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HISTORY AND
PRINCIPLES OF MEDIA
ETHICS
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS
• The code of ethics in media was created by
a suggestion from the 1947 Hutchins
Commission. They suggested that
newspapers, broadcasters and journalists
had started to become more responsible
for journalism and thought they should be
held accountable.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS
•In the 1990s, the term "information
ethics" began to be explored by
various Computer Science and
Information departments in the
United States
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS
•Research and publications in
the field of information ethics
has been produced since the
1980s.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS
• Notable figures include and Robert
Hauptman (who focused his work
specifically on:
1. censorship,
2. privacy,
3. access to information,
4. balance in collection development,
5. copyright,
6. fair use, and
7. codes of ethics
privacy
codes of
ethics
HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS
• In the late 1990s, textbooks such as
Richard Severson's The Principles of
Information Ethics and Marsha Cook
Woodbury's Computer and Information
Ethics, and Deborah G.
Johnson's Computer Ethics were
published
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
WHAT IS MEDIA ETHICS?
•It is the subdivision of
applied ethics dealing with the
specific ethical principles and
standards of media, including
broadcast media, film, theatre, the
arts, print media and the internet.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
WHAT IS MEDIA ETHICS?
•Media ethics involves
promoting and defending
values such as a universal
respect for life and the rule of
law and legality.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
WHY ETHICS IS IMPORTANT
IN MEDIA?
• Ethics are important in Journalism
because they create guidelines for
journalists to follow that help people
from feeling unequal or out casted.
• They're also important in making sure
that media stays true and further helps
journalists maintain a sense of equality.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
WHY MASS MEDIA ETHICS ARE
STILL IMPORTANT?
• Far away from the computer, microphone or
camera, even the most experienced media
professionals face situations that TEST THEIR
MEDIA ETHICS.
• Just because you work in media DOESN'T
MEAN you don't have political opinions.
• Some people are paid to give theirs publicly.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
WHY MASS MEDIA ETHICS ARE
STILL IMPORTANT?
• IF YOU WANT TO APPEAR UNBIASED, be
wary of all the ways that your political
leanings may be exposed, because c r i t i c s
a r e s o m e t i m e s e a g e r t o m a k e
a c c u s a t i o n s o f p o l i t i c a l b i a s .
• That's especially true for those who are always
on the lookout for alleged liberal media bias.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
AREAS OF MEDIA
ETHICS
AREAS OF MEDIA ETHICS
• Issues of moral principles and values as
applied to the conduct, roles, and
*content of the mass media, in particular
journalism ethics and standards and
marketing ethics; also the field of study
concerned with this topic.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
AREAS OF MEDIA ETHICS
• IN RELATION TO NEWS COVERAGE it includes
issues such as impartiality, objectivity, balance,
bias, privacy, and the public interest.
• More GENERALLY, it also includes stereotyping,
taste and decency, obscenity, freedom of speech,
advertising practices such as product placement,
and legal issues such as defamation.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
AREAS OF MEDIA ETHICS
• On an INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL it includes
debates over media ownership and
control, commercialization, accountability,
the relation of the media to the political
system, issues arising from regulation (e.g.
censorship) and deregulation.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
A. ETHICS OF JOURNALISM?
• The ethics of journalism is one of the most WELL-
DEFINED BRANCHES OF MEDIA ETHICS,
primarily because it is frequently taught in
schools of journalism.
• Journalistic ethics tend to dominate media ethics,
sometimes almost to the exclusion of other
areas.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics:
NEWS MANIPULATION
• News can manipulate and be
manipulated.
• Governments and corporations may
attempt to manipulate news media;
governments.
• FOR EXAMPLE, by censorship, and
corporations by share ownership.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
NEWS MANIPULATION
• The methods of manipulation are subtle and
many. Manipulation may be voluntary or
involuntary.
• Those being manipulated may not be aware
of this. See: news propaganda.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
TRUTH
• Truth may conflict with many other values.
• Truth is most often used to mean being in accord
with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or
standard.
• Truth may also often be used in modern
contexts to refer to an idea of "truth to self," or
authenticity.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
PUBLIC INTEREST
• Revelation of military secrets and other
sensitive government information may
be contrary to the public interest, even if
it is true.
