World Literature Exposes You to Diverse Cultures

RASUL Q. KAMSA
Subject Teacher

Reasons:
1. To become culturally literate.
2. To experience the world – past and present.
3. To see how people are different.
World Literature can expose you to more
cultures than a year’s tour
around the world.
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4. To see how people are similar.
You may be surprised to discover
common themes in literature from around the
world, such as the nobility of sacrifice or the
wonder of nature. Reading world literature
makes you see that no culture is completely
foreign.
5. To gain wisdom.
World Literature includes the
scriptures of the great religion and instructive
tales told for thousands of years. As a whole,
it can be seen as the accumulation of human
wisdom.
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6. To be wildly entertained.
Thousands of years ago, people told
stories of superheroes with amazing
powers and travelers who had
unbelievable adventures. Many of the
characters and plots that entertain us
today have been recycled from world
literature. Why not experience the
originals. 4

1. It is a body of written works.
2. Originates from oral traditions.
3. Imaginative works.
4. Deals with stories and poetry.
5. The content depends on the
author.
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1. Literature portrays
human experiences.
2. Authors interpret these
human experiences.
3. It is a form and a style of
expression.
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A. STRUCTURE
1. FICTION - is a literary work
of imaginative narration, either oral or written,
fashioned to entertain and to make the readers think
and more so, to feel.

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2. NONFICTION - a literary
work of REAL LIFE narration or
expression based on history and facts
whose main thrust is intellectual appeal to
convey facts, theories, generalizations or
concepts about a particular topic.

10
PROSE
- written in the common flow of language in
sentences and paragraphs which give
information,
relate events, express ideas, or
present opinions.

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Novel/Novelette
• Long narrative divided into various
chapters.
• The events are taken from true-to-life
stories.

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Short Story
Short narrative involving a simple plot and
few characters.
is narrative involving one or more
characters, one plot and one single
impression. (My Father Goes to Court by Carlos

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Myths
– stories that a particular believes to be true and that use
supernatural to interpret natural events and to explain the
nature of the universe and the humanity. (The story of Zeus
and Hera)
– a story about gods, other supernatural beings, or heroes of a
long past time. (M. Reinhold, Past and Present)

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Plays
– is presented on a stage and divided into acts
with many scenes.
Example: Romeo and Juliet

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Legends
– are fictitious narrative, usually about origins.
– a story about the past that is considered to be true but
is usually a combination of both fact and fiction.
Example: Alamat ng Gagamba (The Legend of Spider)

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Fables
– these are also fictitious narrative that deal with
animals and inanimate things that speak and act like
people. Their purpose to enlighten the mind of the
children to events that can mould their ways and
attitudes. (The Monkey and the Turtle)

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Aesop’s Fables : a collection of fables under the
name of Aesop over 2,000 years ago in Greece.
According to Herodotus, Aesop lived in the mid-sixth
century and was a slave and that he was killed by the
people of Delphi, perhaps for seditious or sacrilegious
beliefs.

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The Panchatantra : a collection of fables
which was used to educate Indian princes
into becoming wise kings. It is supposed that
Aesop’s Fables largely owed much from the
Panchatantra.

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A Thousand and One Nights (also known as The
Arabian Nights) : a collection of stories and fables from
Arabia, Egypt, India, and Persia that were compiled
from oral tales that had been passed down through these
cultures for generations. Some of the well-known
characters include Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sinbad the
Sailor. Jinn are common figures in these stories.

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Anecdote
– a short narrative that usually brings amusement to the
readers. It is merely a product of the writer’s
imagination that aims to bring out lessons to the
readers.

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It is related that when Queen Victoria was a little girl, she
was sent on a visit to her grandmother. The little Victoria was well
– behaved, very quiet. She obeyed everything her grandmother
told her to do. Her grandmother was very pleased with her. One
day Victoria was told by her grandmother that she could do
everything that she wanted. The grandmother waited in
anticipation. What would the little girl ask for? “I can do what I
really want to do?” Victoria asked, a happy light in her eyes. “Yes
of course,” her grandmother said kindly.
“Then,” Victoria said, smiling happily, “I’d like to the dishes.”

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POETRY
- expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, sound,
and imaginative language and creates
an emotional response to an experience,
feeling, or fact.

