Presentation to the H818 online conference on on 17 Feb 2014. You can see the Q&A and further resources on this presentation at http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloud/view/8543 You can see the programme for the conference at http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloudscape/view/2899

1. H818 Conference
15 February 2014
Chris Pegler
By DeVos http://www.flickr.com/photos/devos/2862695450/ CC-BY-NC-SA
Implementing resource reuse in learning and
teaching. The journey from RLO to OER?

2. A quick tour through some acronyms
•
•
•
•
•
•
RBL - resource based learning
RLO – reusable learning object
OER – open educational resource
OEP – open educational practice
OEI – open education idea*
TLA – three letter acronymn
* Source:
http://www.idea-space.eu/open-educational-ideas-a-new-approac
- 31 Jan 2014

3. Do you recognise these people?
A
B
C
D
E
F

4. Rory McGreal
• Current UNESCO OER scholar
• Editor of Online Education using
Learning Objects (2004)
• In which he offered this enthusiastic
endorsement:
‘From anything and everything to specific
digital learning resources, the future of
learning is inextricably linked to the
development of quality LOs.’

5. David Wiley
• Has suggested
OER = RLOs + open license & coined
the term ‘open content’
• From his PhD (2000): ‘the Internet is poised to bring
about a paradigm shift in the way that people learn.
Consequently, a major change may also be coming in
the way educational materials are designed,
developed and delivered to those who wish to learn.’
• Spoke against Lego analogy and automation of
learning object assembly but strong endorsement of
reusability.

6. Martin Weller
• Best known in OER circles for
endorsement of open
scholarship and ‘Big and little OER’ arguments
• In 2002/3 authored (with Mason and Pegler)
an OU course (H806) made of RLO – the first
substantial accredited course in the UK and
RLOs from this were reused
• Emphasis on overcoming the pedagogical
implications of learning objects in use.

7. David Kernohan
‘It is a holy grail of e-learning content,
that all media assets, information,
learning objects, and learning activities, or learning
designs, should be made once and used in learning
many times, either unchanged or modified. Behind the
simple aspiration is a complex web of interdependent
issues; organisational, cultural, technical, legal and
pedagogical’.
Ferguson, Jacobs, Kernohan and Schmoller (2007)
From 2010-2013 David Kernohan was the programme
manager for JISC UK OER

8. Stephen Downes
Spoke against cottage industry
and bespoke approaches to elearning:
‘I agree that hand-rolled bread carefully
prepared by a master chef, is superior in quality
to a standard loaf purchased from Safeway. But
to a person who is merely hungry – rather than a
connoisseur – the obligation to purchase only
hand-rolled bread is more than just an
imposition, it amounts to a denial of basis of
sustenance for many.’ (Downes, 2000)

9. George Siemens
• Leader in MOOCs (with Downes)
and connectiveness
• Emphasis on new ways of learning (2002):
‘Learning objects have their greatest value in
creating personalized learning…not in reusing
objects developed by others. For example,
our current notion of a “course” will change
significantly over the next few years’

10. Why the interest in resource reuse?
Emphasis on mass HE, measuring
quality in learning and teaching.
P
E
S
T
Reuse helps to pay for online learning
Cost reduction by sharing at scale.
Knowledge transfer to developing
world. Changing teaching practices.
Technological changes with online and
digital resources easy to
repurpose/reuse.

11. Reuse being Political*
RLO benefits of being
RLO benefits of being
‘free-standing, non‘free-standing, nonsequential, coherent and
sequential, coherent and
unitary’ (Longmire, 2000)
unitary’ (Longmire, 2000)
remain important.
remain important.
Cable Green demoing this
Cable Green demoing this
to Washington State
to Washington State
Education Board (Jan
Education Board (Jan
2012)
2012)
http://www.tvw.org/index
.php?
option=com_tvwplayer&ev
entID=2012010137#start=
6580&stop=6865
Note Capital P here …

12. Simple Economics of reuse
1st reuse saves 50%
By 3rd reuse cost is
spread four ways
>5 reuses marginal
saving is now <3%

13. Simple Economics of reuse
1st reuse saves 50%
By 3rd reuse cost is
spread four ways
>5 reuses marginal
saving is now <3%
Start to share
Start to share
openly?
openly?

