Animals have their own rights. They are not puppet of our laboratory. With the help of modern and scientific technology we can change old traditional animal experiment methods.

1. A NI M A L
E X P E R I M EN TAT ION
C h a n d a n S a h a

2. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION, also known as animal testing, animal research, and
in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the
variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals—from zebrafish to
human primates—ranges from the tens of millions to more than 150 million used
annually

3. TYPES OF ANIMAL TESTING
 Fundamental Research
• ‘Fundamental’ biological research is designed to answer ‘interesting’ scientific
that animal researchers speculate might be useful medically in the future.
biological research constitutes the most common use of animals in experiments
the world.
• The likelihood of such speculative research actually leading to advances in human
medicine is very slim. For example, a review of 101 high impact discoveries based on
fundamental animal experiments found that only 5% resulted in approved treatments
within 20 years.
 Genetically Modifying Animals
• The use of genetically modified animals (GM) has been an increasing trend for the
20 years. Mice and other animals are being bred with specific genes ‘knocked out
(deleted)’ or ‘knocked in (inserted)’ into the cells of their bodies. These genes are
known to be important in human medical conditions.
• Psychological Research - Psychological research often involves controlling the eating,
movement or choices of experimental animals and as such may cause distress and
frustration.

4. TYPES OF ANIMAL TESTING (cont.)
 Testing For Regulations
• Regulatory testing is standardized testing designed to see if medicines, chemicals
(including paints, dyes, inks, petrol products, solvents, tars and waste materials),
cosmetics and other products are safe for use, and that they do their job effectively.
• In these experiments, animals are forced to eat or inhale substances, or have them
rubbed onto their skin or injected into their bodies. The animals are then subjected to
further monitoring and testing before almost always being killed, so that researchers
can look at the effects on their tissues and organs.

5. GLOBAL ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
• Top 10 animal testing countries in the world are the USA, Japan, China, Australia,
France, Canada, the UK, Germany, Taiwan and Brazil, in that order.
• Animal experiments are sadly not in decline, and in many parts of the world are on
increase (e.g. China) or remain at the same level as they were in the 1980s or 1990s
(e.g. the UK, Europe).
 EUROPEAN UNION ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
• The latest figures show that in 2015, almost 11.5 million animals were used in
experiments across Europe, only a slight decrease on 2008. France, Germany and the
UK were the top 3 users of animals in experiments, in that order.
• The countries of the EU in 2011 reported that they used 17,896 dogs, 3,713 cats,
358,213 rabbits, 6,686 horses, 6,095 monkeys, 675,065 birds, 77,280 pigs, 28,892
30,914 cattle, over 1,000,000 fish and over 8,500,000 rodents.
• Fundamental biological research accounts for 46% of the total number of
while the use of animals for research and development of human and veterinary
medicines only accounts for 19% of the total number used.
• 34% of old world monkeys are still imported from non-EU countries. France,
and the UK are the biggest users of monkeys, in that order.
• Six of the EU countries conducted a total of 977 animal tests for household products,
with Denmark as the biggest tester.

6. WHY ANIMAL TESTING SHOULD BE REPLACED?
• Alternative testing methods now exist that can replace the need for animals.
• Animals are very different from human beings and therefore make poor test
• Drugs that pass animal tests are not necessarily safe.
• Animal tests may mislead researchers into ignoring potential cures and treatments.
• 95% of animals used in experiments are not protected by the Animal Welfare Act.
• Animal tests do not reliably predict results in human beings.
• Animal tests are more expensive than alternative methods and are a waste of
government research money.
• Most experiments involving animals are flawed, wasting the lives of the animal
subjects.
• Animals can suffer like humans do, so it is speciesism to experiment on them while
refrain from experimenting on humans.

7. THE THREE Rs
The Three Rs (3Rs) in relation to science are guiding principles for more ethical use of
animals in testing. They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959
• Replacement
• Reduction
• Refinement

8. REPLACEMENT
• Higher animal to lower animal, like- Microorganism, Plants, Eggs, Reptiles,
and invertebrates
• Live animal may be replaced by Non-animal Model, such as dummies and dissection,
mechanical or computer model
 ADVANTAGE
• Utilizing pre-existing knowledge
• Applying known principal to new system
• Less expensive animal model to screen large no of agents for toxicity
 DISADVANTAGE
• Some unique reaction can’t be noticed in model

9. REDUCTION
• Minimizing the number of animal needed to perform an experiment
• Performing pilot studies to determine sum of the potential problem
• Designing the study to utilize animal
• Gathering maximum amount of information from each animal
• Statistical pattern study
• Performing appropriate literature

10. REFINEMENT
• Refining experimental protocol to minimize pain or distress
• Identifying pain and distress and making plans for preventing or relieving it
• Relieving adequate training prior to performing a procedure
• Ensuring that procedure with going to take for an experiment on the animal are
reasonable for the species
• Using proper anesthetics
• Performing appropriate post-surgical care

