Green management and organizational effectiveness sjbss

Strategic Journal of Business and Social Science (SJBSS) Volume 2. Issue 2 Feb, 2019
Website: www.sj-bss.com Email: editor@sj-bss.com
Onwudiwe Uju Jovita: Green Management and Organizational Effectiveness, 2019
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Strategic Journal of Business and Social Science (SJBSS) www.sj-bss.com
GREEN MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
1
Onwudiwe Uju Jovita, 2
Agwamba Adolphus Chibuzor, 3
Ugwuegbu Charles Onyemachi
1, 2, 3,
Discipline: Business Management Imo State University Nigeria
Abstract:
Developing countries like Nigeria are faced with numerous environmental challenges such as air
and water pollution, indiscriminate dumping of manufacturing byproduct etc which are caused by
business activities. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of green management (GM) on
organizational effectiveness. Reviewed literature was used to discuss various aspects of green
management mainly renewable energy and waste recycling. A questionnaire survey was conducted
within the printing press (paper) industry with a sample of 20 firms that were randomly drawn from
a population of 146. In testing the hypotheses, T-Test Statistic was used. The results showed waste
recycling has a positive and significant effect on cost reduction and pollution reduction. The study
hence recommends that the paper industry (printing press) in Nigeria should realize that green
products will become a mainstream manufacturing concept and that green management (GM) will
become a core business principle. Firms operating in this industry must be able to make effective
use of these green opportunities to transfer the original environmental pressures into a competitive
advantage, improve corporation image, develop new market segments, expand into new markets,
and maximize benefits.
Keywords: Green Management, Organizational Effectiveness.
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Global warming and increased pollution from all aspect of business activities highlight the
importance of green management (GM) for firms operating in Nigeria and worldwide. The need
to ‘go green’ in order to preserve and sustain the ecological environment has become a major
concern to many stakeholders, thus, using renewable energy sources capable of reducing
emissions, reducing levels of waste through improve industry re-cycling programmes etc is a
policy every business organization that has the interest of the society at heart must incorporate in
its strategy. For example, Johnson & Johnson, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Pitney Bowes, IBM, Ford
Motors and Colgate Palmolive have all integrated environmentalism into their business planning
and operations in ways that translate into bottom-line profits (Daft, 2000). Over a 4-year period,

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Hewlett-Packard (HP) eliminated all ozone-depleting agents from its manufacturing process.
Patagonia, a California-based outdoor apparel company, has developed a list of nine environmental
goals to be met over 5 years, including eliminating all solid waste sent to landfills, reducing the
use of nonrenewable energy, and including environmental costs in company accounting and
production systems (Daft, 2000).
Haden, Oyler, & Humphreys, (2009) defined Green Management (GM) as an organization-wide
process of applying innovation to achieve sustainability, waste reduction, social responsibility, and
a competitive advantage via Continuous learning and development and by embracing
environmental goals and strategies that are fully integrated with the goals and strategies of the
organization.
The ideology of encouraging and mandating business organizations in Nigeria of ‘becoming/going
green’ in terms of producing a product that is eco-friendly is growing at a low pace. For example,
a legal loophole has enabled years of environmental damage by global oil companies in Nigeria.
Both oil spills by the companies and vandalism of the companies’ oil installations by militants
have resulted in years of devastating environmental pollution to the land and water, but just as
significantly, gas flaring continues to cause severe air pollution in the region. Oil companies in
Nigeria flare over 313 million standard cubic feet of gas annually, according to satellite data
estimates from Nigeria’s environment ministry. The flared gas, in turn, results in the emission
of 16.5 million tons of carbon dioxide.
The need for firms to adopt green management principles, policies, and practices that improve the
quality of life for their customers, their employees, the communities in which they operate, and
the environment has come. Firms that their activities have a greater negative impact must begin
with a desire to resolve the impacts of climate change and other environmental problems that their
operation poses. Green management can be derived from two perspectives related to the output in
the form of green products (goods and services through waste management, renewable energy
among others) as well as the process (or production with the help of clean technologies) of
economic activity. Green business is an organization that is committed to the principles of