14. Online networked Society
CC: BY NC Niklas Wikström

16. The triumph of the Technical
Easier to
•Make
•Publish
•Distribute
•Find
•Adapt
•Track
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekqnXztr0mU

17. With all that going for it
what could go wrong?
http://www.magnificentrevolution.org/2012/09/cycle-in-cinema-presents-monty-python-and-the-holy-grail/

18. The reuse implementation cycle
Pegler, 2011
Based on Strijker (2004)

19. Who does what?
OBTAIN: LABEL: OFFER
OBTAIN: LABEL: OFFER
SELECT: USE: RETAIN

20. The different players
••
••
••
Librarians
Librarians
Copyright experts
Copyright experts
Repository
Repository
managers
managers
•• Metadata experts
Metadata experts
•• JISC projects & HEA
JISC projects & HEA
subject centres
subject centres
OBTAIN: LABEL: OFFER
OBTAIN: LABEL: OFFER
• Teachers
• Learners
SELECT: USE: RETAIN

21. A common understanding?
••
••
••
Librarians
Librarians
Copyright experts
Copyright experts
Repository
Repository
managers
managers
•• Metadata experts
Metadata experts
•• JISC projects & HEA
JISC projects & HEA
subject centres
subject centres
OBTAIN: LABEL: OFFER
OBTAIN: LABEL: OFFER
• Teachers
• Learners
Q: Do YOU use what
Q: Do YOU use what
you select (e.g.
you select (e.g.
download)?
download)?
SELECT: USE: RETAIN

22. Motive: Why choose to reuse?
Pragmatic/Practical? Pedagogic? Philosophical? Policy?
20th May 2013
Chris Pegler : Camden, London
22

23. How difficult can reuse be?
Just because you can find open content does not
mean you can reuse it.
But it sounded
But it sounded
perfect in the
perfect in the
metadata
metadata
description…
description…
CC-BY-SA
By sflaw
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sfllaw/222795
669/
20th May 2013
Chris Pegler : Camden, London
23

24. Does Reuse save time?
‘To teach unfamiliar content, he [Westfall] found
that it was necessary to spend a substantial amount
of time studying the previously developed materials
and working with the software. In some instances,
he had to find and study other materials on the
topic, to achieve the necessary proficiency.
However he would have had to do this even
without these materials. Since these materials were
available, he did not have to develop the lecture
notes and assignments that would have been
necessary otherwise’. (Westfall, 2000, p1856)
Westfall, R. D., (2000). Reuse of Web-Based Teaching Materials in IS Courses. In: AMCIS 2000 Proceedings. Paper 271.

25. Future reuse
Who is responsible for updating?
Migration from the original where derivatives
are permitted?
•Issues of ownership
•Issues for accessibility following modification
Concerns about ‘consent commons’ *
* Further reading:
http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/detail/subjects/medev/Paper
_on_Consent_Commons_for_opened10_this_afternoon

26. It takes time to share …
89% Check grammar
89% Check accuracy and currency
87% Add references and acknowledgements
78% Improve appearance
66% Make available in other file formats
64% Re-size so that it can be used as stand-alone
62% Remove contextual information (e.g. dates)
61% Check for third party rights
ORIOLE survey 2011 Q12a asked about extra activity in order to share
(link to questions http://bit.ly/irTMpZ).
2011 figures. 192 responses (c. 174 responded to Q12a).
All respondents were users or makers of educational resources

27. Other factors that play a part …
Some quality concerns:
Fit for purpose? Confident in quality? Subjective reviews?

28. Is it technically appropriate?
Functionality? Licensing? Limits? Systems? Support?
BTW I consider CC a technical tool

29. Where are we now?
• We’ve solved most of the technical problems
• We now have is the human issues*
* Hm. Would money or
recognition or reward
(technical) or greater clarity
about copyright (technical)
solve these problems?

30. Reuse contexts: zones of proximity
Spot the differences:
Spot the differences:
Reuse within Social Care
Reuse within Social Care
or Health or within
or Health or within
Language Teaching
Language Teaching
1. Individual (Creator)
2. Module/Programme
3. Department/Institution
4. Community (Region)
5. National
6. International/Open

31. Sharing in H818

32. Questions: Do you agree …
References and script (which will include things I forgot to say here)
will be posted into Cloudworks and added to after show.
Visit http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloud/view/8543