Cierra B. Daniella C. Vanessa P. Liat S. Lauren W.

1. Cierra B.
Daniella C.
Vanessa P.
Liat S.
Lauren W.

2. *(photo from Wikimedia Commons,
see credits)
 Cognitive Psychologist
 Four Cognitive Stages:
◦ Sensorimotor (birth- 2 yrs): learn
through what they feel, see, touch,
hear, smell and motor skills; do not
understand the outside world yet.
◦ Preoperational (2- 6/7 yrs):
egocentric, start to understand/use
symbols and numbers, develop
concrete thought.
◦ Concrete Operational (6/7 yrs-
11/12 yrs): use logical thinking,
understand outside perspectives.
◦ Formal Operational (11/12 yrs-
adult): abstract thinking develops,
understand cause and effect.
 Adaptation: sense of cognitive
understanding and development.
 Assimilation: incorporate new
experiences and knowledge into
the mind.
 Accommodation: change their
ideas to fit in the new information
in a way that makes sense.
 Children learn through active
analysis of a subject.

3.  American Psychologist
 Believed that learning is an
active process where new ideas
are formed based on prior and
present knowledge.
 Discovery Learning: based on
inquiry and exploration that
results in greater retention.
 Socratic Method: students learn
problem analysis, critical
thinking on perspectives and
outside opinions, how to defend
their stances.
 Spiral curriculum: always
building upon prior knowledge.
 Benefits of Discovery Learning:
◦ Engaging
◦ Motivation
◦ Instills responsibility and
independence
◦ Fosters creativity
◦ Develops problem solving skills
◦ customized learning
 Criticisms:
◦ Can breed cognitive overload
◦ Potential for misconceptions
◦ Failure to notice problems
*(information from learning-theories.com, see credits)

4.  WHAT HE BELIEVED…
 Russian educational psychologist
 Social cognition- he believed
that learning was influenced
significantly by social
development
 Said that a child’s social and
cultural environment can have a
positive or negative affect on
their cognitive development
 Zone of proximal development-
the difference between what the
child can do on their own and
what they can do through
collaboration with a more
advanced peer or teacher.
 HOW HE APPLIED IT..
 Collaborative learning is a way for
students to learn with the aid of a
peer or adult what they couldn’t on
their own. They learn through
observing and understanding new
concepts and ideas.
 Scaffolding- the process by which
teachers discover the level of each
child’s development and construct
their learning experiences based off
that point
 Anchored instruction- a form of
instruction where the student already
has learned concepts and
information, which form a basis for
other information to connect with
and build upon

5.  Educational
psychologist,
philosopher, political
activist
 Advocate for child-
centered instrucition
 In 1896 he opened
the a Laboratory
school, which came
to be known as the
“Dewey school”
 Thought that learning
should be student-
directed with
teacher’s there as a
guide for resources
 He was a part of a
movement called
progressive education,
which focused on
educating the whole
child (mentally,
psychically, and
socially)
 He also believed in
pragmatism, which
was the belief that the
truth of a theory could
be determined only if
a theory worked. He
said theories are only
valuable for practical
application.

6.  Students learn by doing
◦ Actively participate in learning process
◦ Learn critical-thinking skills
◦ Learner forms much of what they learn or
comprehend
 Integrated curriculum must be emphasized
◦ Students learn subjects in various ways by doing
different activities and incorporating technology
 It is important for students to work together
to learn new information
◦ New ideas and different perspectives are brought
about by doing so

7.  Teachers: Pose questions and problems, and then guide
students to find their own answers. They may use inquiry,
which is prompting student to form their own questions.
Collaborative learning would be used as well, which is the
process of encouraging group work and the use of peers as
resources. Software simulations are great means for allowing
hands on learning and collaboration.
 Students: Students come to the classroom with previously
formulated knowledge, ideas, and concepts. This knowledge
is used as the basis for new knowledge that will be created.
Students may collaborate together to make video/powerpoing
presentations instead of writing papers or illustrating a
poster.

8.  Try to use raw data and primary sources, in
addition to manipulative, interactive, and physical
materials.
 Encourage communication between the teacher and
the students and also between the students.
 Ask follow up questions and seek elaboration after
a student's initial response.
 Provide enough time for students to construct their
own meaning when learning something new.
 Encourage and accept student autonomy and
initiative.

9.  Graphics:
◦ Jean Piaget– Taken from Wikimedia Commons,
uploaded by Roland Zumbuhl
 Information:
◦ Integrating Technology and Digital Media in the
Classroom, 6th Edition by Shelly, Gunter and Gunter.
◦ http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery-
learning-bruner.html
◦ http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/c
onstructivism/index_sub2.html