• However, public interest is not a term
which is easy to define.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
PRIVACY
• Salacious details of the lives of public figures
is a central content element in many media.
• Publication is not necessarily justified simply
because the information is true.
• Privacy is also a right, and one which
conflicts with free speech. See: paparazzi.
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
FANTASY
• is an element of entertainment, which is a
legitimate goal of media content.
• Journalism may mix fantasy and truth, with
resulting ethical dilemmas.
• See: National Enquirer, Jayson Blair scandal,
Adnan Hajj photographs controversy.
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
TASTE
• Photo journalists who cover war and disasters
confront situations which may shock the
sensitivities of their audiences. For example,
human remains are rarely screened.
• The ethical issue is how far should one risk
shocking an audience's sensitivities in order to
correctly and fully report the truth. See
photojournalism.
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
CONFLICT WITH THE LAW
•Journalistic ethics may conflict
with the law over issues such as
the protection of confidential
news sources.
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
CONFLICT WITH THE LAW
• There is also the question of the extent to
which it is ethically acceptable to break the
law in order to obtain news.
• For example, undercover reporters may be
engaging in deception, trespass and similar
torts and crimes. See undercover journalism,
investigative journalism.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
B. ONLINE JOURNALISM
•The Internet has shaped and
redefined various ethical and
moral issues for both online
journalists and journalists
utilizing online resources.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
ONLINE JOURNALISM
• While some journalists continue to adhere to ethical
principles of traditional journalism, many journalists
believe that with the absence of a mutually agreed upon
code of ethics specifically pertaining to internet ethics,
and lack of literature dealing specifically with the ways in
which the Internet impacts MEDIA ETHICS IN
JOURNALISM ONLINE, the online environment poses
new threats to the profession.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
CORE ISSUES OF MEDIA ETHICS IN
ONLINE JOURNALISM
• Some of the core issues of media ethics
in online journalism include commercial
pressures, accuracy and credibility (which
include he issues dealing with hyperlinks),
verification of facts, regulation, privacy,
and news-gathering methods.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
C. ETHICS OF ENTERTAINMENT
MEDIA
• The depiction of violence and sex, and the presence of
strong language.
• Ethical guidelines and legislation in this area are
common and many media (e.g. film, computer games)
are subject to ratings systems and supervision by
agencies.
• An extensive guide to international systems of
enforcement can be found under motion picture rating
system.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
“FLUFF OR “CELEBRITY NEWS”
• Over the years, print media has been
dying out so journalists began to report
on what is referred to as “Celebrity
News”, or “Fluff.”
• As more outlets adopt this topic to
report on, people become dependent
on them.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
“FLUFF OR “CELEBRITY NEWS”
•Most people know not to
completely trust these outlets due to
ethical discrepancies, but the issue
arises when people who are not as
mature or educated find these
reports to be completely true.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
PRODUCT PLACEMENT
• An increasingly common marketing tactic is
the placement of products in entertainment
media.
• The producers of such media may be PAID
HIGH SUMS to display branded products. The
practice is controversial and largely
unregulated.
• Detailed article: product placement.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
ADVERTISING
• Attraction and persuasion are currently
found in modern journalism.
• It is found that these methods of
advertising may alter an audience’s
point of view of what is realistic and
falsified information.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
STEREOTYPES
• Stereotypes may negatively affect
people's perceptions of themselves or
promote socially undesirable behavior.
• The stereotypical portrayals of men,
affluence and ethnic groups are
examples of major areas of debate
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
STEREOTYPES
• Women in Media: Entertainment media
often exploits female bodies by
objectifying and de-humanizing them.
• By doing so, the concept of female bodies
being bought and sold becomes common.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
STEREOTYPES
• Media outlets usually use
either images or imagery of
female day.
• bodies to counter negative
news that is provided
throughout the day.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
TASTE AND TABOOS
• Entertainment media often questions of our values for
artistic and entertainment purposes.
• Normative ethics is often about moral values, and
what kinds should be enforced and protected.
• In media ethics, these two sides come into conflict.