11. BATESON'S CUBE
Bateson's cube is a model of the cost–benefit analysis for animal research developed by
Professor Patrick Bateson, president of the Zoological Society of London.
Bateson's cube evaluates proposed research through three criteria:
• the degree of animal suffering
• the quality of the research
• the potential medical benefit
Bateson suggested that research that does not meet these requirements should not be
approved or performed, in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act

12. ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING
 IN VITRO TESTING
• Harvard’s Wyss Institute has created “organs-on-chips” that contain human cells
in a state-of-the-art system to mimic the structure and function of human organs
organ systems. The chips can be used instead of animals in disease research, drug
testing, and toxicity testing and have been shown to replicate human physiology,
diseases, and drug responses more accurately than crude animal experiments do.
• A variety of cell-based tests and tissue models can be used to assess the safety of
drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, and consumer products.
• CeeTox developed a human cell–derived skin model that replicates key traits of
normal human skin. It replaces the use of guinea pigs or mice, who would have been
injected with a substance or had it applied to their shaved skin to determine an
response.
• Researchers at the European Union Reference Library for alternatives to animal
developed five different tests that use human blood cells to detect contaminants in
drugs that cause a potentially dangerous fever response when they enter the body.
non-animal methods replace the crude use of rabbits in this painful procedure.

13. ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING (Cont.)
 COMPUTER MODELING
• Researchers have developed a wide range of sophisticated computer models that
simulate human biology and the progression of developing diseases. Studies show
these models can accurately predict the ways that new drugs will react in the human
body and replace the use of animals in exploratory research and many standard drug
tests.
• Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are computer-based techniques
that can replace animal tests. Companies and governments are increasingly using
QSAR tools to avoid animal testing of chemicals.

14. ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING (Cont.)
 RESEARCH WITH HUMAN VOLUNTEERS
• A method called “micro dosing” can provide vital information on the safety of an
experimental drug and how it is metabolized in humans prior to large-scale human
trials. Volunteers are given an extremely small one-time drug dose, and sophisticated
imaging techniques are used to monitor how the drug behaves in the body.
• Advanced brain imaging and recording techniques—such as Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (fMRI)—with human volunteers can be used to replace
experiments in which rats, cats, and monkeys have their brains damaged.
• Strikingly life-like computerized human-patient simulators that breathe, bleed, talk,
even “die” have been shown to teach students physiology and pharmacology better
than crude exercises that involve cutting up animals.
• For more advanced medical training, systems like TraumaMan—which replicates a
breathing, bleeding human torso and has realistic layers of skin and tissue, ribs, and
internal organs—are widely used to teach emergency surgical procedures.

15. ALTERNATIVES ARE BETTER
• Crude skin allergy tests in guinea pigs only predict human reactions 72% of the time.
But a combination of chemistry and cell-based alternative methods has been shown
accurately predict human reactions 90% of the time.
• The Draize skin irritation test in rabbits can only predict human skin reactions 60% of
the time. But using reconstituted human skin is up to 86% accurate.
• The standard test on pregnant rats to find out if chemicals or drugs may harm the
developing baby can only detect 60% of dangerous substances. But a cell-based
alternative has 100% accuracy at detecting very toxic chemicals.
• The cruel and unreliable toxin testing on live mice has now been fully replaced with a
far superior analytical chemistry method that is better at protecting humans.

16. ROLE OF ANIMAL WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS
Animal welfare organizations promotes non-animal research methods and coordinates
the scientific and regulatory expertise of its members. They brings scientific expertise
extensive knowledge of the international regulatory environment to the development of
testing protocols.
India has a number of domestic animal welfare organizations, as well as chapters of
international animal nonprofits including-
• People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
• World Animal Protections
• Humane Society International
• In Defense of Animals
• Animal Welfare and Protection Trust
Alternative methods endorsed by the European Union Reference Laboratory for
Alternatives to Animal Testing, the U.S. Interagency Coordinating Committee on the
Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) and/or the Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) are can find in bellow link-
 http://www.piscltd.org.uk/alternatives-approved-by-regulators/

17. WHAT & HOW THEY DO
They and their members are involved in the development, validation, global
implementation and harmonization of alternatives to testing on animals including:
• Advising its members with regard to providing financial support toward the
development and validation of non-animal test methods
• Organizing expert working groups to tackle the development of new methods to
address regulatory requirements when non-animal methods do not exist or require
further optimization
• Providing technical support to companies and researchers seeking to replace, reduce
or refine the use of animal tests
• Publishing manuscripts, developing technical analyses, presenting posters at
international scientific conferences and hosting webinars to ensure that information
regarding the use of alternatives methods is accessible to all audiences
• Interacting with national and international regulatory bodies and standards
organizations to ensure that opportunities exist to increase and harmonies the use of
validated non-animal test methods

18. INDIA ON ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
• In 1960 - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, criminalizes cruelty to
animals, though exceptions are made for the treatment of animals used for food and
scientific experiments.
• India's 1960 anti-cruelty law created the Committee for the Purpose of Control and
Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) to regulate animal experimentation.
• The objective of CPCSEA is to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary
pains or suffering before, during or after performance of experiments on them. For
purpose, under the delegated powers, the Committee formulated the ‘Breeding of
Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules, 1998’ which were amended
in 2001 and then in 2006, to regulate the experimentation on animals.
• Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organizations (FIAPO) is a collective of animal
protection organizations in India to help, represent, connect up, and inform, animal
protection organizations and activists across India.

