kpds, üds; konu anlatımlı test kitabı

1. HIGH SCORE
KPDS TEST BOOK
for
upper intermediate
and
advanced learners
yasin yaylar
f fisebilillah yaylar@gmail.com

2. CONTENTS
Articles 1
Determiners 3
Tenses 11
Modals 43
If clause 59
Wish clause 69
Reported speech 73
Conjunctions 85
Adjectives 105
Adverbs 117
Prepositions 131
Relative clauses 143
Gerund - Infinitives 159
Participles 171
Passive voice 181
Causatives 193
Phrasal verbs 197
Vocabulary questions 217
Paragraph analyzing 229
Appendix 253
Glossary 260

3. Articles
a/ an
• one yerine:
she has a brother
• sıfat tamlamalarında:
a strong man, a hard question
• mesleklerde:
He is an engineer.
• bir grubun geneli:
A teacher must be patient.
• ilk defa bahsedilen şeyler:
Suddenly there was a bright light.
• her manasında:
two times a week, once a year
• her zaman çoğul olarak kullanılan kelimeler:
a pair of shoes, a pair of glasses
• sayılamayan nesneler:
a sum of bread, apiece of chocolate
* okunuşu sessiz harfle başlayan kelimelerde a:
a doctor, a car, a university
* okunuşu sesli harfle başlayan kelimelerde an:
an optimist, an hour, an FBI agent, an honor for me
the
• daha önceden bahsedilmiş şeyler:
Suddenly there was a bright light. Then the light turned grey.
• tek olan şeyler:
the moon, the sun
• superlative form:
the most important thing, the ugliest woman
1

4. • ne olduğu açıkça anlaşılan şeyler:
the weather is getting cold.
• sıfatlarda geneli kastederken:
the poor, the young
• milletler:
The English, The French
• tanınmış yapılar:
The Eiffel Tower, The Pyramids, The Topkapı Palace
• unvanlar:
The President, The Ambassador
• kanal, çöl, okyanus, nehir, deniz isimlerinden önce:
the Panama Canal, the Sahara, the Pacific, the Nile, the Black Sea
• tamlama şeklindeki yer isimleri (of içeren):
the Gulf of Mexico, Republic of Malta
zero article ( article almayanlar)
• özel isimler:
Mrs. Thompson, Steven
• bir türün geneli:
Storks can fly more than twelve hours non-stop.
• göl, ada, dağ, şehir, cadde, ilçe, eyalet, ülke isimleri:
Lake Van, Long Island, Mount Ararat, Dublin, West Street, Tyler County, Texas, Algeria
2

5. Determiners
• Kelimelerden önce gelerek miktarlarını belirtirler. Bu konuda öncelikli olarak bilmemiz
gereken countable ve uncountable isimler.bunun için sözlük kullanmakta fayda var.
some (of) (biraz)
They took some papers with them. (birkaç kağıt) [C]
Some of the papers were torn. (kağıtların bazıları) [C]
I want some information about her. (biraz bilgi) [U]
Some of the information was wrong. (bilgilerin bazıları) [U]
any (hiç)
sadece soru veya olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.
Do you have any problems? [C]
Do you have any sugar? [U]
She didn’t bring any presents for us. [C]
I won’t take any responsibility. [U]
many/ much (of) (çok)
There were not many guests yesterday. (çok misafir) [C]
Many of the guests were from Monaco. (misafirlerin çoğu) [C]
I don’t have much time. (çok zaman) [U]
She spends much of her time on chatting. (zamanının çoğunu) [U]
few/ little
olumsuz manada az anlamında.
Few people eat sushi in Turkey.(pek az insan) [C]
Few of the people die in prosperity. (insanların pek azı)
There is little food left for him. (çok az yemek) [U]
Little of the food is left.(yemeğin azı)
a few/ a little
olumlu manada az
There are few trees on the road. (birkaç ağaç) [C]
Few of the trees are pine. (ağaçların birkaçı) [C]
There is a little cheese in the fridge. (biraz peynir) [U]
A little of the cheese is used. (peynirin birazı) [U]
a lot/ lot of / lots of (pek çok)
You can see lots of cars on the street. [C]
He earns a lot of money. [U]
I don’t know him a lot. [U]
3

6. neither/ either/ both of
Đki şeyden bahsederken
She has two sons. I like neither of them. (ikisini de sevmem) [C]
I like either of them. (ikisini de severim) [C]
I like both of them. (ikisini de severim) [C]
each/ every (her biri/ her)
You can have two sandwiches each. [C]
Each of you can have two sandwiches. [C]
Every student must come on time. [C]
no/ none of (hiç)
There is no trouble about the schedule. [C]
None of the troubles were solved. [C]
She has no love for you. [U]
None of her love is for you. [U]
all/ all of (hepsi)
There were seven plates. We bought them all. [C]
We bought all of them. [C]
whole (tamamı)
He ate the whole pizza. [C]
I want the whole story. [U]
Demonstratives
This novel is on love. [C] This meal is cold. [U]
That novel is on love. [C] That meal is cold. [U]
These novels are boring. [C] No [U]
Those novels are boring. [C] No [U]
Possessive Adjectives
my, your, our, his, her, its, their, Gina’s, school’s, garage’s
They will see her new flat.
Hospital’s ER is full with injured people.
Articles
a/ an/ the/ Ø
They saw a snake on the grass.
bkz. Articles
4