• IN THE NAME OF ART, media may deliberately
attempt to break with existing norms and shock the
audience.
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
TASTE AND TABOOS
• That poses ETHICAL PROBLEMS when the
norms abandoned are closely associated with
certain relevant moral values or obligations.
• The extent to which this is acceptable is always
a hotbed of ethical controversy. See: Turner
Prize, obscenity, freedom of speech, aesthetics
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
D. MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY
• IN DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES, a special
relationship exists between media and
government.
• Although the freedom of the media may be
constitutionally enshrined and have precise
legal definition and enforcement, the exercise
of that FREEDOM BY INDIVIDUAL
JOURNALISTS is a matter of personal choice
and ethics. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY
• Modern democratic government subsists in
representation of millions by hundreds. For
the representatives to be accountable, and
for the process of government to be
transparent, effective communication paths
must exist to their constituents.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY
• Today these paths consist primarily of the
mass media, to the extent that if press freedom
disappeared, so would most political
accountability.
• In this area, media ethics merges with issues of
civil rights and politics. Issues include:
Subversion of media independence by
financial interests.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY
• Government monitoring of media
for intelligence gathering against its
own people. See, for example, NSA
call database.
• See: freedom of information, media
transparency Right to Information
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
E. MEDIA INTEGRITY
• refers to the ability of a media outlet to
SERVE the public interest and
democratic process, making it resilient
to institutional corruption within the
media system, economy of influence,
conflicting dependence and political
clientelism.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
media
E. MEDIA INTEGRITY
Media integrity encompasses following
qualities of a media outlet:
1. independence from private or political
interests
2. transparency about own financial interests
3. commitment to journalism ethics and
standards
4. responsiveness to citizens
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
F. JOURNALISM ETHICS AND
STANDARDS
• comprise principles of ethics and of
good practice as applicable to the
specific challenges faced by
journalists.
• This subset of media ethics is widely
known to journalists as their
professional "code of ethics" or the
"canons of journalism". BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
JOURNALISM ETHICS AND
STANDARDS
• common elements including the
PRINCIPLES of truthfulness, accuracy,
objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and
public accountability, as these apply
to the acquisition of newsworthy
information and its subsequent
dissemination to the public.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
G. MARKETING ETHICS
• is an area of applied ethics which deals
with the MORAL PRINCIPLES behind the
operation and regulation of marketing.
Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of
advertising and promotion) overlap with
media ethics.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
IMPARTIALITY
• (also called evenhandedness or fair-
mindedness) is a PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
holding that decisions should be based on
objective criteria, rather than on the basis of
bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one
person over another for improper reasons.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
In relation to news coverage:
JOURNALISTIC OBJECTIVITY
• is a considerable notion within the
discussion of JOURNALISTIC
PROFESSIONALISM.
• Journalistic objectivity may refer to fairness,
disinterestedness, factuality, and
nonpartisanship, but most often
encompasses all of these qualities.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
In relation to news coverage:
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
• principle that supports the freedom of an
individual or a community to articulate their
opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation,
censorship, or sanction.
• The term "freedom of expression" is sometimes
used synonymously but includes any act of seeking,
receiving, and imparting information or ideas,
regardless of the medium used.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
In relation to news coverage:
MEDIA ETHICS AND THE
LAWS
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
MEDIA ETHICS AND MEDIA
ECONOMICS
• Media economics where things such as --
deregulation of media, concentration of
media ownership, FCC ( Federal
Communications Commission) regulations in
the U.S, media trade unions and labor issues,
and other such worldwide regulating bodies,
citizen media (low power FM, community
radio) -- have ethical implications
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
OVERVIEW: A. DEREGULATION
• Deregulation is the process of
removing or reducing state regulations,
typically in the economic sphere.
