1. DEWATERING TECHNIQUES

2. What is dewatering on a construction site?
• Dewatering is the term for the control of groundwater by pumping.
• On construction sites it may be known as ‘construction dewatering’.
The method is also used on mine sites – ‘mine dewatering’
• The process of dewatering can be defined as – pumping from wells or
sumps to temporarily lower groundwater levels, to allow excavations to be
made in dry and stable conditions below natural groundwater level

4. WHY DO WE NEED DEWATERING ON
CONSTRUCTION SITE?
• As we all know that for working at a construction site, it should be completely dry
and the surface should be such that one can easily work .
• For excavation and for making basements of building dewatering the site, is
must, for easy working of the people and for the safety of the people working.
• Dewatering is also necessary during the rainy season, when excavation work is
to be done during the rainy season, for smooth and fast working dewatering of
the site is must.
• As discussed before, even in mines dewatering is must , else the mine will be
prone to accidents.

5. PURPOSE FOR DEWATERING
• During construction stage:
1. Provide a dry excavation and permit construction to proceed efficiently.
2. Reduce lateral loads on sheeting and bracing in excavations.
3. Improve supporting characteristics of foundation materials.
4. Increase stability of excavation slopes and side-hill fills.
5. Cut off capillary rise and prevent piping and frost heaving in pavements.
6. Reduce air pressure in tunneling operations.

6. • Post construction stage:
1. Reduce or eliminate uplift pressures on bottom slabs and permit economics
from the reduction of slab thicknesses fro basements, buried structures, canal
linings, spillways, dry docks, etc.
2. Provide for dry basements.
3. Reduce lateral pressures on retaining structures.
4. Control embankment seepage in all dams.
5. Control seepage and pore pressures beneath pavements, side-hill fills, and
cut slopes.

7. HOW IT IS DONE?
Collection of
water
Pumping
Filtering and
removing silt
and impurities
Discharge at
proper
location

8. Source of unwanted water on construction site
• Sources of surface water
Rainfall
Construction operations (E.G. Concreting, washing of plant)
Seepage through cut-off walls.
• Other source is groundwater

9. Methods of surface water control
• Source control
Intercept run-off before it reaches the excavation
Prevent unnecessary generation of water in the excavation
Collect water as soon as it reaches the work area (or before!)
• Water collection
French drains to intercept run off
Collector drains and sumps
Pumping systems (keep it simple!)

10. Dewatering techniques
• Construction dewatering methods
The design of effective construction dewatering methods should be based on
number of information sources:
-Geotechnical and groundwater site investigations undertaken at the
commencement of any project;
-Information provided by any geotechnical study undertaken during the concept
design stage
-Groundwater information source from relevant authorities
-A site risk assesments

11. Widely used dewatering techniques
•Sump pumping
•Well points
•Deep wells
•Ejector wells

12. SUMP PUMPING
• A sump is merely a hole in the ground from which water is being pumped for the
purpose of removing water from the adjoining area as shown in fig.
• They are used with ditches leading to them in large excavations. Up to
maximum of 8m below pump installation level; for greater depths a submersible
pump is required.
• Shallow slopes may be required for unsupported excavations in silts and fine
sands. Gravels and coarse sands are more suitable.
• If there are existing foundations in the vicinity pumping may cause settlement of
these foundations. Subsidence of adjacent ground and sloughing of the lower
part of a slope (sloped pits) may occur.

13. • The sump should be preferably lined with a filter material which has grain size
gradations in compatible with the filter rules.
• For prolonged pumping the sump should be prepared by first driving sheeting
around the sump area for the full depth of the sump and installing a cage inside
the sump made of wire mesh with internal strutting or a perforating pipe filling
the filter material.

14. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
SUMP PITS METHOD
Groundwat
er lowering
method
Advantages Disadvantages
Sump Pits 1. Widely used method.
2. Most economical method for installation and
maintenance.
3. Can be applied for most soil and rock conditions.
4. Most appropriate method in situation where boulders or
massive obstructions are met within the ground.
Greatest depth to which the water table can be lowered
by this method is about 8 m below the pump.
1. Ground water flows towards the
excavation with high head or a
steep slope and hence there is a
risk of collapse of sides.
2. In open or timbered excavations
there is risk of instability of the
base due to upward.

15. WELL POINT SYSTEM OF DEWATERING
• The most common practice of dewatering used in ahmedabad is the
implementation of a well system. Wells are systematically drilled around the
construction area and submersible pumps placed into these wells. This practice
appears to work effectively for many projects, especially those building projects
that require excavations for deep basements.
• Setup and Procedure of working:
• A well-point is 5.0-7.5 cm diameter metal or plastic pipe 60 cm – 120 cm long
which is perforated and covered with a screen. The lower end of the pipe has a
driving head with water holes for jetting as shown in fig. Well-points are
connected to 5.0-7.5 cm diameter pipes known as riser pipes and are inserted
into the ground by driving or jetting.

16. • The upper ends of the riser pipes lead to a header pipe which, in turn,
connected to a pump. The ground water is drawn by the pump into the well-
points through the header pipe and discharged as shown in fig.
• The well-points are usually installed with 0.75m – 3m spacing.
• In gravels spacing required may be too close and impracticable. In clays it is
also not used because it is too slow. In silts and silt – clay mixtures the use of
well points are aided by upper (0.60m – 0.90m long) compacted clay seals and
sand-filtered boreholes (20cm – 60cm diameter). Upper clay seals help to
maintain higher suction (vacuum) pressures and sand filters increase the
amount of discharge.

19. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE OF WELL
SYSTEM
Groundwater
lowering
method
Advantages disadvantages
Well systems 1. Effective in sandy soils
2. Provide drawdown up to 5-6 meters in sand and
4 meters in silty soil.
3. Relatively cheap and flexible
4. Installation is very rapid.
5. Water is filtered and carries little or no soil
particles.
6. There is less danger of subsidence of the
surrounding ground than with open-sump
pumping
1. Not effective beyond 4-6
meters of drawdown
2. Might require stages of well
installation.

20. DEEP WELL
• Deep well systems consist of one or more individual wells, each of which has its
own submersible pump at the bottom of the well shaft. Such systems are
particularly suitable. Where large volumes of water in highly permeable sand
and gravel areas permitting rapid recharging of ground water from surrounding
areas exist. The range of permeability under which the deep well system is a
pplicable.

21. SPACING OF DEEP WELL POINT SYSTEM
• Normally, individual wells are spaced at an approximate distance of 15 m (50
feet) apart. However, depending upon soil conditions and the dewatering plan
the spacing may need to be just a few meters apart.
DEWATERING CAPACITY OF DEEP WELL POINT SYSTEM
• Individual well capacities are from 2100 to 3000 gallons per minute and with
total systems the capacities can be as high as 60 000 gallons per minute.
• Deep well pumps can lift water 30 m (100 feet) or more in a single stage and the
variation of the typical deep well system is a pressure within an aquifer.
• Deep well points require no pump as the water is forced to the surface by its
own pressure. To boost the water flow a vacuum pump is frequently used.

22. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGES OF DEEP WELL
SYSTEM
Groundwater
lowering method
advantages Disadvantages
Deep wells 1. No limits on
drawdown
2. Fewer wells
required than well
system
1. Expensive to
install

23. DITCHES AND TRENCHES
• Ditches and french drains (commonly known as trenches in construction
projects in ahmedabad) are also used on qatar’s construction sites.
• The ditches are formed in a pre-planned manner, allowing groundwater flow to
surface in the deeper level trenches. Perforated pipes are then placed in the
trenches, and groundwater extracted through these pipelines to be filtered.
These trenches were particularly common in infrastructure network projects.
• Graded aggregates and geotextile layer to be used when laying out the
pipelines.

25. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
Groundwater lowering
method
Advantages Disadvantages
Ditches/French drains 1. Relatively inexpensive
2. Controls shallow groundwater
and over bleed.
3. Effective in controlling
groundwater after casting of
foundations.
1. Possible obstruction
of traffic
2. Groundwater will only
be controlled at
shallow depth
3. Unlikely to be
effective in fine
grained soil.

26. EDUCTOR SYSTEM
• This system also known as the ‘jet eductor system’ or ‘ejector system’ or
‘eductor wellpoint system’ is similar to the wellpoint system.
• Instead of employing a vacuum to draw water to the well-points, the eductor
system uses high pressure water and riser units, each about 30-40mm in
diameter.
• A high pressure supply main feeds water through a venturi tube immediately
above the perforated well screen, creating a reduction in pressure which draws
water through the large diameter rise pipe. The high pressure main feeds off the
return water.
• The advantage of the eductor system is that in operating many well points from
a single pump station, the water table can be lowered in one stage from depths
of 10-45 m.

27. WORKING PROCEDURE OF EDUCTOR SYSTEM
• Supply pumps at ground level feed high-pressure water to each eductor well
head via a supply main.
• The supply flow passes down the well and through a nozzle and venturi in the
eductor. The flow of water through the nozzle generates a vacuum in the well
and draws in groundwater.
• The supply flow and extracted ground water mix, return to the surface and feed
back to the pumping station via a return main. The return flow is used to prime
the supply pumps and the excess water extracted is discharged by overflow
from the priming tank.
• A single pumping station can be used to operate up to about 75 eductor wells
installed in an appropriate array around the works.

28. ADVANTAGES OF EDUCTOR SYSTEM
1. They are flexible in level and layout.
2. Stable in operation.
3. Able to run dry without damage.
4. Not limited by depth. Also effective to greater depths.
5. Best in low-yielding wells.
6. Energy intensive.
7. Venturi in base of well creates vacuum.

29. THINGS TO BE TAKEN CARE DURING
DEWATERING!!!
• Dewatering activities must be done properly to avoid eroding the soil on the
construction site.
• It is also important to choose the best location for discharge, even when you
might be far away from water bodies or catch basins.
• Water should not be pumped directly into slopes.
• Pay special attention and discontinue dewatering if the area shows signs of
instability or erosion.

30. • Channels used on dewatering must be stable and better if they have been
protected with grass or vegetation.
• Avoid dewatering under heavy rains because the infiltration rate is at a minimum
and water will move slower or just the dewatering process will not function.
• Never discharge water that has been contaminated with oil, grease, chemical
products directly. In such instances an oil/water separator may be necessary.
• Additional permits and requirements might be needed from state, local or
federal agencies.