1. UNIT 4A
Human beings
interaction.

2. INDEX
 NEW WORDS.
 THE INTERACTION FUNCTION.
 THE SENSE ORGANS.
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENTS.
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION.
 ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIMENTS.

3. 1. New words.
Unit 4(a). Human beings interaction.
Sight- vista
Hearing- oído
Smell- olfato
Taste- Gusto
Touch- Tacto
Nerves- nervios.
Stimuli- estímulos
Receptors- receptores
Effectors- efectores
Nervous system- sistema nervioso
Brain-cerebro
Network-red
Neurons- neuronas
Balance- equilibrio

4. SENSE:
 STIMULI:
 SENSE ORGAN:
 RECEPTORS:
 NERVE:
 INTERPRETER:
 PROCESS:
 The sound enters through
the
……………………………..
 Those vibrations are
transmitted across
the………………… to the
……………….
 In the cochlea there are
receptors cells which send
nerves impulses to the
brain along the
………………………….

5. SENSE: HEARING
 STIMULI: SOUND VIBRATIONS
 SENSE ORGAN: EAR
 RECEPTORS:
PINNA
AUDITORY CANAL
EARDRUM
OSSICLES
COCHLEA
 NERVE: AUDITORY NERVE
 INTERPRETER: BRAIN
 PROCESS:
 The sound enters through
the auditory canal.
 Those vibrations are
transmitted across the
eardrum to the cochlea.
 In the cochlea there are
receptors cells which send
nerves impulses to the
brain along the auditory
nerve.

8. SIGHT

9. SENSE:
 STIMULI:
 SENSE ORGAN:
 RECEPTORS:
 NERVE:
 INTERPRETER:
 PROCESS:
 Light enters trhough the
……………..
 The …………….. focuses
the light on the
………………. where it
forms an image.
 This stimulates the
receptor cells in the retina,
which produces nerve
impulses that they send to
the brain through the
……………..

10. SENSE: SIGHT
 STIMUL LIGHT
 SENSE ORGAN: EYE
 RECEPTORS:
 PUPIL
 LENS
 RETINA
 NERVE: OPTIC
NERVE
 INTERPRETER: BRAIN
 PROCESS:
 Light enters through the
pupil
 The lens focuses the light
on the retina where it
forms an image.
 This stimulates the
receptor cells in the retina,
which produces nerve
impulses that they send to
the brain through the optic
nerve.

13. SMELL

14. SENSE:
 STIMULI
 SENSE ORGAN:
 RECEPTORS:
 NERVE:
 INTERPRETER:
 PROCESS:
 The …………………….
floating in the air enter the
nose.
 They go through the
……………………………
…...
 This pituitary gland sends
a nerve inmpulse to the
brain along the
……………………………
……..

15. SENSE: SMELL
 STIMULI: SUBSTANCES
FLOATING IN THE AIR.
 SENSE ORGAN:
NASAL CAVITY
 RECEPTORS:
PITUITARY GLAND
 NERVE: OLFATORY
NERVE
 INTERPRETER: BRAIN
 PROCESS:
 The substances floating in
the air enter the nose.
 They go through the
pituitary gland.
 This pituitary gland sends
a nerve inmpulse to the
brain along the olfatory
nerve.

17. Pituitary Gland

18. TASTE

19. SENSE:
 STIMULI:
 SENSE ORGAN:
 RECEPTORS:
 NERVE:
 INTERPRETER:
 PROCESS:
 The ………………………
enter the mouth.
 They pass through the
……………………………
…..that send nerve
impulses to the brain
along the
………………nerve.

20. SENSE: TASTE
 STIMULI: SUBSTANCES
WHICH ENTER THE MOUTH.
 SENSE ORGAN:
TONGUE
 RECEPTORS:
TASTE BUDS
 NERVE: TASTE NERVE
 INTERPRETER: BRAIN
 PROCESS:
 The substances enter the
mouth.
 They pass through the
taste buds that send
nerve impulses to the
brain along the taste
nerve.

22. Taste Buds

23. TOUCH

24. SENSE:
 STIMULI:
 SENSE ORGAN:
 RECEPTORS:
 NERVE:
 INTERPRETER:
 PROCESS:
 The receptor cells detect
……………………………
……..…
 They send impulses to the
nervous system through
the
……………………………
…..
 The ……………….
interprets the sensations.