• It is the repeal of governmental
regulation of the economy.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
OVERVIEW: DEREGULATION
• OPPOSITION TO DEREGULATION may
usually involve apprehension regarding
environmental pollution and environmental
quality standards (such as the removal of
regulations on hazardous materials),
financial uncertainty, and constraining
monopolies.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
OVERVIEW: DEREGULATION
• The stated rationale for deregulation
is often that fewer and simpler
regulations will lead to raised levels of
competitiveness, therefore higher
productivity, more efficiency and
lower prices overall.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
B. CONCENTRATION OF MEDIA
OWNERSHIP
• Concentration of media ownership
(also known as media consolidation or
media convergence) is a process
whereby progressively fewer
individuals or organizations control
increasing shares of the mass media.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
media
ownership
COMMUNITY RADIO
• Community radio is a radio service offering a
third model of radio broadcasting in addition to
commercial and public broadcasting.
• Community stations serve geographic
communities and communities of interest.
• They broadcast content that is popular and
relevant to a local specific audience.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
Regional
Coverage
MEDIA ETHICS AND PUBLIC
OFFICIALS
• The media has manipulated the way public
officials conduct themselves through the
advancement of technology.
• Constant television coverage displays the
legislative proceedings; exposing faster than
ever before, unjust rulings throughout the
government process.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
POLITICIANS
MEDIA ETHICS AND PUBLIC
OFFICIALS
• TRUTH TELLING is crucial in media ethics as any
opposition of truth telling is considered deception.
• Anything shown by the media whether print or video
is considered to be original.
• When a statement is written in an article or a video
is shown of a public official, it is the original “truthful”
words of the individual official themselves.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
INTERCULTURAL DIMENSIONS
OF MEDIA ETHICS
• If values differ interculturally, the issue arises of the extent
to which behavior should be modified in the light of the
values of specific cultures.
• Two examples of controversy from the field of media
ethics:
• Google's self-censorship in China.
• The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy in
Denmark, and subsequently worldwide.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Media ethics and media economics
JYLLANDS-POSTEN MUHAMMAD
CARTOONS CONTROVERSY
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Muhammedkrisen began after the Danish
newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12
editorial cartoons on 30 September 2005, most
of which depicted Muhammad, a principal
figure of the religion of Islam. The newspaper
announced that this was an attempt to
contribute to the debate about criticism of
Islam and self-censorship.
Intercultural dimensions of media ethics:
META-ISSUES IN MEDIA
ETHICS
• One theoretical question for media ethics is the extent to
which media ethics is just another topical subdivision of
applied ethics, differing only in terms of case applications
and raising no theoretical issues peculiar to itself.
• The oldest subdivisions of applied ethics are medical
ethics and business ethics.
• Does media ethics have anything new to add other than
interesting cases? (What do you think?)
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS
AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS
• PRIVACY AND HONESTY are issues extensively
covered in medical ethical literature, as is the
principle of harm-avoidance.
• The trade-offs between economic goals and
social values has been covered extensively in
business ethics (as well as medical and
environmental ethics).
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
Deal in our privacy
with the last
honesty
and truth
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS
AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS
• The issues of freedom of speech and
aesthetic values (taste) are primarily at
home in media ethics.
• However a number of further issues
distinguish media ethics as a field in its
own right.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS
AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS
• A theoretical issue peculiar to media ethics is
the I D E N T I T Y O F O B S E R V E R A N D
O B S E R V E D.
• The press is one of the primary guardians in a
democratic society of many of the freedoms,
rights and duties discussed by other fields of
applied ethics.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS
AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS
• In MEDIA ETHICS the ethical obligations
of the guardians themselves comes
more strongly into the foreground.
• Who guards the guardians? This
question also arises in the field of legal
ethics.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS
AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS
• A further self-referentiality or circular characteristic in
media ethics is the questioning of its own values.
• Meta-issues can become identical with the subject matter
of media ethics.
• This is most strongly seen when artistic elements are
considered.
• Benetton advertisements and Turner prize candidates are
both examples of ethically questionable media uses which
question their own questioner.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
BENETTON
ADVERTISEMENTS
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
The TURNER PRIZE, named after the
English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual
prize presented to a British visual artist.
Between 1991 and 2016, only artists under
the age of 50 were eligible (this restriction
was removed for the 2017 award)
TURNER PRIZE 2016
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS
AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS
• Another characteristic of media ethics is the disparate
nature of its goals.