19. ON THE WAY
• The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) advised the MCI to replace the use
animals in teaching with modern non-animal methods, such as simulation software,
both graduate and post-graduate medical students. (2012)
• Minister of State for Human Resources Development, the Medical Council of India
(MCI) has amended its education regulations to call for the use of modern non-
teaching methods. (May, 2014)
• Rule “148-C. prohibition of testing of cosmetics on animals – No person shall use any
animal for testing of cosmetics”. (May, 2014)
• The Indian Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has officially banned animal-tested
cosmetics from being imported into India. Rule “135-B. Import of cosmetics tested on
animals prohibited. (Oct, 2014)
• India Ends Re-Testing of Drugs on Animals for New Drug Registrations (March, 2016)
• The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has prohibited the use of Draize irritation
using rabbits. (Nov, 2016)

20. • Veterinary Council of India Minimum Standards of Veterinary Education Regulations,
2016, will change the way students are taught veterinary science in India. The new
regulations phase out calf killing, introduce computer simulation, require an ethically
sourced body-donation program to be set up, and call for other humane teaching
methods to be used.
• Through a recently released notification in The Gazette of India, the Ministry of Health
& Family Welfare has progressed towards humane drug-products testing by
mandating the use of currently available non-animal test methods instead of forcing
rabbits to endure eye and skin irritation and corrosion tests. (Nov, 2016)

21. GREAT EXAMPLE
 THE NETHERLANDS has already passed a MOTION IN PARLIAMENT to phase out
experiments on non-human primates, and now, its goal is to be using only human-
relevant, non-animal testing methods by 2025.
• The law requires that each institution installs an Animal Welfare Body (AWB, or IvD in
Dutch). The tasks of the AWB are to advise personnel and implement procedures
regarding animal welfare, the 3 R's, new technical an scientific developments and
supervise the design and execution of animal experiments.
• This ground-breaking decision is the first of its kind taken by any country. It reflects
both today’s innovations in cutting-edge science and changing attitudes about the
morality of using animals in experiments.

22. During a government meeting about funding for research, former U.S. National
Institutes of Health director Dr. Elias Zerhouni admitted that experimenting on animals
to help humans has been a major failure. He told his colleagues:
“We have moved away from studying human disease in humans. … We all drank
Kool-Aid on that one, me included. … The problem is that [animal testing] hasn’t
worked, and it’s time we stopped dancing around the problem. … We need to
and adapt new methodologies for use in humans to understand disease biology in
humans.”
—Dr. Elias Zerhouni

23. CONCLUSION
Each of us can help prevent animal suffering and deaths by buying cruelty-free
donating only to charities that don’t experiment on animals, requesting alternatives to
animal dissection, demanding the immediate implementation of human, effective non-
animal tests by government agencies and corporations.
With the help of Animal Welfare Organizations and supporters we can expose and end
the use of animals in experiments. Doing-
• Groundbreaking undercover work and campaigns to educate the public
• Pushing government agencies to stop funding and conducting experiments on
• Encouraging pharmaceutical, chemical, and consumer product companies to replace
tests on animals with more effective non-animal methods
• Helping students and teachers end dissection in the classroom
• Funding humane non-animal research
• Publishing scientific papers on the superiority of non-animal test methods
• Urging health charities not to invest in dead-end tests on animals

24. REFERENCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Animal_Protection_Organisations
• http://www.petaindia.com/issues/animals-experimentation/
• http://www.petaindia.com/living/products/caring-consumer/
• http://features.peta.org/cruelty-free-company-search/cruelty_free_companies_search.aspx?Country=88
• http://www.petaindia.com/blog/?page_38_10_0=61
• http://www.petaindia.com/issues/animals-experimentation/
• http://animal-testing.procon.org/
• http://animalsaustralia.org/issues/animal_experimentation.php
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtml
• http://www.statisticbrain.com/animal-testing-statistics/
• https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/facts-and-figures-animal-testing
• http://www.humaneresearch.org.au/statistics/
• http://www.humaneresearch.org.au/statistics/statistics_2014
• https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-animal-testing
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_animal_sources
• http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animal-testing-101/
• http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-laboratories/
• http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/primates-laboratories/
• http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/alternatives-animal-testing/

25. THANK YOU