SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  15
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Excel
Charts and Graphs
What is a worksheet chart?
 A chart is a graphical representation of data.
 Charts make the data in a worksheet easier to
understand by providing a visual picture of the data.
Comparing chart types
 You can create a variety of charts in Excel, each
working with specific types of data.
Chart types
 Column chart (bar graph): Uses bars to illustrate
values in a worksheet, and shows relationships
among categories.
 Line chart (line graph): Shows points connected
by a line, and is ideal for illustrating trends over
time.
Chart types
 Pie chart: Shows
the relationship of a
part to a whole.
Each part is shown
as a “slice” of the
pie.
Creating charts
 Selecting Chart Data:
Chart data, called the
data source, is stored in
a range of cells in the
worksheet. When you
select the data source,
include the text you
want to use as labels.
You can chart more
than one series of data.
A data series is a group
of related information in
a column or row of a
worksheet that is plotted
on the chart.
Creating charts
 Selecting a Chart Type: The next step is to select
the type of chart you want to create, such as a
column chart, a pie chart, or a line chart. Each
type of chart has a variety of subtypes you can
choose from. The chart types are available on
the Insert tab in the Charts group.
Creating charts
 Choosing the Chart Location: After you select a
chart type and style, the chart is inserted as an
embedded chart in the center of the worksheet.
You can also choose to move the chart to a chart
sheet, which is a separate sheet in the workbook
that stores a chart.
Troubleshooting tip
 Embedded charts are useful when you want to
print a chart next to the data the chart illustrates.
 When a chart will be displayed or printed without
the data used to create the chart, a separate
chart sheet is usually more appropriate.
 A chart, whether embedded in a worksheet or on
a chart sheet, is considered part of a workbook.
 When you save the workbook, you also save the
charts you have created.
Making a separate chart sheet
 You can choose to move the chart to a chart
sheet, which is a separate sheet in the workbook
that stores a chart.
 A chart sheet displays the chart without its data
source.
 To move an embedded chart to a chart sheet,
click the Design contextual tab under the Chart
Tools on the Ribbon. The Move Chart dialog box
appears, as shown below:
Design a chart
 Charts are made up of different parts, or elements.
 Selecting Chart Elements: The quickest way to select
a chart element is to click it with the pointer. If you
point to an element, a ScreenTip displays with its
name. A selected chart element is surrounded by a
selection box. After you select a chart element, you
can modify it.
Chart elements
Chart layout
 Choosing a Chart Layout and Style: You can
quickly change the look of any chart you created
by applying a layout and style. A chart layout
specifies which elements are included in a chart
and where they are placed. A chart style formats
the chart based on the colors, fonts, and effects
associated with the workbook’s theme.
Chart styles
Arranging chart elements
 Arranging Chart Elements: You can create a
specific look for a chart by specifying which chart
elements appear in the chart and where they are
located. For example, you can choose when and
where to display the chart title, axis titles, legend,
data labels, data table, axes, gridlines, and the
plot area.
1. Select the chart.
2. Then, click the Layout tab under Chart Tools on
the Ribbon.
3. The Labels, Axes, and Background groups
contain buttons for each element.

Contenu connexe

Similaire à excel.ppt

Exp2003 exl ppt_03
Exp2003 exl ppt_03Exp2003 exl ppt_03
Exp2003 exl ppt_03lonetree
 
Creating charts and graphics
Creating charts and graphicsCreating charts and graphics
Creating charts and graphicsum5ashm
 
Lesson 10 working with charts
Lesson 10   working with chartsLesson 10   working with charts
Lesson 10 working with chartsguevarra_2000
 
Lesson 11 working with charts
Lesson 11   working with chartsLesson 11   working with charts
Lesson 11 working with chartsguevarra_2000
 
Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003
Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003
Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003bud_00
 
Excel 2003 tutorial 2
Excel 2003 tutorial 2Excel 2003 tutorial 2
Excel 2003 tutorial 2catacata1976
 
Basics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft Excel
Basics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft ExcelBasics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft Excel
Basics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft ExcelTope Osanyintuyi
 
Lesson 16 Working With Charts
Lesson 16   Working With ChartsLesson 16   Working With Charts
Lesson 16 Working With Chartsguevarra_2000
 
03 microsoft office (creating charts)
03 microsoft office (creating charts)03 microsoft office (creating charts)
03 microsoft office (creating charts)benchhood
 
Excel 2007 create a chart
Excel 2007    create a chartExcel 2007    create a chart
Excel 2007 create a chartrezaulslide
 
Excel 2007 create a chart
Excel 2007    create a chartExcel 2007    create a chart
Excel 2007 create a chartkhankamrul
 
Linking chart from excel with power point
Linking chart from excel with power pointLinking chart from excel with power point
Linking chart from excel with power pointSAMUEL BARNABAS IFITUMI
 