25. SENSE: TOUCH
 STIMULI: HOT, COLD, PAIN,
PRESSURE
 SENSE ORGAN: SKIN
 RECEPTORS:
DERMIS
EPIDERMIS
 NERVE: NERVE
ENDINGS
 INTERPRETER: BRAIN
 PROCESS:
 The receptor cells detect
hot, cold, pain, pressure…
 They send impulses to the
nervous system through
the nerve endings.
 The brain interprets the
sensations.

28. THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

29. THE N.S. COMPONENTS
TWO MAIN PARTS
Formed of two parts
with
three
parts
The central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system.
The brain.
Protected by the cranium.
The spinal cord.
Protected by the spinal
column or backbone.
The
cerebrum.
The
cerebellum.
The brain
stem.
Nerves.
Is formed of

30. The Human nervous system has two parts:
____THE CENTRAL nervous system and
__THE PERIPHERAL nervous system.
The first has two organs: ___THE BRAIN and
__THE SPINAL CORD.
The brain is divided into three parts:
CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM AND
BRAIN STEM.

33. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
 FUNCTIONS.
 Receives information from the receptors (senses).
 Elaborates a response,
 Sends instructions to the effectors (bones and
muscles).

34. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS A NETWORK OF
CELLS CALLED NEURONS. NEURONS ARE
INTERCONNECTED.

35. THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS

36. THE CEREBRUM
It controls language, memory
and thought. It controls
voluntary movements.

37. THE CEREBELLUM
It coordinates movements
and keep balance.

38. THE BRAIN STEM
It regulates internal
organs.

39. THE SPINAL
CORD
It controls involuntary
responses called
reflexes

40. THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nerves conect the sense organs
to the CNS and the CNS to the
effectors

41. THE EFFECTORS
FUNCTION: They execute the responses.
UNIT 4B

42. THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
 IS FORMED BY
 A)THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 B) THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

43. A)THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
IS FORMED BY THE
muscles
and
tendons

44. THE MUSCLES
 The muscles are formed of muscular cells that
contract when they receive a nerve impulse. If the
nerve impulse stops they return to their initial
position.
 FIND OUT HOW A MUSCLE MOVES.
 For example an arm.

45. HOW MANY MUSCLES DO WE HAVE?
 We have about 650
muscles in my body.
 Our muscles make up
half of my body weight.
 ??? How much do your
muscles weigh?

46. MY MUSCLES ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE
THEY…
 Hold my organs in place
 Hold my bones together
so that I can move
 Help me chew my food
 Open and close my
eyelids
 Pump my blood
 Allow me to run and play
 Help me to smile!

47. DID YOU KNOW?????
It takes more
muscles to
frown
than to
smile?

48. WHAT ARE MUSCLES MADE OF?
Stretchy,
elastic
cells and
fibers

49. WHY DO I NEED TENDONS?
Tendons attach my muscles to my bone helping my
body move.
Feel your tendon right above
your heel in the back of your
leg.
This is the thickest tendon in your body.

50. ONE WAY TO KEEP MY MUSCLES
STRONG…
Eat foods from the
meat group every
day. They are high
in protein which
helps to build
strong muscles.
Name some foods
that are high in
protein.

51. ANOTHER WAY TO KEEP STRONG
MUSCLES…
 Exercise every day.
What are some things you
can do every day to help
keep your muscular
system healthy?

52. THE SKELETON

53. FUNCTIONS
 TO BE A FRAME FOR THE BODY,
 PROTECT THE INTERNAL ORGANS and
 TO HELP THE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY.

54. THE SKELETON IS MADE UP OF
BONES
and
JOINTS

55. T
H
E
B
O
N
E
S

57. TYPES OF JOINTS
 FIXED: The connected
bones can not move.
Ex. cranium
 MOBILE: The jointed bones can move freely. Thay are
connected by ligaments, covered by cartilage and a
liquid called synovial fluid. Ex. The knee.
 SEMIMOBILE: The
connected bones can
move a little bit.
Ex. vertebrae

58. INVESTIGATE
 1.- How many bones do we have?
 2.- What bones do protect your heart and lungs?
 3.-Which are the smallest bones in the body?
 4.-And the biggest one?
 5.- How many pairs of ribs do we have?

59. GOOD BYE