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environmental sustainability in its operations, strives to use renewable resources, and tries to
minimize the negative environmental impact of its activities (Loknath & Abdul, 2017).
1.2 Problem Statement
Pollution and modern living seemingly go hand-in-hand, but the costs of air pollution can no longer
be ignored. According to a 2012 study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
pollution (air, water, & landfill) cost the Chinese economy $112 billion in 2005. In Hong Kong,
medical bills and productivity loss due to pollution amounted to HK$39.4 billion in 2013. The
costs of pollution go beyond medical bills and loss of productivity. Heavily polluted areas make it
difficult for companies located there to hire and retain workers, forcing them to pay higher wages
to attract and keep employees. In addition, unchecked pollution can temper investors’ interest. To
produce their products safely, companies in heavily polluted areas may need to close shop and
move their operations to less polluted locations.
As the Nigeria population and its industries continue to grow, the problem of proper waste disposal
increasingly becomes difficult. Solid garbage, for example, is usually buried in landfill sites or
incinerated, which is extremely harmful to the environment. Decomposing garbage may attract
vermin, give off a foul smell or leach into groundwater. The smoke given off by burning garbage
contributes to air pollution. Certain byproducts of the manufacturing process amplify the need for
improved waste disposal. Efficiency is sometimes pursued at the expense of environmental
sustainability. To produce as much as possible in the most cost-effective manner, manufacturers
may adopt practices that appear to be cheap but are actually resource-intensive in the long run.
These practices generate byproducts that cannot be reused. Finally, most organizations are afraid
of implementing green plans because initially, it will demand a very high level of managerial &
technical know-how with specialized trained skill worker. So, green initiatives will continue to be
a challenge to many corporations who don’t have the right people, at a right time with the right
competency and skills.

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1.3 Research Objectives
The general objective of the study is to provide a relationship between Green Management
(GM) and Organizational Effectiveness. The specific objective is to:
a. Examine the effect of waste recycling on cost minimization.
b. Assess the effect of waste recycling in minimizing environmental pollution
1.4 Research Questions
a. What effect does waste recycling has on cost minimization?
b. To what extent does waste recycling minimize environmental pollution?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H01: Waste Recycling does not have significant effect cost minimization.
H02: Waste Recycling does not have a significant effect on environmental pollution.
1.6 The scope of the Study
The content scope of the study is on green management specifically on waste recycling and
renewable energy and that of the organizational effectiveness is on cost reduction and pollution
reduction. The unit scope of the study comprises of some selected printing press operating in
Imo State.
2. Review of Literature
2.1 Theoretical Foundation
2.1.1 The Concept of Green Management and Sustainability
Reducing harmful impacts on the environment is becoming a way of life for many people. This
trend has also become very popular with companies as well. Green management is when a
company does its best to minimize processes that harm the environment. Environmental issues
should be the company’s priority. Green Management is when a company engages in recycles in
order to reduce the amount of waste dumped in landfills, or when it uses renewable energy in order

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to reduce emission in the air. In their view, Peng & Lin (2008) sees Green Management (GM) as
those practices that produce environmentally-friendly products and minimize the impact on the
environment through green production, green research and development, and green marketing.
Haden, Oyler, & Humphreys, (2009) defined Green Management (GM) as an organization-wide
process of applying innovation to achieve sustainability, waste reduction, social responsibility, and
a competitive advantage via Continuous learning and development and by embracing
environmental goals and strategies that are fully integrated with the goals and strategies of the
organization.
Green management is all about the sustainability for business without compromising the future
need. Sustainability in relation to corporate plan implies the opportunity for business to provide a
long-term solution, such need to enhance the quality of the workplace and natural environment.
Sustainability in management has various nomenclatures this is corporate sustainability
sustainable development and corporate social responsibility. Generally sustainability term “as the
development that meets the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet
their own need” (WCED in Hage & Taruna, 2016) and work in three-tier i.e., environmental
protection, economic growth, and social equality. Corporate sustainability cluster around People,
Planet and Profit (3P) and seek to identify the way to balance between all this 3P.
Go Green/Green initiatives is an organization’s effort to reduce pollution and carbon emission lead
to the Greenhouse effect on planet Earth. And basically comprise of three activities i.e., Recycle,
Reduce and Reuse. This three primary activity helps to reduce the burden pouring by human
activity, mostly by the industrial operation. Management can prevent and minimize the effect on
the environment by assimilating such significant activity in the functioning of an organization.
Upgrade and modified green technology with eco-friendly policy in managing the organization is
need before moving forward in such movement (Hage & Taruna, 2016).