Module 6 component of excel chart
Module 6 component of excel chartModule 6 component of excel chart
Module 6 component of excel chartDr. Shalini Pandey
 

Similaire à excel.ppt (20)

Exp2003 exl ppt_03
Exp2003 exl ppt_03Exp2003 exl ppt_03
Exp2003 exl ppt_03
 
Creating charts and graphics
Creating charts and graphicsCreating charts and graphics
Creating charts and graphics
 
Lesson 10 working with charts
Lesson 10   working with chartsLesson 10   working with charts
Lesson 10 working with charts
 
Lesson 11 working with charts
Lesson 11   working with chartsLesson 11   working with charts
Lesson 11 working with charts
 
Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003
Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003
Creating & Editing Charts In Microsoft Excel 2003
 
Excel 2003 tutorial 2
Excel 2003 tutorial 2Excel 2003 tutorial 2
Excel 2003 tutorial 2
 
Basics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft Excel
Basics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft ExcelBasics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft Excel
Basics of Creating Graphs / Charts using Microsoft Excel
 
Excel training create a chart
Excel training create a chartExcel training create a chart
Excel training create a chart
 
Lesson 16 Working With Charts
Lesson 16   Working With ChartsLesson 16   Working With Charts
Lesson 16 Working With Charts
 
Excel 2007 Unit D
Excel 2007 Unit DExcel 2007 Unit D
Excel 2007 Unit D
 
ms_excel.pdf
ms_excel.pdfms_excel.pdf
ms_excel.pdf
 
03 microsoft office (creating charts)
03 microsoft office (creating charts)03 microsoft office (creating charts)
03 microsoft office (creating charts)
 
Excel 2007 create a chart
Excel 2007    create a chartExcel 2007    create a chart
Excel 2007 create a chart
 
Excel 2007 create a chart
Excel 2007    create a chartExcel 2007    create a chart
Excel 2007 create a chart
 
Linking chart from excel with power point
Linking chart from excel with power pointLinking chart from excel with power point
Linking chart from excel with power point
 
Excel 2007 - Create a chart
Excel 2007 - Create a chartExcel 2007 - Create a chart
Excel 2007 - Create a chart
 
Excel 2007 Unit D
Excel 2007 Unit DExcel 2007 Unit D
Excel 2007 Unit D
 
Ip lesson3 notes -master
Ip lesson3 notes -masterIp lesson3 notes -master
Ip lesson3 notes -master
 
Tableau.pdf
Tableau.pdfTableau.pdf
Tableau.pdf
 
Module 6 component of excel chart
Module 6 component of excel chartModule 6 component of excel chart
Module 6 component of excel chart
 

Plus de ChemOyasan1

PS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer Science
PS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer SciencePS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer Science
PS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer ScienceChemOyasan1
 
Solving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptx
Solving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptxSolving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptx
Solving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptxChemOyasan1
 
introdution-to-html.ppt
introdution-to-html.pptintrodution-to-html.ppt
introdution-to-html.pptChemOyasan1
 
Lesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptx
Lesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptxLesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptx
Lesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptxChemOyasan1
 
Parts of the computer 1.ppt
Parts of the computer 1.pptParts of the computer 1.ppt
Parts of the computer 1.pptChemOyasan1
 
HISTORY OF COM.ppt
HISTORY OF COM.pptHISTORY OF COM.ppt
HISTORY OF COM.pptChemOyasan1
 
file management.ppt
file management.pptfile management.ppt
file management.pptChemOyasan1
 
laws of exponents.ppt
laws of exponents.pptlaws of exponents.ppt
laws of exponents.pptChemOyasan1
 
excel charts and graphs.ppt
excel charts and graphs.pptexcel charts and graphs.ppt
excel charts and graphs.pptChemOyasan1
 

Plus de ChemOyasan1 (19)

PS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer Science
PS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer SciencePS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer Science
PS lesson for TLE Grade 8 Computer Science
 
Solving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptx
Solving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptxSolving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptx
Solving Quadratic equation by factoring.pptx
 
introdution-to-html.ppt
introdution-to-html.pptintrodution-to-html.ppt
introdution-to-html.ppt
 
March 9.pptx
March 9.pptxMarch 9.pptx
March 9.pptx
 
Software.pptx
Software.pptxSoftware.pptx
Software.pptx
 
quiz.pptx
quiz.pptxquiz.pptx
quiz.pptx
 
Lesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptx
Lesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptxLesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptx
Lesson Plan 4 [Autosaved].pptx
 
Parts of the computer 1.ppt
Parts of the computer 1.pptParts of the computer 1.ppt
Parts of the computer 1.ppt
 