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 Derived from the Greek word poesis meaning ‘making or
creating”
It expresses a conversation or interchange of the deeply felt
experiences of human beings. It uses few words. It relies heavily
on imagery, figurative language, and sound. Robert Frost said “A
POEM BEGINS WITH DELIGHT AND ENDS WITH
WISDOM.”
It comes in many formal and informal shapes and lengths.

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1. Poetry
2. Fiction
3. Drama
4. Nonfiction Prose

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1. Poetry- poetry under the American rule still followed the
style of the old, but had contents that ranged from free
writing to societal concerns under the Americans.

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The common theme of most poems during
the Japanese occupation was nationalism,
country, love and life in the barrios, faith,
religion and the arts.

ADD A FOOTER 27
 Jose Corazon de Jesus (1832-1896) popularly known as
“Batute”, created his own generation with his first book of
poems.
 Mga Gintong Dahon (1920)- were poems pre-occupied
with such non-traditional themes as passion-slaying, grief-
induced, insanity, and lover’s suicide.
 Sa Dakong Silangan (1928)- returned to the awit form,
retelling the history of Philippines under Spain, the coming
of the U.S under the guise of friendship to take over from
Spain.

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There are 3 types of Poetry (Dones, 2009 p.5)
1. Narrative Poetry
2. Lyric poetry
3. Descriptive poetry

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Examples are:
a. Folk Ballad – it is a simple folk story in verse form,
usually part of the oral tradition of people and
originally meant to be sung. (Sir Patrick Spens)
b. Literary ballad – It is an imitation of a folk ballad. It is
written by individual authors, unlike the folk ballad
whose authorship is generally unknown. (Edgar Allan
Poe's “Annabel Lee.”)
c. Epic – it is a long poem involving heroic characters
like gods, goddesses, kings and warriors. (BIAG NI LAM-

ADD A FOOTER 30
d. Metrical Romance is a poem of moderate of length
narrating the adventure of knights and ladies. (Sir
Lancelot and Guinevere)
e. The Tale – a narrative between ballad and the metrical
romance in complexity. (The Destruction of
Sennacherib by Byron - is a short narrative poem retelling a
Biblical story from the Old Testament (2 Kings, chapter 19) in
which God destroys King Sennacherib's Assyrian army as they
attack the holy city of Jerusalem.)

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- Is a poem which is intended to
convey feelings or emotions.
Most poems are lyric in nature.
They are short but intense, and
have many sub-types.

ADD A FOOTER 32
•- Poetry that expresses the poet's thoughts and
feelings.
•It does not tell a story, but it creates a mood through
vivid images and descriptive words.
•Lyric poems may be made up of regular stanzas or
they may have uneven stanzas.
•Many lyric poems use images, or pictures, from
nature.

ADD A FOOTER 33
a. The song – lyrics is a poem set to music.
(Killing Me Softly by Charles Fox)
b. The sonnet is lyrics of 14 lines.
c. An ode is a lyric based on the lofty theme in
praise of a person or thing.
d. The idyl exalts the simple life, country life
or pastoral life.

ADD A FOOTER 34
e. An elegy is a lamentation for the dead.
f. The hymn is a song in praise of GOD.
g. The Free Lyrics do not fall on any of the
traditional classifications. ("Four Little Foxes"
by: Lew Sarett)

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 It is concerned with description.
The poet tries to paint the scene
vividly in words, evoking a
wealth of imagery as he does
so.

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Midnight and Moonlight by Kelly Roper
Love To Know contributing writer Kelly Roper is
also an adept writer of descriptive poems.
Consider this first poem evoking imagery of the
pale moonlight against the darkness of midnight.

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"Her hair as dark as midnight
Sleek and wavy, trailing down.
Her skin as pale as moonlight
Projects a silvery glow all around.
The night so cool and quiet,
As the stars twinkle in the sky.
And all of nature stands in awe,
As this beauty passes by."

ADD A FOOTER 38
"When you are old and grey and full of sleep,
And nodding by the fire, take down this book,
And slowly read, and dream of the soft look
Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;
How many loved your moments of glad grace,
And loved your beauty with love false or true,
But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,
And loved the sorrows of your changing face;"

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 Fiction (short story, novel, folktale, fable, legend)
 The field of the short story widened during the
Japanese occupation. Many wrote short stories.