• Ethical dilemmas emerge when goals conflict.
• The goals of media usage diverge sharply.
• Expressed in a consequentialist manner, media usage
may be subject to pressures to maximize: economic
profits, entertainment value, information provision, the
upholding of democratic freedoms, the development of
art and culture, fame and vanity.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
WHY DO WE STUDY MEDIA
LAWS AND ETHICS?
• B e c a u s e E V E R Y O N E I S A
P U B L I S H E R . Everyone who uses the media
needs to understand media law because new
technologies make it possible for individuals to reach
very large audiences.
• PEOPLE in haste to go ahead of competition or it was
just a mere desire to share the information without
validation become street journalist (citizen journalism).
• A PROFESSIONAL journalist has to i n v e s t i g a t e in
order for his facts to be valid.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB
MEDIA ETHICS
THANK YOU FOR
READING!
CHELDHAYE

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History and principles of media ethics

  • 1. HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF MEDIA ETHICS BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 2. HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS • The code of ethics in media was created by a suggestion from the 1947 Hutchins Commission. They suggested that newspapers, broadcasters and journalists had started to become more responsible for journalism and thought they should be held accountable. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 3. HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS •In the 1990s, the term "information ethics" began to be explored by various Computer Science and Information departments in the United States BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 4. HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS •Research and publications in the field of information ethics has been produced since the 1980s. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 5. HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS • Notable figures include and Robert Hauptman (who focused his work specifically on: 1. censorship, 2. privacy, 3. access to information, 4. balance in collection development, 5. copyright, 6. fair use, and 7. codes of ethics privacy codes of ethics
  • 6. HISTORY OF MEDIA ETHICS • In the late 1990s, textbooks such as Richard Severson's The Principles of Information Ethics and Marsha Cook Woodbury's Computer and Information Ethics, and Deborah G. Johnson's Computer Ethics were published BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 7. WHAT IS MEDIA ETHICS? •It is the subdivision of applied ethics dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 8. WHAT IS MEDIA ETHICS? •Media ethics involves promoting and defending values such as a universal respect for life and the rule of law and legality. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 9. WHY ETHICS IS IMPORTANT IN MEDIA? • Ethics are important in Journalism because they create guidelines for journalists to follow that help people from feeling unequal or out casted. • They're also important in making sure that media stays true and further helps journalists maintain a sense of equality. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 10. WHY MASS MEDIA ETHICS ARE STILL IMPORTANT? • Far away from the computer, microphone or camera, even the most experienced media professionals face situations that TEST THEIR MEDIA ETHICS. • Just because you work in media DOESN'T MEAN you don't have political opinions. • Some people are paid to give theirs publicly. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 11. WHY MASS MEDIA ETHICS ARE STILL IMPORTANT? • IF YOU WANT TO APPEAR UNBIASED, be wary of all the ways that your political leanings may be exposed, because c r i t i c s a r e s o m e t i m e s e a g e r t o m a k e a c c u s a t i o n s o f p o l i t i c a l b i a s . • That's especially true for those who are always on the lookout for alleged liberal media bias. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 13. AREAS OF MEDIA ETHICS • Issues of moral principles and values as applied to the conduct, roles, and *content of the mass media, in particular journalism ethics and standards and marketing ethics; also the field of study concerned with this topic. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 14. AREAS OF MEDIA ETHICS • IN RELATION TO NEWS COVERAGE it includes issues such as impartiality, objectivity, balance, bias, privacy, and the public interest. • More GENERALLY, it also includes stereotyping, taste and decency, obscenity, freedom of speech, advertising practices such as product placement, and legal issues such as defamation. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 15. AREAS OF MEDIA ETHICS • On an INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL it includes debates over media ownership and control, commercialization, accountability, the relation of the media to the political system, issues arising from regulation (e.g. censorship) and deregulation. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 16. A. ETHICS OF JOURNALISM? • The ethics of journalism is one of the most WELL- DEFINED BRANCHES OF MEDIA ETHICS, primarily because it is frequently taught in schools of journalism. • Journalistic ethics tend to dominate media ethics, sometimes almost to the exclusion of other areas. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics:
  • 17. NEWS MANIPULATION • News can manipulate and be manipulated. • Governments and corporations may attempt to manipulate news media; governments. • FOR EXAMPLE, by censorship, and corporations by share ownership. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
  • 18. NEWS MANIPULATION • The methods of manipulation are subtle and many. Manipulation may be voluntary or involuntary. • Those being manipulated may not be aware of this. See: news propaganda. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
