By Fred Kizito, et al. As part of a CPWF September 2011 workshop in Thailand regarding global drivers. We have divided driver types into five categories: 1. Demographic/Social, 2. Economic, 3. Political/Institutional/Legal, 4. Environmental/Climate change, 5. Technological/ Innovations

1. Volta Basin Drivers
Global Drivers Topic Working Group
Workshop 12‐14th September,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Fred Kizito, Cofie Olufunke, Jean‐
Philippe Venot, Augustine Ayantunde,
Philippe Cecchi and Jennie Baron
f.kizito@cgiar.org
1
Water for a food‐secure world

2. Presentation Outline
1. Conditions in the Volta Basin
2. Main basin-specific drivers
3. Basin responses to drivers
4. Learning processes
5. Questions/clarification
2
Water for a food‐secure world

3. Conceptual illustration
Main System Drivers Determinants Current conditions Basin Specific Learning Processes
in the Volta Basin Responses
Climate External Internal Land Use
Variability (outside basin) (inside basin) Change
Markets
Demographic
pressure Policies
Migration
Land
pressure
Institutions Adaptive learning
Energy and introduction
demands Trans‐boundary of on‐ground
Information agreements Interventions
Trans‐
boundary
Technology Regional
Political‐
Integration
Economic
Resources
Resource
Management
Above determinants operate at Enhances coping and
various scales; local, regional and basin level adaptive mechanisms
that reduces Basin‐level stresses
and improves resilience
Note: The interaction of factors in the system is non‐linear and
mainly influenced by the dominant factor at a given time
3
Water for a food‐secure world

4. Conditions of the Volta Basin
1. Location and bio-physical characteristics
2. Socio-economic characteristics
3. Institutional arrangements
4. Trans-boundary nature of its placement
4
Water for a food‐secure world

5. Location and background
Source: BFP, Volta Water Atlas, 2009
5
Water for a food‐secure world

6. Biophysical Characteristics
1. Climate
2. Water Resources
a) Surface Water Resources
b) Groundwater Resources
3. Soils, Vegetation and Land Use
6
Water for a food‐secure world

7. Climate
Characterized by high
spatial variability with
3 major climatic
zones
Source: BFP, Volta Water Atlas, 2009
7
Water for a food‐secure world

8. Water Resources
1 2 3
Surface and Groundwater resources Groundwater potential
Source: BFP, Volta Water Atlas, 2009
8
Water for a food‐secure world

9. Soils, Vegetation and Land Use
Source: Barry et al, 2005
9
Water for a food‐secure world

10. Socio‐economic characteristics
1. Per-capital income: Variable in different countries
2. Population trends: Population growth rate ~ 3%
3. Market access and stability remains a challenge
4. Access to agricultural inputs and services
10
Water for a food‐secure world

11. Socio‐economic characteristics
Access to good quality water
40% Ghana
71%
Burkina Faso
66% Togo
Generated from WHO and UNICEF data, 2008
Gross Domestic Product * 1000 (PPP) (Country wide)
0.88
1.63 Ghana
Burkina Faso
1.26 Togo
40%
71%
Source: BFP, Volta Water Atlas, 2009
Generated from World Bank Data, 2005‐2010 66%
11
Water for a food‐secure world

12. Institutional arrangements
1. International/trans-boundary level e.g. Volta
Basin Authority
2. National institutions e.g. Ministries
3. Regional institutions e.g. Regional rural
growth projects
4. District institutions: e.g. District assemblies
5. Local institutions e.g. Farmer associations
12
Water for a food‐secure world

13. Basin‐specific drivers
1. Climate variability
2. Demographic pressure
3. Land pressure
4. Increasing energy demands
5. Trans-boundary issues
6. Political-Economic conditions
13
Water for a food‐secure world

14. Climate variability
1. Rainfall trends and patterns impact:
a) Stream flow
b) Seasonal soil moisture
c) Agricultural productivity
2. Extreme events
a) Droughts (related to rainfall)
b) Flooding (related to rainfall/dam releases)
3. Temperature rises (associated with CC)
14
Water for a food‐secure world

15. Climate Variability
Source: BFP, Volta Water Atlas, 2009
15
Water for a food‐secure world

16. Temperature trends
Navrongo, Northern Ghana
16
Water for a food‐secure world

17. Demographic trends
17
Water for a food‐secure world

18. Increasing Land Pressure
Global economic uncertainties
Global and regional rise in food prices
Opportunity to meet demands in developing countries
Land acquisition deals by conglomerates
More pressure on reduced land resources
What are the livelihood implications of the rural poor who
lose their land to the large conglomerates?
18
Water for a food‐secure world

19. Increasing Energy demands
Source: Barry et al, 2005
Have resulted in:
1. Dam Construction:
a) Hydropower generation
b) Regulation of flow and
c) Increased irrigation
2. Flood control and energy
agreements
3. Loss of ecosystem services
19
Water for a food‐secure world

20. Trans‐boundary considerations
1. Dam construction- Soil degradation and
flooding
2. Transhumance – Land degradation
3. Bushfires- Common occurrence
4. Deforestation
5. Ecosystem degradation e.g. deforestation,
siltation and water quality issues
6. Market price fluctuations
20
Water for a food‐secure world

21. Political‐Economic drivers
1. Lack of political will
2. Decentralization- could be hindered by
insufficient resources and institutional capacity
3. Political unrest, conflicts, (in)stability
4. Economic conditions which mainly impact local
resource users
21
Water for a food‐secure world

22. Responses to basin‐specific drivers
1. Land-use changes
a) Agricultural intensification
b) Agricultural ‘extensification’
2. Ecosystem services enhancement
3. Migration in response to basin pressures
4. Trans-boundary agreements
5. Regional integration
22
Water for a food‐secure world

23. Learning processes:
Pathways to adapt to drivers
1. On VBDC Work: Integrated Water Resources
Management
2. Increment in irrigated acreage
3. Technological changes in conjunction with indigenous
knowledge
4. Government incentives
5. Alternative energy sources
6. On-going work on ecosystem services and resilience
23
Water for a food‐secure world

24. Questions/Clarifications
24
Water for a food‐secure world