Shrimp

182147

349.26
174630
174630

Tilapia 2079.62
228758.2
228758

6
Shrimp
157900

0
0
0

Tilapia 1930.79
193079
193079

11
Shrimp
157137

0
0
0

Tilapia 1920.71
192071
192078

Impact
of
crop
diversiﬁca3on
in
shrimp
ghers

(Shrimp
–
3/m2
&
3lapia
2/m2,

culture
period
–
91
DOC)

Promising
opportuni3es
for
scaling

!   275,000
ha
of
all
year-‐round
saline
aquaculture
area

!   G2
extension
farmers
involved
par9cipatory
adop9on
trial

and
sharing
with
other
farmers

!   Implemen9ng
community
water
management
for

brackishwater
aquaculture
with
BRAC

!   Extension
materials
prepared
and
disseminated

Key
implementa3on
challenges

Markets
systems

•  Access
to
quality
shrimp
and
ﬁsh
seed

•  Access
to
quality
feed
in
local
market

Aquaculture
management

•  Maintaining
water
depth

•  Preven3on
of
escaping
cat
ﬁsh
through
dikes

•  Aqua3c
weed
control

Community

•  Poor
feeder
canal
for
gravita3onal
water
exchange

(need
community
level
management
–
common

theme!)

•  Poaching
risk

Conclusion

q  Significant
improvements
in
produc3vity
and
income

through
a
diversified
culture
system
under
beLer

management
prac3ces.

q  Shrimp-‐3lapia
polyculture
system
profitable
with
greater

resilience
compared
to
other
species
combina3ons.
Risks
of

shrimp
can
be
recovered
by
return
from
Nile
3lapia

q  Polyculture
and
alternate
cropping
monoculture
more

profitable
than
current
prac3ces.
Gross
margin
from

polyculture
higher
than
monoculture

Lesson
learned

q  Considerable
opportuni3es
exist
for
improving

aquaculture
in
the
coastal
“year-‐round”
saline
zone.

q  Technologies
appear
to
be
very
“adoptable”
by
farmers

q  Community
water
management
can
further
improve

op3ons
for
aquaculture
and
risk
management

q  Possible
to
integrate
vegetable
produc3on
from
dikes
in

wet
season
and
support
livestock
food
by
growing
saline

tolerant
grass
on
the
dikes

q  Saline
water
represents
an
asset….

Aquaculture production must more than
double by 2050 to satisfy projected fish
demand
Million tons
Sources:
Produc9on
data
1961–2010:
FAO
(2014a),
FAO
(2014b).
Aquaculture
produc9on

projec9ons
2011–2050:
Authors’
calcula9ons
assuming
a
linear
growth
rate
of
2
Mt
per
year.

Project aquaculture production
…. South Asia is a hotspot for future
fish demand
•  S.
Asia
–

from
2.2
to
4.4
mt

•  India
–
from
3.9
to
8.6
mt

Bringing Back Seasonality into Coastal Aquatic Agricultural Systems

Bringing Back Seasonality into Coastal Aquatic Agricultural Systems

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