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Characters (protagonist, antagonist, foil,
background)
Plot (exposition, narrative hook, conflict, rising
action, complication, climax,
falling action, denouement/conclusion)

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Setting (place, time, situation, mood)
Theme - the overall feeling which the
story revolves

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Point of View (first person- actor, third person-
narrator, omniscient-all knowing)
Structure or style (traditional or linear, modern or
episodic)
Mood and Tone (lonely, happy, suspense, horror,
fantastic, etc.)

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– is a literature designed to be
performed by actors. Like fiction, it
may focus on a single character or
a small number of characters, and
enacts fictional events to be
witnessed by an audience.

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 The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese
period because movie houses sowing American
films were closed. The big movie houses were just
made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were
reproductions of English plays to Tagalog.
 was usually used in the American period to degrade
the Spanish rule and to immortalize the heroism of
the men who fought under the Katipunan

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Examples:
Walang Sugat (1902)- is a sarsuwela (drama in
the form of singing) drawn from the period of
Revolution, depicting the cruelty and corruption of
friars and the heroism of the soldiers of the
Katipunan.

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NONFICTION PROSE
– the goals of nonfiction are truth in reporting and logic in
reasoning. This includes;
 Newspaper or News report
 Feature articles
 Essays
 Editorials
 Historical and biographical works.
NOTE: All of which describe or interpret facts and
presented judgments and opinions.

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Writings that came out during this period were
journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed
but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to
seep into their consciousness. While some
continued to write, the majority waited for a
better climate to publish their works.

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A feature article is an article written to give
more depth to topical events, people or
issues. Written by an expert or a journalist,
these texts provide background information
on a newsworthy topic as well as the writer’s
personal slant or experience.

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Essays were composed to glorify the Filipinos
and at the same time to figuratively attack the
Japanese.
Used anything from magazine articles to
scientific works.

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 An editorial is an article that presents the newspaper's opinion on
an issue. It reflects the majority vote of the editorial board, the
governing body of the newspaper made up of editors and
business managers. It is usually unsigned. Much in the same
manner of a lawyer, editorial writers build on an argument and
try to persuade readers to think the same way they do. Editorials
are meant to influence public opinion, promote critical thinking,
and sometimes cause people to take action on an issue. In
essence, an editorial is an opinionated news story.

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of, pertaining to, treating, or characteristic of
history or past events: historical records; historical
research. based on or reconstructed from an event,
custom, style, etc.,
Examples of historical events would include notable
dates during a war in the past, signings of treaties,
or specific people who existed in the past.

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A biography/biographical is a book about someone's
life. Anything biographical can be from a biography, as
in an actual book about someone, or just facts from a
person's life. Biographical information could be where
someone is from, where they grew up, where they
went to college, or when they became famous.

 This existed before the
Spanish occupation.
 It is oral in nature and is
full of lessons and ideas
about life, its blessings,
and its consequences.
 It contains ideas from birth
to the grave.
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 The oral characteristics of pre-
colonial literature gives the
possibility for many alterations.
 In the Philippine context, no
matter how it may be
considered as altered, pre-
colonial literature is still
revered to by many Filipinos.
 The sources are usually the
local native town folk 55

1. Oral Literature
• Riddles
• Proverbs
2. Folk Songs
• Lullabies
• Drinking Songs
• Love Songs
• Songs of Death
• Religious Songs
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3. Folk Tales
• Myths
• Legends
• Fables
• Epics

 These are statements that contain superficial
words, but they function figuratively and as
metaphors, and are in the form of questions.
 These are questions that demand deeper
answers.
 Deals with everyday life.
 It usually has mundane things as
answers.
 This is used in the past as a form of game
in small or large gatherings.
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Bisaya
Baboy sa lasang, (A wild pig of the forest)
Ang tunok puro lansang. (It is covered with spikes.)
Answer: Nangka (Jackfruit)
Meranaw
Sominub lawiyan, (It dived,)
Mbowat lawitan. (It rose.)
Answer: Ragum (Needle)
Chabacano
Tagia que taiga, (You keep on slashing it,)
Hende ta penetra. (But it does not penetrate)
Answer: Agua (Water)
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 These are statements that are considered as
wise.
 These are usually given by parents or elders
of the community.
 There is belief that experience is the best
teacher.