7. Determiners
• Kelimelerden önce gelerek miktarlarını belirtirler. Bu konuda öncelikli olarak bilmemiz
gereken countable ve uncountable isimler.bunun için sözlük kullanmakta fayda var.
some (of) (biraz)
They took some papers with them. (birkaç kağıt) [C]
Some of the papers were torn. (kağıtların bazıları) [C]
I want some information about her. (biraz bilgi) [U]
Some of the information was wrong. (bilgilerin bazıları) [U]
any (hiç)
sadece soru veya olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.
Do you have any problems? [C]
Do you have any sugar? [U]
She didn’t bring any presents for us. [C]
I won’t take any responsibility. [U]
many/ much (of) (çok)
There were not many guests yesterday. (çok misafir) [C]
Many of the guests were from Monaco. (misafirlerin çoğu) [C]
I don’t have much time. (çok zaman) [U]
She spends much of her time on chatting. (zamanının çoğunu) [U]
few/ little
olumsuz manada az anlamında.
Few people eat sushi in Turkey.(pek az insan) [C]
Few of the people die in prosperity. (insanların pek azı)
There is little food left for him. (çok az yemek) [U]
Little of the food is left.(yemeğin azı)
a few/ a little
olumlu manada az
There are few trees on the road. (birkaç ağaç) [C]
Few of the trees are pine. (ağaçların birkaçı) [C]
There is a little cheese in the fridge. (biraz peynir) [U]
A little of the cheese is used. (peynirin birazı) [U]
a lot/ lot of / lots of (pek çok)
You can see lots of cars on the street. [C]
He earns a lot of money. [U]
I don’t know him a lot. [U]

8. neither/ either/ both of
Đki şeyden bahsederken
She has two sons. I like neither of them. (ikisini de sevmem) [C]
I like either of them. (ikisini de severim) [C]
I like both of them. (ikisini de severim) [C]
each/ every (her biri/ her)
You can have two sandwiches each. [C]
Each of you can have two sandwiches. [C]
Every student must come on time. [C]
no/ none of (hiç)
There is no trouble about the schedule. [C]
None of the troubles were solved. [C]
She has no love for you. [U]
None of her love is for you. [U]
all/ all of (hepsi)
There were seven plates. We bought them all. [C]
We bought all of them. [C]
whole (tamamı)
He ate the whole pizza. [C]
I want the whole story. [U]
Demonstratives
This novel is on love. [C] This meal is cold. [U]
That novel is on love. [C] That meal is cold. [U]
These novels are boring. [C] No [U]
Those novels are boring. [C] No [U]
Possessive Adjectives
my, your, our, his, her, its, their, Gina’s, school’s, garage’s
They will see her new flat.
Hospital’s ER is full with injured people.
Articles
a/ an/ the/ Ø
They saw a snake on the grass.
bkz. Articles

9. DETERMINERS
ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR
Boşluk doldurma soruları
1. I don’t imagine he wrote the speech 4. Several experts were working on the
____ but ____ did so, certainly made a project, and each came up with some
good job of it. interesting proposals, and naturally ____
claimed that ____ was the best.
A) for them / whomsoever
B) of his / somebody A) many /each
C) by him / they B) some / its
D) himself / whoever C) we / it
E) themselves / whichever D) all / he
98K E) each / his
98M
2. As ____ of our employees can afford cars 5. If the others hadn’t voted in favor of the
of ____ own, they all have to rely on public younger candidate, I probably wouldn’t
transport. have done so ____ .
A) few / them A) even
B) some / his B) too
C) none / their C) also
D) most / our D) as well
E) many / its E) either
98K 98M
3. The lawyer decided to call ____ of the 6. The editor thought that the new series of
witnesses only and paid no attention to articles would prove very popular, but
____ . actually hardly ____ seems to have been
impressed by it.
A) both / others
B) the two / any other A) nobody
C) two / the others B) anyone
D) some / another C) the other
E) any / some others D) any other
98M E) somebody
99K
5

10. 7. We are confident that the management 11. The failure so far to produce evidence
and the workforce will get on well together of life on any planet but ____ has given
as long as ____ respects ____ . continued strength to the belief in the
uniqueness of Earth.
A) the other / another
B) both / itself A) us
C) the one / another B) their
D) everyone / themselves C) ours
E) each / the other D) our
99K E) them
00K
8. The majority of ____ are apprehensive 12. ____ half of the budget of the US
about new computer programmes, until National Institute on Ageing is spent on
we’ve actually tried them out for ____ . research into Alzheimer’s disease.
A) him / himself A) As much as
B) us / ourselves B) More of
C) them / themselves C) Rather than
D) ours / us D) Other
E) theirs / ours E) The most
99M 00K
9. One gathers from the press that a large 13. He said I was submitting my application
majority of the people are not in favour of form rather late. But now I find ____ have
the impeachment proceedings, and, frankly, still not submitted ____ .
I’m not, ____ .
A) most / their
A) either B) none / any
B) too C) many / it
C) also D) others / theirs
D) as well E) a few / these
E) even so 00M
99M
10. Though they had ____ government 14. It looks ____ the hiring committee isn't
backing ____ a potential home market, the impressed by his qualifications, and I don't
company poured billions of dollars into the think the manager of the company is, ____
project and lost everything. .
A) with / less A) like / also
B) neither / nor B) as if / either
C) some / any C) so that / as well
D) no / without D) though / too
E) few / more E) just as / neither
00K 00M
6