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2.2 Why Green management?
Going green indicate impressive business sense, so worldwide corporate is extensively switching
to adopt green philosophy in the management function. Some reason or forces (Hage & Taruna,
2016) for driving such movements are given under-
(a) Social Responsibility
It is a moral and ethical obligation of every business groups to work for the welfare of society
where they exist. The problem of society must also be a concern for corporate and business must
contribute some sort of solution to a problem. Presently, the world is facing the problem of
environmental quality degradation on air, land & water because of exploitative behavior of the
industrial sector from the past. Thus it’s time for management to opt for green programme and
scheme in response to societal need. For example, in 2015, Shell Petroleum Development
Company agreed to a clean-up of major oil spills in Bodo community in the Niger Delta region
and, showing the scale of the problem, the cleanup is expected to cost around $500 million and
will take up to ten years to complete. In a rare victory for such communities, Shell also agreed
to pay £55 million ($84 million) in settlements to the Bodo community for the devastating effects
of the spill (Yomi, 2018).
(b) International Standard Norm
International Organization for Standardization legislated some rule and regulation to follow by its
member nations to follow in associate to reduce more pollution emissions. EMS 14001
certification provided in order to improve the compliance with environmental regulations i.e.,
environmental product and process innovations, as specific kinds of new green and clean
technological innovations comprised of new products and processes to avoid or reduce the
environmental burden. The certificate awarded by ISO indicates a declaration and remark about a
corporate operational efficiency and effectiveness. Such certificate provides facility and benefit to
corporate in long run to sustain.
(c) Statutory Law
Many laws are amending by the governing body of state to protection & prevention of natural
environment. Such law also incorporates with safeguard the interest of consumer &society. The

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laws amended have a significant implication on corporate strategy to adopt green management. So
as to follow the norms of government policy the company has to adopt green management. In
Nigeria for example,
It is important for business operators to know that The NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
STANDARDS AND REGULATION ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (NESREA) ACT 2007 of
NIGERIA is saddled with the responsibility of environmental regulation, permission, and
compliance. In Section 7 ACT, provides authority to ensure compliance with environmental laws,
local and international, on environmental sanitation and pollution prevention and control through
monitory and regulatory measures. Section 8 (1)(K) empowers the Agency to make and review
regulations on air and water quality, effluent limitations, control of harmful substances and other
forms of environmental pollution and sanitation. Section 27 prohibits, without lawful authority,
the discharge of hazardous substances into the environment. This offense is punishable under this
section, with a fine not exceeding, N1,000,000 (One Million Naira) and an imprisonment term of
5 years. In the case of a company, there is an additional fine of N50,000, for every day the offense
persists.
(d) Growth and Opportunity
The firm which strived to become more environmental friendly conquer the need of their customer
as well as society. People which have more concern regarding the environment create another
segment of the niche market for the growth of the firm and to attract more share of the market.
Some companies have found a new source of revenue or eventually entirely new product after
starting the sustainable effort. Opting green management help to gain neutralized from the
environmental activist pressure, moreover, some of them turn to be a promoter of their business
for their corporate initiative.
(e) Competition
One of the major forces that drive to adopt green management to corporate is overwhelm
competition and desire to maintain their competitive position in the market.
Competition for a better brand and to create an image in the eye of society seek strategy which
helps them to remain sustainable. Going green also help in managing risks more efficiently, enter