  • 19. TRUTH • Truth may conflict with many other values. • Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. • Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of "truth to self," or authenticity. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
  • 20. PUBLIC INTEREST • Revelation of military secrets and other sensitive government information may be contrary to the public interest, even if it is true. • However, public interest is not a term which is easy to define. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
  • 21. PRIVACY • Salacious details of the lives of public figures is a central content element in many media. • Publication is not necessarily justified simply because the information is true. • Privacy is also a right, and one which conflicts with free speech. See: paparazzi. Topics covered by journalism ethics include: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 22. FANTASY • is an element of entertainment, which is a legitimate goal of media content. • Journalism may mix fantasy and truth, with resulting ethical dilemmas. • See: National Enquirer, Jayson Blair scandal, Adnan Hajj photographs controversy. Topics covered by journalism ethics include: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 23. TASTE • Photo journalists who cover war and disasters confront situations which may shock the sensitivities of their audiences. For example, human remains are rarely screened. • The ethical issue is how far should one risk shocking an audience's sensitivities in order to correctly and fully report the truth. See photojournalism. Topics covered by journalism ethics include: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 24. CONFLICT WITH THE LAW •Journalistic ethics may conflict with the law over issues such as the protection of confidential news sources. Topics covered by journalism ethics include: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 25. CONFLICT WITH THE LAW • There is also the question of the extent to which it is ethically acceptable to break the law in order to obtain news. • For example, undercover reporters may be engaging in deception, trespass and similar torts and crimes. See undercover journalism, investigative journalism. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
  • 26. B. ONLINE JOURNALISM •The Internet has shaped and redefined various ethical and moral issues for both online journalists and journalists utilizing online resources. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 27. ONLINE JOURNALISM • While some journalists continue to adhere to ethical principles of traditional journalism, many journalists believe that with the absence of a mutually agreed upon code of ethics specifically pertaining to internet ethics, and lack of literature dealing specifically with the ways in which the Internet impacts MEDIA ETHICS IN JOURNALISM ONLINE, the online environment poses new threats to the profession. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 28. CORE ISSUES OF MEDIA ETHICS IN ONLINE JOURNALISM • Some of the core issues of media ethics in online journalism include commercial pressures, accuracy and credibility (which include he issues dealing with hyperlinks), verification of facts, regulation, privacy, and news-gathering methods. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 29. C. ETHICS OF ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA • The depiction of violence and sex, and the presence of strong language. • Ethical guidelines and legislation in this area are common and many media (e.g. film, computer games) are subject to ratings systems and supervision by agencies. • An extensive guide to international systems of enforcement can be found under motion picture rating system. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 30. “FLUFF OR “CELEBRITY NEWS” • Over the years, print media has been dying out so journalists began to report on what is referred to as “Celebrity News”, or “Fluff.” • As more outlets adopt this topic to report on, people become dependent on them. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
  • 31. “FLUFF OR “CELEBRITY NEWS” •Most people know not to completely trust these outlets due to ethical discrepancies, but the issue arises when people who are not as mature or educated find these reports to be completely true. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
  • 32. PRODUCT PLACEMENT • An increasingly common marketing tactic is the placement of products in entertainment media. • The producers of such media may be PAID HIGH SUMS to display branded products. The practice is controversial and largely unregulated. • Detailed article: product placement. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
  • 33. ADVERTISING • Attraction and persuasion are currently found in modern journalism. • It is found that these methods of advertising may alter an audience’s point of view of what is realistic and falsified information. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
  • 34. STEREOTYPES • Stereotypes may negatively affect people's perceptions of themselves or promote socially undesirable behavior. • The stereotypical portrayals of men, affluence and ethnic groups are examples of major areas of debate BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
  • 35. STEREOTYPES • Women in Media: Entertainment media often exploits female bodies by objectifying and de-humanizing them. • By doing so, the concept of female bodies being bought and sold becomes common. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
  • 36. STEREOTYPES • Media outlets usually use either images or imagery of female day. • bodies to counter negative news that is provided throughout the day. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