11. 15. Few things ____ unnerved the Spanish 19. Indeed, the situation is such that the
conquerors of the New World ____ the chairman has finally promised to implement
prospect of death on Aztec sacrificial stone. ____ the committee recommends.
A) as / as A) whoever
B) so / as B) however
C) not only / but also C) if ever
D) neither / nor D) as ever
E) so / that E) whatever
01K 02K
16. Some anthropologists think that man 20. Of the company's three accountants,
today is ____ honest _____ he was only one is useful; ____ deserve to be sent
hundreds and thousands of years ago. away.
A) much / as A) they both
B) the less / than B) all the others
C) the least / of C) both the others
D) little / as D) each one
E) less / than E) each of them
01K 02M
17. More than ______ invention of the last 21. They are in no way responsible; we
eight years or so, television has been the must face the fact that we have only ____
most harmful to family life. to blame.
A) some other A) itself
B) another B) ours
C) the others C) them
D) any more D) themselves
E) any other E) ourselves
01M 02M
18. Basically a country has two objectives 22. The micro air vehicles they are working
in imposing tariffs; one is to raise revenue on are____ small that it will be almost
for government, ____ is to protect home impossible to detect them with radar.
industries by raising the price of competing
goods from abroad. A) too
B) as
A) other C) such
B) both D) so
C) another E) more
D) the other 02M
E) each
02K
7

12. 23. Human activity has destroyed____ 27. A structural formula is a chemical
plant species that collective action is formula that shows how the atoms are
essential for the conservation of those that bounded to____ in a molecule.
remain.
A) another
A) more B) others
B) so many C) the others
C) many more D) each other
D) the most E) every other
E) as many 07M
04K
24. Exciting new research is transforming 28. In 1990 it was introduced into the field
industrial robotics, offering the promise of of scientific psychology, defined as the
whole new generation of ____ intelligent ability to monitor____ and others’
machines. feelings.
A) more A) one’s own
B) much B) one another’s
C) any C) oneself
D) mostly D) the self
E) too E) each other’s
04M 06M
25. In business, every trend contains the 29. The doctor who is continually
seeds of ____ counter-trend. confronted with human suffering cannot
afford to become emotionally involved with
A) itself ____ patient.
B) its own
C) any one A) another
D) any B) some
E) one's own C) each
05K D) few
E) more
05K
26. In Kuwait, foreign companies are 30. The impression I got was that the
presently taxed at 55 per cent of profits, director has completely given up ____
whereas the Kuwaitis themselves pay____ hopes he may at one time have cherished.
or ____ tax depending on their status.
A) as many
A) less / least B) such
B) little / no C) every
C) more / less D) any
D) few / fewer E) so many
E) less / none 02M
05M
8

13. KEY TO DETERMINERS
BOŞLUK 26 B
DOLDURMA 27 D
1D 28 A
2C 29 C
3C 30 C
4E
5 E*
6B
7C
8B
9A
10 B
11 C
12 C
13 D
14 B
15 A
16 E
17 E
18 D
19 E
20 C
21 E
22 D*
23 B
24 A
25 B
9

14. TENSES
The Simple Present Tense
• rutin işler,
Jane goes to school by bus.
• alışkanlıklar,
My grandpa smokes a cigarette after every meal.
• fiziksel gerçekler,
The moon circles around the world.
• programlanmış olaylar,
The train departs at 9.30.
Lost begins at 7.00 PM.
• hikaye yada fıkra anlatırken,
One day a crow goes into pub and asks, “Do you have any cookies.”
• durum bildiren fiiller (appendix)
Children love playing games.
• emir yada tarif verirken,
Stop yelling at me!
First add some milk to the flour…
Time Expressions*
Every day ,every week, every…
Nowadays
These days
On Sundays, on Summer days
Dikkat: he, she, it olumlu cümlelerde ‘s takısı alıyor.
*
bundan sonra anlatılan her “tense” konusundan sonra Time Expressions bölümü verilecektir. Zaman zarfı
diyebileceğimiz bu kelimeler cümlenin zamanı hakkında bize ip ucu verecektir.
Yani “every day “ geçen bir cümlenin “simple present tense” olabileceğini anlayacağız.
11

15. The Present Continuous Tense
• konuşma anında devam eden olaylar,
I’m studying English now.
Jack is trying to open the jar.
• sürekli başımıza gelen ve bizi sinirlendiren olaylar,
Melissa is always leaving the light on.
The teacher is always warning me.
• bir süreç içersinde meydana gelen değişimler,
I pods are getting more and more popular.
The fear of global warming is rising among people.
Time Expressions
Now
For the time being
At the moment, at that moment
While, as
When
Currently
At present
Dikkat: be +V ing
12

16. The Past Simple Tense
• geçmişte belirli bir zamanda yaşanmış olaylar,
A friend of mine drove me home yesterday.
Did he graduate last year?
• tarihi olaylar,
Mehmet The Conqueror surrendered Đstanbul in 1453.
After the revolution, churches lost power.
Time Expressions
Ago
Last (last year, last week…)
Yesterday
Dates before now (in 1249, in the 19th century)
Dikkat: V2 için Appendix 1
13

17. The Past Continuous Tense
• geçmişte bir noktada başlayıp belirli bir süre devam eden olaylar,
I was working in Scotland when the war broke out.
We were playing football when it started to rain.
Buraya tablo koy******
• geçmişte aynı anda süre gelen olaylar,
While the journalists were broadcasting it, the firefighters were struggling with the
fire.
The little girl was sleeping while her mum was cooking diner.
• geçmişte planlanan fakat gerçekleşmeyen olaylar,
My sisters were visiting us but they had to turn back early.
Time Expressions
When
While
During
As
Dikkat: was/were V ing
14

18. The Present Perfect Tense
• geçmişte başlayıp bulunduğumuz zamana kadar devam eden olaylar,
They have repaired the car. We can go now.
tablo*******
I’ve just finished my report.
• geçmişte yaşanmış, tarihi önemsiz yada belli olmayan olaylar,
Ceyda has told that story before.
Has not the puppy caught cold once more?
• henüz meydana gelmiş olaylar,
I’ve cut my finger! Fetch me some bandages.
Oh my God! The car has hit the child!
• tekrarlanması muhtemel olaylar,
Nuri Bilge Ceylan has won the golden orange twice.
Mitch Albom has published his sixth book.
For/ since
I’ve lived in Eskişehir since 1998.
I’ve lived in Eskişehir for ten years.
She has never been ill since her childhood.
She has never been ill for years.
Time Expressions
Just
Recently, lately
Before
Since
So far
Up until now
Already
Dikkat: have/has + V3
Appendix 1
15