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a new market, use the resource more effectively and improve their competitive position. Green
management provides an edge over the competitive arena of the business world.
2.3 Dimensions of Green Management
This study discussed green management in the area of environmental management which involves
determining ways industrial action can be made compatible with nature; for instance, by
minimizing emissions and by reducing organizational wastes. The dimensions are; renewable
energy and recycling programs.
2.3.1 Renewable Energy as a Green Management Approach
Wind, solar, and hydroelectricity are three emerging renewable sources of energy.
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy
supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic
concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental
technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of
the total global energy demand. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates
anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable
energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply (REN21, 2010).
Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air, and
water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services. Worldwide investments
in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries such
as China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Globally, there
are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar
photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer (International Energy Agency, 2012).
Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy
security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. Rapid deployment of renewable
energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources would result in

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significant energy security and economic benefits. It would also reduce
environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public
health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount
to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States. Renewable energy sources,
that derive their energy from the sun, either directly or indirectly, such as hydro and wind, are
expected to be capable of supplying humanity energy for almost another 1 billion years, at which
point the predicted increase in heat from the sun is expected to make the surface of the earth too
hot for liquid water to exist (Heidari, Negin, Pearce, & Joshua, 2016)
In 2011 Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford
University, and Mark Delucchi published a study on 100% renewable global energy supply in the
journal Energy Policy. They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power,
and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced
by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and
political, not technological or economic". They also found that energy costs with wind, solar, water
system should be similar to today's energy costs (Jacobson, Mark . et al, 2015).
Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that the most
significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low
carbon energy strategies are primarily political and not technological. According to the 2013 Post
Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are
climate change denial, the fossil fuels lobby, political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption,
outdated energy infrastructure, and financial constraints (Vaughan, 2016).
2.3.2 Waste Recycling as a Green Management Approach
Recycling is very important as waste has a huge negative impact on the natural environment.
Harmful chemicals and greenhouse gasses are released from rubbish in landfill
sites. Recycling helps to reduce the pollution caused by waste. Recycling reduces the need for raw
materials so that the rainforests can be preserved.

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Recycling is the recovery of useful materials, such as paper, glass, plastic, and metals, from the
trash to use to make new products, reducing the amount of virgin raw materials needed. Producing
recycled white paper creates 74% less air pollution and 35% less water pollution than producing
paper from virgin fibers. Using recycled cans instead of extracting ore to make aluminum cans
produces 95% less air pollution and 97% less water pollution. Recycling and remanufacturing are
194 times more effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions than landfilling and virgin
manufacturing (IDEM Fact Sheet, 2010).
Recycling is a simple way for citizens to reduce waste, contribute to energy conservation, and
preserve natural resources. To fully realize the benefits of recycling, three elements must be in
balance (IDEM Fact Sheet, 2010): collection, manufacturing, and buying recycled. Recycling
involves (IDEM Fact Sheet, 2010):
a. Collecting, sorting and processing materials that would otherwise become waste.
b. Remanufacturing recycled materials into new products.
c. Purchasing products made from recycled materials.
Common consumer items that are widely accepted at community collection sites and private
recyclers include: Paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, aluminum, and steel are widely accepted at
community recycling programs. Unwanted, obsolete and broken electronics are collected by
retailers and other electronics recyclers.
Recycling and buying recycled goods help:
1 Reduce the number of waste materials sent to landfills and incinerators.
2 Create jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries.
3 Reduce energy needs for the manufacturing of many new products.
4 Conserve water and other natural resources.
5 Reduce pollution generated during the harvesting of raw materials.
2.3.2.1 Environmental Impacts of Recycling
Recycling paper, glass, plastic, aluminum and steel, tires, electronics and batteries (which contain
plastic, lead and other materials), and used oil helps preserve natural resources, conserve energy