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Mandaya on Virginity
Yang ataog aw madugdug, (An egg once broken,)
Di da mamauli. (Will never be the same.)
Tausug on Secret Affairs
In lasa iban uba, (Love and cough,)
Di hikatapuk. (Cannot be hidden.)
Ilocano on Guilt
Ti agutak, (He who cackles,)
Isut nagitlog. (Laid the egg.)

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• These are folk lyrics that are usually
chanted.
• These usually contain ideas on
aspirations, hopes, everyday life and
expressions of love for loved ones.
 It is bounded by the learning of good morals.
 It is easy to understand because it is
straightforward and not figurative in nature.

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These is locally known as the Hele.
These are sung to put sleep babies. The
content varies, but usually, parents sing
these with ideas on how hard life is and
how they hope that their child will not
experience the hardships of life.

63
These are locally known as Tagay and are sung
during sessions.
To many Filipinos, these are known as the Harana.
It can also be called Courtship Songs and are used
by young men to capture the heart of the girl that
they love.

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These are songs or chants that are usually given during
exorcisms and thanksgiving during good harvest.
These are lamentations that contain the roll of good
deeds that the dead has usually done to immortalize his
or her good image.

• These are stories of native
Filipinos.
• These deal with the power of
nature-personified, their
submission to a deity- usually
Bathala- and how this deity is
responsible for the blessings
and calamities.
• These also tackle about
irresponsibility, lust, stupidity,
deception, and fallibility that
eventually leads to the
instilling of good morals.
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Usual Themes:
1. Ceremonies needed to
appease the deities
2. Pre and Post Apocalypse
3. Life and Death
4. Gods and Goddesses
5. Heroes and Heroines
6. Supernatural Beings
7. Animals
66

Myths- these tackle the natural to
strange occurrences of the earth
and how things were created with an
aim to give an explanation to things.
-There is Bathala for the
Tagalogs and the Guerang for the
Bikolanos.
-Paradise is known as Maca,
while Hell is Kasanaan.
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Through legends, the
natives understood
mysteries around them.
These stories usually come
to supernatural powers,
supernatural occurrences,
and other out-of-this-world
native imagination.

These are short or brief
stories that cater the children
of the native Filipinos and
are usually bounded by good
manners and right conduct.
These stories use animals as
characters that represent a
particular value or
characteristic.

These are very
lengthy narratives that are
based on oral traditions.
These contain encounters
of fighters, stereotypical
princes or heroes that
save a damsel in distress.

 The start of the Philippine’s more
colorful history took place in
March 16, 1521 when Magellan
docked on the shores of
Homonhon.
 The Filipinos were then called
“Ladinos”, meaning they were
latinized.
 Filipinos were called two things.
One is the “Taga-Bayan”, while the
other is the “Taga-Bukid” or Taga-

 A person who is a Taga-Bayan
is considered urbane and
civilized and were in easy
range of the church and state.
 A person who is Taga-bundok
or Taga-bukid is called a Bruto
Salvage )Savage Brute) or Indio
and were the ones who lived far
from the center of the Spanish
power.

1. Religious Literature
a. Pasyon
b. Senakulo
c. Komedya
2. Secular or Non-Religious
a. Awit
b. Korido
c. Prose Narratives
3. Propaganda Literature
4. Revolutionary Literature

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Religious Literature
 Revolves around the life and death of
Jesus Christ.
Forms of Religious Literature
Pasyon- it is about passion (Journey and suffering) and the
death of Jesus Christ.
Senakulo- it is the re-enactment of the Pasyon.
Komedya- it depicts the European society through love and
fame, but can also be a narrative about a journey, just like
Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy. It is also considered
religious, because it usually depicts the battle between the
Christians and the Saracens or the Moros.

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Secular or Non-Religious Literature
 Revolves around the tales of valiance and
adventure.
Forms of Secular or Non- Religious Literature
Awit- these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a
princess. Florante at Laura is a good example.
Korido- is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the
structure of a poem.
Prose Narratives- are easy to understand instructional
materials that in a literary light that teaches Filipinos on
proper decorum. Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na
si Urbana at Feliza (1864) is a good example.

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Propaganda Literature
 These were in the forms of satires,
editorials, and news articles that aimed to
attack the Spanish Rule.
 The propaganda trinity is composed of Dr.
Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and
Graciano Lopez Jaena.