19. The Present Perfect Continious Tense
• geçmişte başlayıp bulunduğumuz zamanda halen devam eden olaylar,
Mr. Aeron has been working in Jerusalem since 1983.
Tablo*****
Prof. Ege has been studying on social science for 35 years.
• yada sona erse bile bariz etkisi gözüken olaylar,
Have you been smoking in here?
I’ve been attending a language course. How is my English?
• bir süredir meydana gelen değişimler,
Finding a good job has been getting harder day by day.
Drug consumption has been increasing for some time.
Time Expression
Just
Day by day
For
Since
Recently, lately
Up until now ***
Dikkat: have/ has been V ing
16

20. The Past Perfect Tense
• geçmişte meydana gelen iki olaydan daha önce meydana gelen olay,
Dr. Claude had worked as a soldier before he came here.
Mrs. Hanna had closed the shop when new costumers came.
• iki olaydan daha önce meydana gelen olayı (already kullanarak) vurgulamak için,
The train had already departed when we arrived at the station.
Tablo******
When the police came, the burglar had already gone.
By the time I called Alan, he had already left home
No longer had the locksmith opened the door, did she find her keys.
Time Expressions
By the time
No longer
No sooner
Already
Dikkat: had + V3
17

21. The Past Perfect Continuous
• geçmişte başlamış ve bir süre devam ettikten sonra yine geçmişte bir noktada son bulmuş
olaylar,
When the police found the child, he had been trying to escape from the hut.
Tablo*****
The dog had been barking all the night when we heard a gun-shot.
We had been driving for six hours when we had a flat tire.
Dikkat: had been V ing
18

22. Future
The Simple future
be going to
• planlanmış olaylar,
I’m going to see the headmaster at diner.
When are you going to be retired?
• gelecekte olacağını bir delil sayesinde tahmin ettiğimiz olaylar,
The boy is running too fast. He is going to fall.
The man is aiming at the bird. He is going to shoot it!
will
• planlanmamış; ani kararlar,
A: I’m going to see the new movie.
B: Awesome! I’ll come too.
A: Do you like fish?
B: No, not at all.
A: Ok. I’ll cook some chicken, then.
• tarihi kesin olaylarda present continuous kullanılabilir,
They are getting married on the 7th of November.
He is flying to New York at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
• önceden programlanmış olaylarda present simple kullanılabilir,
Two and a Half Men begins at 5 PM on CNBC-E.
The school board gathers at 10 AM tomorrow.
Time Expressions
Next week, next month, next…
Tomorrow
Soon
19

23. Future Continuous
• gelecekte belirli bir süre devam edecek olaylar,
When I arrive at Houston you will be sleeping.
They will be pumping oil when we arrive there.
• önceden planlanmış olaylar,
Edmond will be waiting for us at the airport.
I’ll be driving my new car this time next week.
Time Expressions
This time tomorrow, this time next year
Dikkat: will be+ V ing
20

24. Future Perfect
• gelecekte belli bir zamanda tamamlanacak olaylar,
By the time I finish my homework, I’ll have written 15 pages.
In two years time you will have learnt Chinese.
The trees will have given fruit, the next time you visit us.
They will have painted the house, by the time we arrive there.
Tablo*****
Dikkat: will have+V3
The Future Pefect
• daha önceden başlamış olay gelecekte hala devam ediyorsa,
They will have been painting the house for two hours, by the time we arrive there.
Tablo********
Samantha will have holding her breath for five minutes when the bell rings.
the future perfect or the future perfect continuous
Next week I’ll have worked here for six years.
(haftaya 6 yılı tamamlayıp işi bırakıyorum.)
Next week I’ll have been working here for six years.
(haftaya 6 yılı tamamlıyorum, fakat çalışmaya devam ediyorum.)
Time Expressions
By the time
By this time next week, by this time next year…
in two years time, in six months time
by next week, by next year
Dikkat: will have been + V ing
21

25. Which Tense?
The simple past or the present perfect
Beatles wrote 186 songs all their life. (bir daha yazamayacaklar.)
Black Eyed Peas has written 75 songs up until now. (hala yazabilirler.)
Marlin Monroe acted in many films during her life. (artık rol alamaz.)
Müjde Ar has acted in 36 films so far. (yeni bir filmde rol alabilir.)
The present perfect or the present perfect continious
She has been learning how to drive a car. (hala öğreniyor.)
She has been learnt how to drive a car. (artık öğrendi.)
The past perfect or the past simple
When the teacher came in, the boys had stopped fighting.
(öğretmen gelmeden önce kavgayı kestiler.)
When the teacher came in, the boys stopped fighting.
(öğretmen gelince kavgayı kestiler.)
The past perfect continuous or the past continuous
When I saw him, he was moving his house. (gördüğümde hala taşınıyordu.)
When I saw him, he had been moving his house. (gördüğümde taşınmayı bitirmişti.)
22