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and water, decrease air emissions generated in manufacturing processes, save landfill space, and
prevent pollution.
The following happens to recyclables:
a. Glass bottles become new glass bottles.
b. Aluminum cans are turned back into aluminum cans and can be recycled almost
indefinitely.
c. Steel cans are used in other steel products such as car parts and construction materials, and
can also be recycled over and over again.
d. Plastic bottles are recycled into carpet, clothing, auto parts, and new bottles.
e. Paper is recycled into new paper. Some grades of paper can be recycled up to seven times.
The National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007
of Nigeria does not currently have a database that enables the tracking of recycling activities. The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 2005) provides information on
recycling benefits and statistics on municipal solid waste disposal. For example:
a. Recycling 10 aluminum cans are estimated to save enough energy to power a laptop for
almost 52 hours.
b. Recycling 10 plastic bottles are estimated to save enough energy to power a 60 watt CFL
light bulb for almost 100 hours.
c. Almost 27 percent of the trash generated and over 51 percent of the recyclables collected
in 2012 was paper. It is used in more than 5,000 paper and non-paper products. Energy
saved from recycling one ton would power the average home for six months and conserve
about 7,000 gallons of water.
d. According to U.S. EPA’s report (2012), 54 percent of waste was disposed of in landfills,
11.7 percent was combusted (burned) to create energy, and 34.5 percent was recycled. The
resulting reduction in carbon emissions is estimated to be more than 168 million metric
tons—the equivalent of the greenhouse gases emitted from over 33 million cars. The
resulting energy savings is estimated to be more than 1.1 quadrillions BTUs—an amount
consumed by almost 10 million households in a year.

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2.4 Organizational Effectiveness
According to French and Bell (2003), organizational effectiveness illustrates the soundness of an
organization’s culture, processes, and structure in terms of its overall system performance.
Organizational effectiveness can be evaluated by looking at how an organization is attaining its
multiple goals, both official and operative and environmental compliance.
The study herein is concerned with a firm’s performance relative to cost minimization and
environmental pollution. As such, the Social, Environmental and Economic (SEE) Sustainability
effectiveness model as identified by David (2013) was adopted. The SEE Sustainability model
covers waste reduction and value adding. Under the SEE model, organizational effectiveness is
measured basically on waste & emissions reduction, employee well-being e.g physical, social, &
mental health, cost savings etc.
2.5 Relationship between green management Practices and Organizational Effectiveness
A review of the literature on green management (GM) issues indicates that a significant correlation
exists between green practices and corporate profitability within any organization. Companies
having higher scores on environmental criteria realize stronger financial returns than the overall
market, whereas companies with poor scores have weaker returns (McCrea 2010; Murphy 2002;
and Zu et al. 2010). The prevailing view is that incorporating green management practices into
firms’ activities often impacts costs because additional requirements have to be met to this end.
This, in turn, impacts firm-level financial performance (Porter and van der Linde; Reinhardt; in
Thomas & Suhong, 2014 and Zu et al. 2008).
Empirical studies that have analyzed the relationship between green management and
organizational effectiveness are fragmented across industries. In an empirical study of green
management and performance in Taiwanese electronics firms by Ying-chin, Wang & Ling (2016),
the study surveyed 213 Taiwanese electronics manufacturers. The findings indicate that GM has a

pg. 13
significant impact on firm performance. Similarly, the study by Thomas & Suhong (2014) on the
influence of green operations on organizational performance on top 500 publicly traded companies
in the US. Based on metrics for environmental impact and green reputation, manufacturing
companies scored lower on the environmental impact metrics and higher on the green reputation
metric than companies in services industries. Additionally, the overall impact of green operations
was found to be different between the manufacturing and service firms studied. For manufacturing
firms, environmental impact score and green policies and performance score were found to have
an impact on organizational performance; while, green reputation plays a more important role in
impacting the organizational performance of service firms.
Although most studies find a positive correlation between green management and organizational
effectiveness, some results are conflicting and ambiguous. For example, Kiernan (2001) and
Derwall et al. (2005) show that environmental performance and firm-financial performance is
negatively correlated. A study by Min and Galle cited in Thomas & Suhong, (2014) suggests that
compared to liabilities and product disposal costs, competitive advantage plays a relatively minor
role for managers considering green purchasing. In addition, Walley and Whitehead cited in
Thomas & Suhong (2014) argue that corporate environmental initiatives generate unrecoverable
costs, divert resources from other productive investments, and conclude that they are
unsustainable.
The inconsistency in empirical findings with regard to explaining how green management affects
organizational effectiveness in manufacturing industry motivated the need for the study conducted
herein. It is our contention that by jointly examining the relationship between green management
and organizational effectiveness in the manufacturing industry, we can substantially contribute
toward the findings of earlier studies.
2.6 Research Framework
The research framework guiding our investigation is illustrated in Figure 1. We draw on concepts
from the interrelated literature streams of green management practices and organizational
effectiveness to propose a research model that assesses a direct relationship between green
management practices and organizational effectiveness. Our framework suggests that