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Graciano Lopez Jaena
Ang Fray Botod- One of his works written in Jaro,
Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt
attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how
some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and
immoral.
La Hija Del Fraile (The Child of the Friar) and
Everything is Hambug (Everything is mere show)- here
Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard.

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Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful)- a humorous and sarcastic
dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriguez in the novel Noli of
Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores
Manapat as pen-name here.
Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes)- similar to a
cathecism but sarcastically done against the parish
priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. Because of this,
del Pilar was called “filibuster”. Done in admirable tone
of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.

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Dr. Jose Rizal
Noli Me Tangere- the novel that gave spirit to the
propaganda movement and paved the way to the
revolution against Spain. In this book, he courageously
exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the
Philippines.

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Revolutionary Literature
 Are exposes that sparked revolution and
resistance in the hearts of Filipinos.

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Andres Bonifacio
Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Obligations of our Countrymen)- an outline of
obligations just like the Ten Commandments, hence, it is
likewise called Ang Dekalogo.
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs
Should Know)- an essay outlining the basic tenets of
Bonifacio’s ideas on nationalism.

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Emilio Jacinto
Liwanag at Dilim(Light and Darkness)- a collection of
essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith,
government and love of country.
Apolinario Mabini
El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Filipina (The Rise
and Fall of the Philippine Republic)- this essay
highlights the establishment of the Philippine Republic
and its subsequent doom due to disunity among
Filipinos.

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Dr. Jose Rizal
El Filibusterismo- this is a sequel to the Noli. While the
Noli eposed the evils in the society, the Fili, exposed
those in the government and in the church. However, the
NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of
FILI is that of politics.

84
El Heraldo de la Revolucion ( Herald of the Revolution)
-Printed the decrees of the Revolutionary Government,
news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism. This is the
Official Newspaper of the Revolutionary Government of
Aguinaldo.
La Independencia (Independence)
-An independent newspaper founded and edited by General
Antonio Luna.
La Republica Filipina (The Philippine Republic)
-A private newspaper edited by Pedro Paterno.
La Libertad(Liberty)
-Another private newspaper edited by Clemente Zulueta.

 The Philippines had a great leap in Education and Culture.
 The use of English alongside Filipino was practiced.
 The Philippines Public School system was introduced.
 Free public instruction was given to Filipinos.
 The literature during the American period was considered as
imitative of American model. Instead of asking the students
to write originals, students ended up following the form of
American poets.
85

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 Hindi Aco Patay(1903) by Juan Matapang Cruz
 Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (1903) by Aurelio
Tolentino- is and allegorical presentation of the
history of the nationalist struggle and how the
U.S frustrated the Philippine revolution.
 Tanikalang Guinto (1902) by Juan Abad (1872-
1932) is about Liwanag and K’Ulayaw, lovers
who stand for freedom and the Filipino.

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 Gabriel Beato Francisco (1850-1935)- is best known for his
trilogy of Fulgencia Galbillo (1907), Capitan Bensio (1907),
Alfaro (1909), depicting the 30 years of colonial repression
by the Spanish rule.
 Inigo Ed. Regalado(1888-1976)- Madaling Araw (1909)
was his first novel showing the complex interrelations of
issues and people in contemporary Philippine society.
 Juan Lauro Arsciwals (1889-1928)- Lalaking Uliran o
Tulisan (1914), allusion to the colonial law that branded
Filipino patriots as bandits.

The Japanese Period and the Republic
89
•The Philippine literature came into halt.
•The use of the English language was forbidden, and the use
of the Filipino language was mandated under the Japanese
rule.
•For some this was a problem, but to most writers, it was
blessing in disguise.
• Almost all newspapers were stopped except for some.
• Filipino literature was given a break during this period.
Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and
themes were often about life in the provinces.

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In the 21st Century Philippines, there are a lot of
literary innovations that are adapted and created by
Filipinos. Nowadays, even those who do not have any
significant literary background make their own way of
using the freedom that they have to write and to express.
There are a lot of new forms from the basic genres
of literature; thus, proving how far the literature in the
Philippines has gone and how far it will go on from here.

World Literature Exposes You to Diverse Cultures

World Literature Exposes You to Diverse Cultures

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