26. TENSE UYUMU
Aynı cümle içersinde kullanılan iki farklı tense in birbirleriyle uyumlu olması gerekir.
Mesela simple present tense kullandıktan sonra simple past tense kullanamayız. Soruları
çözerken de bu kuralı göz önünde bulundurmamız gerekir.
Beraber kullanılabilen tense grupları:
the simple present - the simple present
The She cries whenever she sees a dog.
Every time I phone her, she hangs up.
the Simple past - the simple past
The officer looked at me when ı entered his room.
After I finished writing the letter, I sent it to Martin.
the Simple past - the past continuous
She was preparing the meal when I called her.
When her daughter came in, Mrs. Darko was sleeping.
the past continuous - the past continuous
He was watching tv while he was drinking a cup of coffee.
She was palying a computer game while I was reading a science book.
the present perfect - the simple past
Brenda has never laughed since she lost her father.
I’ve not heard of tom since he went to Paris.
the present perfect continuous - the simple past
Mr. Nerd has been teaching since he graduated in 1990.
US troops have been struggling with suicide attacks since they attacked Iraq.
the simple past - the past perfect
The robbers had left the bank when the police arrived at the crime scene.
By the time the electricity went off, I had finished drawing.
23

27. the past perfect continuous - the simple past
Mr. Seyhan had been carrying the coal when his son came to help him.
The doctor had been operating on her when I went to see her.
the simple future - the simple present
I will call you as soon as get off the plane.
Susan will be very angry when she sees the broken vase.
the simple future - the present perfect
You won’t go out until you have finished your homework.
As soon as we have taken the permission, we will start building the house.
the future perfect - the simple present
I will have taken more than 200 photos by the time I turn back to Turkey.
Judy will have grown much older the next time we see her.
the simple future continuous - the simple present
Larry will have been working as a postman for 30 years when he retires next week.
The road workers will have been working for six days by the time we pass by them.
24

28. TENSES
ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR
Boşluk doldurma soruları
1. As the decade ____ to wind down, Mark 4. There have been some art critics who
Morris ____ as our century’s youngest ____ in depreciation of Van Gogh that he
great choreographer. ____ a draughtsman all his life.
A) has begun / had stood A) had maintained / has remained
B) will begin / is standing B) have maintained / remained
C) was beginning / has stood C) were maintaining / had remained
D) begins / stands D) maintained / would have remained
E) is beginning / has been standing E) will maintain / remains
98K 99K
2. In the past few months, our company 5. The Romanian Privatization Authority
director ____ more mettle than most announced last week that Renault of France
industrialists ____ in an entire career. ____ to be the sole bidder for a majority
stake in the national car company, Dacia,
A) had shown / have done which ____ cheap cars for the domestic
B) showed / would do market.
C) shows / did
D) has shown / do A) would turn out / had made
E) was showing / may have done B) has turned out / made
98K C) would have turned out / is making
D) is turning out / has made
E) might turn out / makes
99K
3. For a hundred years or so some critics 6. At the Brussels meeting over the last
____ that poetry is dying and all that time weekend Madeleine Albright, The American
poets ____ poems that later generations secretary of State, ____ her allies that
recognize as great. future NATO missions ____ them further a
field, but not all over the world.
A) have maintained / have been writing
B) maintained / wrote A) assures / is taking
C) had maintained / were writing B) has assured / will have taken
D) maintain / are writing C) assured / would take
E) would maintain / had been writing D) had assured / took
98M E) was assuring / will take
99K
25

29. 7. Marxism ____ an important movement in 11. Over the last few years, consumer
Britain even though it ____ its origin here. interest in organic agriculture ____ up
dramatically, and demand ____ currently
A) would never have been / takes ahead of supply.
B) had never been / would take
C) never was / has taken A) has shot / is
D) would never be / would have taken B) shot / was
E) has never been / took C) had shot / had been
99M D) is shooting / has been
E) was shooting / would be
00K
8. The history of the Venetian Republic 12. Orwell ____ at that moment that when
____ to an end in 1797 when Venice ____ the white man ____ tyrant it is his own
over to Austria by Napoleon. freedom that he destroys.
A) was coming / would have been handed A) perceived / would turn
B) had come / has been handed B) has perceived / turned
C) comes / had been handed C) had perceived / has turned
D) came / was handed D) would perceive / will turn
E) would come / was being handed E) perceived / turns
99M 00K
9. Over the past two decades, the Corsicans 13. With the help of satellite images, the
____ their idyllic island, which was wrested Indonesian government ____ that it is the
by France from the Genoese in 1768, ____ timber companies which ____ the mass
into terrorism, corruption and economic destruction of their rain forests.
decline.
A) will show / would have caused
A) have seen / sink B) would have shown / had caused
B) had seen / sank C) had shown / were causing
C) saw / to sink D) shows / had been causing
D) would have seen / had sunk E) has shown / are causing
E) would see / had been sinking 00M
99M
10. It ____ a mistake to think that all 14. By the late 1980s, a surge of prosperity
bacteria are harmful, for, without some ____ across southeast Asia, but in some
species, we ____ for long. countries of the region the economic
structure ____ sufficiently to the benefit
A) is / had not survived from this trend.
B) would be / could not survive
C) will be / have not survived A) would sweep / could not have developed
D) has been / would not have survived B) would have swept / has not developed
E) had been / did not survive C) was sweeping / had not developed
00K D) has swept / was not developed
E) could have swept / was not developing
00M
26