  • 37. TASTE AND TABOOS • Entertainment media often questions of our values for artistic and entertainment purposes. • Normative ethics is often about moral values, and what kinds should be enforced and protected. • In media ethics, these two sides come into conflict. • IN THE NAME OF ART, media may deliberately attempt to break with existing norms and shock the audience. Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 38. TASTE AND TABOOS • That poses ETHICAL PROBLEMS when the norms abandoned are closely associated with certain relevant moral values or obligations. • The extent to which this is acceptable is always a hotbed of ethical controversy. See: Turner Prize, obscenity, freedom of speech, aesthetics Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 39. D. MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY • IN DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES, a special relationship exists between media and government. • Although the freedom of the media may be constitutionally enshrined and have precise legal definition and enforcement, the exercise of that FREEDOM BY INDIVIDUAL JOURNALISTS is a matter of personal choice and ethics. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 40. MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY • Modern democratic government subsists in representation of millions by hundreds. For the representatives to be accountable, and for the process of government to be transparent, effective communication paths must exist to their constituents. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 41. MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY • Today these paths consist primarily of the mass media, to the extent that if press freedom disappeared, so would most political accountability. • In this area, media ethics merges with issues of civil rights and politics. Issues include: Subversion of media independence by financial interests. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 42. MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY • Government monitoring of media for intelligence gathering against its own people. See, for example, NSA call database. • See: freedom of information, media transparency Right to Information BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 43. E. MEDIA INTEGRITY • refers to the ability of a media outlet to SERVE the public interest and democratic process, making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system, economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS media
  • 44. E. MEDIA INTEGRITY Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet: 1. independence from private or political interests 2. transparency about own financial interests 3. commitment to journalism ethics and standards 4. responsiveness to citizens BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 45. F. JOURNALISM ETHICS AND STANDARDS • comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by journalists. • This subset of media ethics is widely known to journalists as their professional "code of ethics" or the "canons of journalism". BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 46. JOURNALISM ETHICS AND STANDARDS • common elements including the PRINCIPLES of truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and public accountability, as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 47. G. MARKETING ETHICS • is an area of applied ethics which deals with the MORAL PRINCIPLES behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of advertising and promotion) overlap with media ethics. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 48. IMPARTIALITY • (also called evenhandedness or fair- mindedness) is a PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS In relation to news coverage:
  • 49. JOURNALISTIC OBJECTIVITY • is a considerable notion within the discussion of JOURNALISTIC PROFESSIONALISM. • Journalistic objectivity may refer to fairness, disinterestedness, factuality, and nonpartisanship, but most often encompasses all of these qualities. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS In relation to news coverage:
  • 50. FREEDOM OF SPEECH • principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction. • The term "freedom of expression" is sometimes used synonymously but includes any act of seeking, receiving, and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS In relation to news coverage:
  • 51. MEDIA ETHICS AND THE LAWS BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 52. MEDIA ETHICS AND MEDIA ECONOMICS • Media economics where things such as -- deregulation of media, concentration of media ownership, FCC ( Federal Communications Commission) regulations in the U.S, media trade unions and labor issues, and other such worldwide regulating bodies, citizen media (low power FM, community radio) -- have ethical implications BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 53. OVERVIEW: A. DEREGULATION • Deregulation is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. • It is the repeal of governmental regulation of the economy. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 54. OVERVIEW: DEREGULATION • OPPOSITION TO DEREGULATION may usually involve apprehension regarding environmental pollution and environmental quality standards (such as the removal of regulations on hazardous materials), financial uncertainty, and constraining monopolies. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics
  • 55. OVERVIEW: DEREGULATION • The stated rationale for deregulation is often that fewer and simpler regulations will lead to raised levels of competitiveness, therefore higher productivity, more efficiency and lower prices overall. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics
  • 56. B. CONCENTRATION OF MEDIA OWNERSHIP • Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics media ownership
  • 57. COMMUNITY RADIO • Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting. • Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest. • They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local specific audience. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics Regional Coverage