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organizational effectiveness is impacted by one green management factor: waste recycling. Other
potential factors that may affect firms’ effectiveness are not included in his study due to the
limitation of the data.
Fig 1. Conceptual Operational Model
Source: Researcher’s Desk, 2018.
3. The Research Methodology
The descriptive research design was for the study. The population of the study comprised of 146
printing publishers operating in Owerri, Imo State (Vconnent.com). A simple random sampling
procedure was used in drawing a sample of 20 out of the total population based on the time frame.
Secondary sources of data such as journals, conference sources etc. were used to review literature
on the Green Management (GM) field, which helps in identifying and narrowing the various
aspects of green management and its benefits in improving organizational effectiveness. Primary
data through questionnaire was purposefully and manually distributed to 20 operators of the
printing press in Owerri, Imo State. A 5-point Likert scale Questionnaire format (Strongly Agree
=5, Agree=4, Neutral/Undecided=3, Disagree=2, strongly Disagree=1) was used to obtain the
Organizational EffectivenessGreen Management
(GM)
Cost Minimization
Waste Recycling
Environmental Pollution

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various perceptions of the target population. Frequency and percentage count tables, Mean item
score and T-test statistics were used for data analyses.
4. Data Presentation, Analysis, and Results
4.1 Results from the Administered Questionnaires
The Primary data for this research work was obtained through manually distributed questionnaires
to operators of the printing press in Owerri, Imo State and the responses obtained were shown in
the table. There was a 100% response from the 20 questionnaires distributed.
1. Does your enterprise involve in any form of green management?
Table 1. Opinion on whether respondents are involved in green management
Options No. Of Responses Percentage (%)
Yes 20 100
No - -
Total 20 100
Source: Authors’ Fieldwork, 2018.
2. If yes to question 1, which of the following green management does your firm practice?
Table 2. Question on the type of Green Management Practiced by respondents
Waste recycling 11 55
Energy conservation 4 20
Re-use of by-product 3 15
Renewable energy 2 10
Total 20
Source: Authors’ Fieldwork, 2018.
3. Which of the following factors do you consider is affecting green management practice in
Nigeria?
Table 3. Question on factors affecting green management practice in Nigeria

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Cultural, economic, social & technological
barriers
15 75
The perception of green management being
expensive
4 20
Lack of awareness 1 5
Total 20 100
From the first tables, it can be observed that operators of printing press practice green management
and the most practiced one in table two are waste recycling.
Also, respondents agreed that there are factors militating against green management practice
ranging from cultural, economic, social and technical barriers, and the perception that green
management practice is expensive.
Table 4. An Assessment of the relationship between Green Management (GM) practice and
Organizational Effectiveness (n=20)
s/n Questions Mean Std.
Deviation
1. Waste recycling saves resource and prevents pollution 4.2 1.10
2 Implementation of green management leads to energy efficiency
and conservation
4.05 1.05
3 Waste recycling helps in serving cost for an organization like
fines against environmental compliance.
3.8 1.36
4 Waste recycling supports public and employees’ health 4.3 0.80
5 Green management reduces customers’ environmental impacts
& decreasing their exposure to unhealthy substances
3.75 1.25
6 Green management should be part organization’s corporate
social responsibility
4.25 1.11