30. 15. The ridicule that ____ upon him by 19. He insisted that mountaineering ____ a
leading scientists of the day ____ to the sport for him, but a passion that ____ his
novelty of his thinking. whole life.
A) is being heaped / would testify A) hadn't been / would dominate
B) has been heaped / testified B) isn't / has dominated
C) had heaped / has testified C) hasn't been / is dominating
D) was heaping / had testified D) wouldn't be / is dominating
E) was heaped / testifies E) wasn't / had dominated
00M 02M
16. Early in 1940, when Europe was already 20. When he moved from Ethiopia where he
at war, Hitler ____ the sale of uranium ____, to England, his experiences____
from the Czech mines he ____ over. quite unlike those of his contemporaries at
school.
A) has banned / has taken
B) had banned / took A) had been born / were
C) banned / had taken B) is born / will be
D) bans / was taking C) would be born / would be
E) was banning / had been taking D) has been born / are
01K E) was born / will be
02M
17. Sometimes people select certain foods 21. Once the director _____ just how much
that they believe ____ their physical was at stake, he _____ immediate steps to
appearance and avoid those they believe deal with the dispute.
____ detrimental.
A) realizes / will take
A) have improved / would have been B) has realized / had taken
B) are improving / were C) had realized / took
C) improve / might be D) realized / takes
D) improved / had been E) would realize / has taken
E) would have improved / have been 03M
01K
18. While the parades for the opening of 22. The once radical notion that birds
parliament ____, the president ____a _____ from dinosaurs ____ stronger and
sobering message for his countrymen. stronger since paleontologists first started
taking it seriously a couple of decades ago.
A) had rehearsed / prepared
B) have been rehearsed / has prepared A) descended / has grown
C) were being rehearsed / was preparing B) have descended / grew
D) are rehearsing / is preparing C) had descended / had grown
E) had been rehearsed / would prepare D) descend / is growing
02K E) are descending / was growing
03M
27

31. 23. Is seems that, even if big western 26. Many parts of rural America ____to
companies____ to help develop lifesaving reflect the values and traditions of the
GM ( genetically modified ) seeds for the European immigrants who ____in the
underdeveloped countries, only South country during the nineteenth century.
Africa ____to accept them.
A) continued / have arrived
A) will be willing / is ready B) have continued / would have arrived
B) has been willing / will be ready C) continue / arrived
C) had been willing / would be ready D) would have continued / were arriving
D) would be willing / was ready E) will continue / would arrive
E) were willing / would be ready 06K
04M
24. China, which_____ much of Mongolia 27. With few exceptions, most totalitarian
from the end of the seventieth century until governments ____ more liberal since 1989
the early twentieth century, still, ____ the when the Berlin Wall____.
oil, coal, uranium, and empty grasslands of
its former possessions. A) became / falls
B) are becoming / would fall
A) was ruling / has coveted C) were becoming / has fallen
B) had ruled / may have coveted D) had become / was falling
C) has ruled / coveted E) have become / fell
D) ruled / covets 06K
E) rules / is coveting
05K
25. Old Danish, one of the languages of the 28. Of all the arts it ____ to classical music
Vikings who ____ in parts of Britain during that Germany ____ the greatest
the 9th to 11 centuries, ____a strong contribution.
influence on the development of English.
A) had been / made
A) have settled / had had B) is / has made
B) had settled /would have C) has been / had made
C) settle / has D) was / will have made
D) settled / had E) might be / would have made
E) would settle / will have 06K
05M
28

32. Çeviri soruları
29. He certainly ____ party members last 1. During the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqi
weekend when he announced that he ____ troops caused the worst ever man-made
to regain his party chairmanship. environmental disaster by setting fire to
650 of Kuwait's 950 oil wells.
A) has shocked / had not sought
B) would have shocked / will not seek A) Đnsan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş
C) had shocked / would not have sought çevre felaketlerinden biri, 1991'deki Körfez
D) was to shock / is not seeking Savaşı sırasında Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'in 950
E) shocked / would not seek petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vermesiyle
06M meydana gelmiştir.
B) 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak
birliklerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan
650'sini yakması, şimdiye kadar insandan
kaynaklanan en korkunç cevre felaketlerinden
biriyle sonuçlandı.
C) 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak
birlikleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan
650'sini ateşe vererek insan tarafından şimdiye
kadar oluşturulmuş en kötü cevre felaketine
neden oldular.
D) Đnsandan kaynaklanmış en korkunç cevre
felaketi 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında
meydana gelmiştir; çünkü bu savaşta Irak
güçleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan en az
650'sini ateşe vermiştir.
E) 1991 yılında yalnız Körfez Savaşı'ndan dolayı
değil, bu savaş sırasında Irak güçlerinin Kuveyt'e
ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe
vermesi yüzünden de insan tarafından şimdiye
kadar oluşturulmuş en korkunç cevre felaketi
yaşanmıştır.
05M
30. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and 2. A key problem throughout Japan's long
Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll years of economic stagnation has been that
created by rapid urbanization, the close the government and the central bank have
relationship with America and the been at odds.
immigration from the West Indies, south
Asia and Africa – all____ to the wealth of A) Hükümet ile merkez bankasının arası açık
music literature and recordings. olduğu için, Japonya'daki ekonomik durgunluğun
uzun yıllar devam etmesi, temel bir sorun
A) have contributed olmuştur.
B) would contribute B) Japonya'da ekonomik durgunluk uzun yıllar
C) had contributed sürdüğü için, hükümet ile merkez bankasının
D) will contribute anlaşamaması ana sorun olmuştur.
E) to have contributed C) Japonya'nın uzun yıllar devam eden ekonomik
07M durgunluk dönemindeki temel sorunu, hükümet
ile merkez bankasının arasının açık olmasıdır.
D) Japonya'nın uzun yıllar süren ekonomik
durgunluğu boyunca en temel sorunu, hükümet
ile merkez bankasının hiçbir zaman
uzlaşamamasıdır.
E) Hükümet ile merkez bankası anlaşmamakta
inat ettikleri için, Japonya’nın ekonomik
durgunluğu temel bir sorun olarak yıllarca
sürmüştür.
05K
29