  • 58. MEDIA ETHICS AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS • The media has manipulated the way public officials conduct themselves through the advancement of technology. • Constant television coverage displays the legislative proceedings; exposing faster than ever before, unjust rulings throughout the government process. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics POLITICIANS
  • 59. MEDIA ETHICS AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS • TRUTH TELLING is crucial in media ethics as any opposition of truth telling is considered deception. • Anything shown by the media whether print or video is considered to be original. • When a statement is written in an article or a video is shown of a public official, it is the original “truthful” words of the individual official themselves. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics
  • 60. INTERCULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA ETHICS • If values differ interculturally, the issue arises of the extent to which behavior should be modified in the light of the values of specific cultures. • Two examples of controversy from the field of media ethics: • Google's self-censorship in China. • The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy in Denmark, and subsequently worldwide. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Media ethics and media economics
  • 61. JYLLANDS-POSTEN MUHAMMAD CARTOONS CONTROVERSY BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Muhammedkrisen began after the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 editorial cartoons on 30 September 2005, most of which depicted Muhammad, a principal figure of the religion of Islam. The newspaper announced that this was an attempt to contribute to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship. Intercultural dimensions of media ethics:
  • 62. META-ISSUES IN MEDIA ETHICS • One theoretical question for media ethics is the extent to which media ethics is just another topical subdivision of applied ethics, differing only in terms of case applications and raising no theoretical issues peculiar to itself. • The oldest subdivisions of applied ethics are medical ethics and business ethics. • Does media ethics have anything new to add other than interesting cases? (What do you think?) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 63. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS • PRIVACY AND HONESTY are issues extensively covered in medical ethical literature, as is the principle of harm-avoidance. • The trade-offs between economic goals and social values has been covered extensively in business ethics (as well as medical and environmental ethics). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS Deal in our privacy with the last honesty and truth
  • 64. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS • The issues of freedom of speech and aesthetic values (taste) are primarily at home in media ethics. • However a number of further issues distinguish media ethics as a field in its own right. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 65. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS • A theoretical issue peculiar to media ethics is the I D E N T I T Y O F O B S E R V E R A N D O B S E R V E D. • The press is one of the primary guardians in a democratic society of many of the freedoms, rights and duties discussed by other fields of applied ethics. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 66. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS • In MEDIA ETHICS the ethical obligations of the guardians themselves comes more strongly into the foreground. • Who guards the guardians? This question also arises in the field of legal ethics. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 67. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS • A further self-referentiality or circular characteristic in media ethics is the questioning of its own values. • Meta-issues can become identical with the subject matter of media ethics. • This is most strongly seen when artistic elements are considered. • Benetton advertisements and Turner prize candidates are both examples of ethically questionable media uses which question their own questioner. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 68. BENETTON ADVERTISEMENTS BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 69. The TURNER PRIZE, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist. Between 1991 and 2016, only artists under the age of 50 were eligible (this restriction was removed for the 2017 award) TURNER PRIZE 2016 BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 70. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIA ETHICS AND OTHER FIELDS OF APPLIED ETHICS • Another characteristic of media ethics is the disparate nature of its goals. • Ethical dilemmas emerge when goals conflict. • The goals of media usage diverge sharply. • Expressed in a consequentialist manner, media usage may be subject to pressures to maximize: economic profits, entertainment value, information provision, the upholding of democratic freedoms, the development of art and culture, fame and vanity. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS
  • 71. WHY DO WE STUDY MEDIA LAWS AND ETHICS? • B e c a u s e E V E R Y O N E I S A P U B L I S H E R . Everyone who uses the media needs to understand media law because new technologies make it possible for individuals to reach very large audiences. • PEOPLE in haste to go ahead of competition or it was just a mere desire to share the information without validation become street journalist (citizen journalism). • A PROFESSIONAL journalist has to i n v e s t i g a t e in order for his facts to be valid. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO.MPA,LLB MEDIA ETHICS