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7 Going green flourishes organizational brand image which helps
in improving its market share & competitive advantage
3.95 1.19
8 Green management enhance the quality of work life, working
conditions & environment, healthy & happy worker
4.1 1.11
9 Green management help to control carbon emission of an
organization & add efficiency to its operation
3.3 1.38
10 Green management is a source of employment opportunity 4.35 0.87
Source: Authors’ statistical computations
4.2. Testing of Hypotheses
H01: Waste Recycling does not have any significant effect on cost minimization.
H02: Waste Recycling does not have a significant effect on environmental pollution.
The hypotheses formulated for this study was tested using T-statistics. The values of the mean
item scores in table 4 above were used as the data for the statistical computations with the result
shown in table 4 & 5.
Table. 4. T-Test statistical computation result on waste recycling and cost minimization.
MEAN Standard
Deviation
Standard
Error
N DF Alpha
(Significance
level)
P
value
Tcal Ttab0.05, 4
4.0200 .24135 .10794 5 4 5% .000 37.245 2.132
SPSS output.
With 4 degrees of freedom (DF) and 5% level of significance, the T-test calculated (Tcal = 37.245)
is greater than T-test tabulated (Ttab 0.05, 9 = 2.132) as such, the alternative hypothesis was

pg. 18
accepted; which states that “Waste Recycling has a significant effect on cost minimization for
organizations operating in the printing press industry Owerri, Imo State.
Table.5. T-Test statistical computation result in waste recycling and environmental pollution.
MEAN Standard
Deviation
Standard
Error
N D F Alpha
(Significance
level)
P
value
Tcal Ttab0.05, 4
3.9900 .41443 .18534 5 4 5% .000 21.528 2.132
SPSS output.
With 4 degrees of freedom (DF) and 5% level of significance, the T-test calculated (Tcal = 21.528)
is greater than T-test tabulated (Ttab 0.05, 9 = 2.132) as such, the alternative hypothesis was
accepted; which states that “Waste Recycling has a significant effect on environmental pollution
for organizations operating in the printing press industry Owerri, Imo State.
The above findings is supported by the study of Ying-chin, Wang & Ling (2016) that investigated
the effect of green management and performance of Taiwanese electronics firms. Their findings
indicate that GM has a significant impact on firm performance. Also, our finding is supported by
the U.S. EPA’s report (2012), according to the report, 54 percent of waste was disposed of in
landfills, 11.7 percent was combusted (burned) to create energy, and 34.5 percent was recycled.
The resulting reduction in carbon emissions (pollution) is estimated to be more than 168 million
metric tons. Finally, the result of the study of Thomas & Suhong (2014) reviews a positive
significant relationship between green operations and organizational performance.
5.1 Conclusion
This study investigates the relationships between green management and organizational
effectiveness for the top 20 printing press companies in Owerri Imo State. Green management was
measured by one indicator (waste recycling) while organizational effectiveness was measured by
cost minimization and environmental pollution. The analyzed data shows that waste recycling has
reduced the amount of waste materials sent to landfills and incinerators, reduced operating cost

pg. 19
especially cost of environmental compliance, created jobs in the recycling and manufacturing
industries reduce energy needs for the manufacturing of many new products, conserve water and
other natural resources and finally reduce pollution generated during the harvesting of raw
materials, improve the working conditions for employee which translates to employee
productivity, cost/money savings for organization through selling of recyclable materials (eg paper
wastes) enabling them to offsets the extra costs of collecting and processing recyclables.
The effect of green management is significant which is further attested by the T-test statistical test
of the research hypotheses by accepting the Alternative hypotheses; which states that: H01: Waste
Recycling does have a significant effect on cost minimization. H02: Waste Recycling does have a
significant effect on environmental pollution.
5.2 Recommendations
The paper industry (printing press) in Nigeria should realize that green practices will become a
mainstream manufacturing concept and that green management (GM) will become a core business
principle. Firms operating in this industry must be able to make effective use of these green
opportunities to transfer the original environmental pressures into a competitive advantage,
improve corporation image, develop new market segments, expand into new markets, and
maximize benefits.
References
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Puzzle”, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 61 No. 2, pp. 51-63.

pg. 20
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International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 5 No. 3;
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companies in Nigeria. January 30
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_management
www. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).org

pg. 22
www. NigeriaConstitution1999.Nig
www. NatureClimateChange.org
www.idem.IN.gov

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