33. 3. According to the UN observers in ihe 5. Birleşmiş Milletlerin, Filistin'in Yahudi ve
region, Rwandan troops have reentered Arap bölgelerine bölünmesini onaylaması
Congo in violation of the peace treaty üzerine, 14 Mayıs 1948'de Đsrail devleti ilan
signed between the two countries last year. edildi.
A) Bölgedeki BM gözlemcilerine göre, Ruanda A) Once The United Nations had recommended
askerleri, geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanan partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab
barış antlaşmasına aykırı olarak, yeniden regions, the state of Israel could have been
Kongo'ya girmiştir. , proclaimed on 14 May 1948.
B) Bölgedeki BM görevlilerine göre, geçen yıl iki B) Once the partition of Palestine into Jewish
ülke arasında yapılan barış antlaşmasını and Arab regions had been approved by the
çiğneyen Ruanda askerleri, Kongo'ya tekrar United Nations, the state of Israel was
girmiştir. immediately proclaimed an 14 May 1948.
C) Bölgede bulunan BM görevlilerine göre, C) Upon the United Nations' approval of the
Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya tekrar girerek geçen partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab
yıl yapılan barış antlaşmasını bozmuştur. territories, the state o Israel was proclaimed on
D) Bölgede görev yapan BM sorumlularına göre, 14 May 1948.
Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya yeniden girmiş ve D) The state of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May
böylelikle geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanmış 1948 since the United Nations was
olan barış antlaşmasını ihlal etmiştir. recommending the partitioning of Palestine into
E) Bölgede bulunan BM gözlemcilerine göre, Jewish and Arab parts.
geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanan barış E) The state of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May
antlaşmasına rağmen, Ruanda askerlerinin çoğu 1948 following there commendation of the
Kongo'ya bir kez daha girmiştir United Nations that Palestine should be divided
04K into Jewish and Arab territories.
03M
4. Hükümet giriş ücretlerini kaldırır 6. 1980'lerden bu yana, dünyadaki nükleer
kaldırmaz, çok daha fazla kişi müzeleri ve sanayi hızlı bir şekilde düşmektedir ve
sanat galerilerini ziyaret etmeye başladı. Avrupa Birliği içinde on beş ülkeden yedisi
nükleer enerjiden aşama aşama
A) Following the government's ruling for no vazgeçmiştir.
entrance charges for museums and art galleries,
more and more people will start to visit them. A) Since the 1980s, the nuclear industry in the
B) An increasing number of people had begun to world has been declining rapidly, and within the
visit the museums and art galleries even before European Union, seven out of fifteen countries
the government abolished entrance fees. have phased out nuclear power.
C) If the government decides to stop charging B) Starting with the 1980s, there has been a
entrance fees for museums and art galleries, steep decline in the nuclear industry throughout
many more people will start to visit them the world, especially in the European Union
D) As soon as the government had abolished where only seven of the fifteen continue to use
entrance charges, many more people started to nuclear power.
visit the museums and art galleries. C) The world's nuclear industry has continued to
E) Now, as there are no admission charges for decline since the 1980s; in particular, this is true
museums and art galleries, following a of the fifteen countries of the European Union,
government ruling, an increasing number of seven of which have slowly ceased to use it
people are visiting them. altogether.
03M D) Seven of the fifteen countries of the
European Union have gradually put an end to
the use of nuclear power; the movement started
in the 1980s and has continued world-wide ever
since.
E) After the 1980s, the nuclear industries of the
world have fallen into disrepute, especially in the
European Union where seven of the fifteen
countries have, step by step, stopped using it
altogether.
00M
30

34. 7. Sonunda ormanın kenarına 9. When, in the mid-19th century, the wool
ulaştığımızda, uzun süre orada durduk ve trade boomed in Yorkshire, almost a tenth
önümüzde uzayıp giden manzarayı of the population of Bradford consisted of
seyrettik. Irish immigrants.
A) With the forest finally behind us, we stood for A) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarına doğru
a long time looking at the countryside ahead of Bradford’da yaşayan ve nüfusun onda birini
us. oluşturan Đrlandalı göçmenler Yorkshire’da hızlı
B) On finally getting through to the edge of the bir gelişme gösteren yün ticaretini ellerinde
forest we paused for a while, to look at the tutuyorlardı.
landscape that stretched out before us. B) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarında
C) Once we had got through the forest, we Yorkshire’da yün sanayinin hızla gelişmesi
paused to look at the landscape that lay ahead Bradford’a yerleşen Đrlandalı göçmenlerin
of us. nüfusunun on kat artmasına neden oldu.
D) When we finally got to the edge of the forest, C) Bradford nüfusunun onda birini oluşturan
we stood there for a long while and looked at Đrlandalı göçmenler, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın
the landscape that stretched out before us. ortalarında Yorkshire’da hızlı bir gelişme
E) When we finally came out of the forest we gösteren yün dokumacılığının temelini
stood there, gazing for a long time at the oluşturuyordu.
countryside in front of us. D) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarında,
01M Yorkshire’da yün ticareti hızlı bir gelişme
gösterdiğinde, Bradford nüfusunun hemen
hemen onda biri Đrlandalı göçmenlerden
oluşuyordu.
E) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarına doğru
Yorkshire’da yün ticaretinin hızla gelişmesi
Bradford’daki Đrlandalıların hemen hemen onda
birinin göç etmesi ile sonuçlandı.
98M
8. Mozart iki yüz yedi yıl önce bu ay 10. Đspanya Kralı II. Philip 1580’de
öldüğünde, daha sonra öğrencisi Süssmayr Portekiz’i aldığından bu yana Portekizliler
tarafından tamamlanan Requiem'ini hep derin bir işgal korkusu taşımışlardır.
bitirememişti.
A) Since the Spanish King Philip II took over
A) It was Süssmayr, one of Mozart's students, Portugal in 1580, the Portuguese have always
who completed the Requiem, left unfinished by had a deep fear of invasion.
the composer when he died two hundred and B) After Philip II, King of Spain, conquered
seven years ago this month. Portugal in 1580, the Portuguese were
B) When Mozart died two hundred and seven extremely afraid of the consequences of his
years ago this month, he had been unable to invasion.
finish his Requiem, which was later completed C) Ever since Portugal was captured in 1580 by
by his student Süssmayr. the Spaniards under Philip II, the Portuguese
C) Two hundred and seven years ago this people have been unremittingly fearful of
month, when Mozart died, he left his Requiem another invasion.
unfinished for his student Süssmayr to complete. D) The Portuguese had always been afraid of a
D) Upon Mozart's death two hundred and seven Spanish invasion even before Portugal was taken
years ago this month, his student Süssmayr over in 1580 by Philip II, the King of Spain.
completed the Requiem which the composer had E) The Portuguese people’s deep-seated fear of
failed to finish. invasion dates back to 1580 when Philip II of
E) The Requiem, which Mozart had been unable Spain conquered Portugal.
to complete before his death two hundred and 98M
seven years ago this month, was finished by his
student Süssmavr.
99M
31