HISTORY OF COM.ppt
HISTORY OF COM.pptHISTORY OF COM.ppt
HISTORY OF COM.ppt
 
file management.ppt
file management.pptfile management.ppt
file management.ppt
 
laws of exponents.ppt
laws of exponents.pptlaws of exponents.ppt
laws of exponents.ppt
 
chem.pptx
chem.pptxchem.pptx
chem.pptx
 
kiromax.ppt
kiromax.pptkiromax.ppt
kiromax.ppt
 
kiro.ppt
kiro.pptkiro.ppt
kiro.ppt
 
publisher.ppt
publisher.pptpublisher.ppt
publisher.ppt
 
excel charts and graphs.ppt
excel charts and graphs.pptexcel charts and graphs.ppt
excel charts and graphs.ppt
 
day1.ppt
day1.pptday1.ppt
day1.ppt
 
radical.docx
radical.docxradical.docx
radical.docx
 
For IS.pptx
For IS.pptxFor IS.pptx
For IS.pptx
 

Dernier

Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyHanna Klim
 
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...IMARC Group
 
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)tazeenaila12
 
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024
 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024Stephan Koning
 
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxCracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
 
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGUNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGlokeshwarmaha
 
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing ExamplesIntellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing Examplesamberjiles31
 
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês  em formato pptPlano de marketing- inglês  em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato pptElizangelaSoaresdaCo
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfCharles Cotter, PhD
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Winbusinessin
 
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarLive-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarNathanielSchmuck
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023Steve Rader
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...Brian Solis
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsP&CO
 
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakTata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakEditores1
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Lviv Startup Club
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfAnhNguyen97152
 

Dernier (20)

Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
 
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
 
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
 
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024
 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024
 
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxCracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
 
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGUNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
 
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing ExamplesIntellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
 
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês  em formato pptPlano de marketing- inglês  em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
 
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarLive-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
 
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakTata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
 

excel.ppt

  • 2. What is a worksheet chart?  A chart is a graphical representation of data.  Charts make the data in a worksheet easier to understand by providing a visual picture of the data.
  • 3. Comparing chart types  You can create a variety of charts in Excel, each working with specific types of data.
  • 4. Chart types  Column chart (bar graph): Uses bars to illustrate values in a worksheet, and shows relationships among categories.  Line chart (line graph): Shows points connected by a line, and is ideal for illustrating trends over time.
  • 5. Chart types  Pie chart: Shows the relationship of a part to a whole. Each part is shown as a “slice” of the pie.
  • 6. Creating charts  Selecting Chart Data: Chart data, called the data source, is stored in a range of cells in the worksheet. When you select the data source, include the text you want to use as labels. You can chart more than one series of data. A data series is a group of related information in a column or row of a worksheet that is plotted on the chart.
  • 7. Creating charts  Selecting a Chart Type: The next step is to select the type of chart you want to create, such as a column chart, a pie chart, or a line chart. Each type of chart has a variety of subtypes you can choose from. The chart types are available on the Insert tab in the Charts group.
  • 8. Creating charts  Choosing the Chart Location: After you select a chart type and style, the chart is inserted as an embedded chart in the center of the worksheet. You can also choose to move the chart to a chart sheet, which is a separate sheet in the workbook that stores a chart.
  • 9. Troubleshooting tip  Embedded charts are useful when you want to print a chart next to the data the chart illustrates.  When a chart will be displayed or printed without the data used to create the chart, a separate chart sheet is usually more appropriate.  A chart, whether embedded in a worksheet or on a chart sheet, is considered part of a workbook.  When you save the workbook, you also save the charts you have created.
  • 10. Making a separate chart sheet  You can choose to move the chart to a chart sheet, which is a separate sheet in the workbook that stores a chart.  A chart sheet displays the chart without its data source.  To move an embedded chart to a chart sheet, click the Design contextual tab under the Chart Tools on the Ribbon. The Move Chart dialog box appears, as shown below:
  • 11. Design a chart  Charts are made up of different parts, or elements.  Selecting Chart Elements: The quickest way to select a chart element is to click it with the pointer. If you point to an element, a ScreenTip displays with its name. A selected chart element is surrounded by a selection box. After you select a chart element, you can modify it.
  • 13. Chart layout  Choosing a Chart Layout and Style: You can quickly change the look of any chart you created by applying a layout and style. A chart layout specifies which elements are included in a chart and where they are placed. A chart style formats the chart based on the colors, fonts, and effects associated with the workbook’s theme.
  • 15. Arranging chart elements  Arranging Chart Elements: You can create a specific look for a chart by specifying which chart elements appear in the chart and where they are located. For example, you can choose when and where to display the chart title, axis titles, legend, data labels, data table, axes, gridlines, and the plot area. 1. Select the chart. 2. Then, click the Layout tab under Chart Tools on the Ribbon. 3. The Labels, Axes, and Background groups contain buttons for each element.