35. 11. Başkan Yeltsin Đtalya’ya yaptığı geziyi 13. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında X
tamamlarken, Rusya’nın ulusal gaz şirketi ışınları keşfedildiğinde, bilim adamları
Gazprom da Đtalyan enerji grubu ENI ile 2 benzer tür başka ışınlar bulmak için hemen
milyar dolarlık bir sözleşme imzaladı. yoğun araştırmalara giriştiler.
A) President Yeltsin’s visit to Italy ended with A) It was in the late nineteenth century that,
the signing of a $2 billion contract between following the discovery of X-rays, scientists
Russia’s national gas company Gazprom and suddenly embarked on a serious research
Italy’s energy group ENI. programme to trace various other similar rays.
B) During President Yeltsin’s last visit to Italy, a B) Following the discovery of X-rays in the
$2 billion contract was signed between Russia’s nineteenth century, comprehensive research was
national gas company Gazprom and Italy’s soon undertaken by scientists in order to detect
energy group ENI. other rays of the same kind.
C) The $2 billion contract between Gazprom C) Towards the end of the nineteenth century,
which is Russia’s gas company and ENI which is when X-rays were discovered, scientists were
Italy’s energy group was signed just as already involved in extensive research in order
president Yeltsin ended his tour of Italy. to study other kinds of rays.
D) As the President Yeltsin rounded up his visit D) The discovery of X-rays in the late nineteenth
to Italy, Gazprom, Russia’s national gas century motivated scientists to carry out
company, signed a $2 billion contract with the exhaustive research in order to detect other
Italian energy group ENI. types of rays.
E) While President Yeltsin’s visit to Italy was E) When X-rays were discovered in the late
nearing its end, the $2 billion contract between nineteenth century, scientists immediately set
the Russian gas company Gazprom and the out on intensive research to find other similar
Italian energy group ENI was finally signed. types of rays.
98M 06K
12. When the Sirkeci train station went into 14. Ortaçağ haritaları Hollanda’nın
service on November 3, 1890, the waiting neredeyse yarısını su altında gösterir, ama
room was heated with stoves brought from o zamandan beri denizden geniş alanlar
Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. kazanılmıştır.
A) 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren A) In medieval maps nearly half of the
istasyonunun hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan Netherlands is under water, but since then the
bekleme salonu, çoğu Avusturya’dan ithal edilen sea has withdrawn from large areas.
sobalarla ısıtılıyordu. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands
B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da have often been claimed from the sea, but in
hizmete girdiğinde, bekleme salonu medieval maps they were under water.
Avusturya’dan getirtilen sobalarla ısıtılıyor ve C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist
hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılıyordu. on medieval maps but later large areas were
C) 3 Kasım 1890’da, bekleme salonu hava gazı recovered from the sea.
lambalarıyla aydınlatılan ve Avusturya’dan ithal D) Medieval maps show that large areas of the
edilen sobalarla ısıtılan Sirkeci tren istasyonu Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they
hizmete girdi. have since been reclaimed.
D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da E) Medieval maps show nearly half of the
hizmete girdiğinde, hava gazı lambalarıyla Netherlands under water, but since then large
aydınlatılan bekleme salonunu ısıtmak için areas have been claimed from the sea.
Avusturya’dan soba ithal edilmişti. 06M
E) Sirkeci tren istasyonunun Avusturya
sobalarıyla ısıtılan ve hava gazı lambalarıyla
aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, 3 Kasım 1890’da
hizmete girmişti.
06K
32

36. Cümle tamamlama soruları
1. ____ even though certain difficult 4. While most people still saw computers as
economic conditions prevail. science fiction, ____.
A) European equities display strong profit A) the discriminating few immediately
growth appreciated their advantages
B) In 2004, the European economy remained B) the early ones were large in size and low in
fundamentally sound performance
C) Inflation had actually begun to improve C) they continue to get smaller and more
D) There were several other encouraging signs versatile
E) It should have been easy to maintain the D) it is hard to imagine how banks earned on
competitiveness their work without them
05M E) a majority still wish they had never been
invented
04M
2. ____ when the occupancy levels in the 5. ____ so long as you pay attention and
hotel fall off steeply. stick to the rules.
A) There are no profits to be made during the A) There is a huge number of fascinating wrecks
cold winter months around Britain
B) The hotel regained its five-star rating in 1996 B) Wrecks under the sea can contain hazardous
C) The rebuilt Star has retained the original materials like oil and mutions
shell, but scarcely any of the fittings C) Scuba diving is very safe
D) Training schemes were receiving even D) Scuba was first patented in 1865 and was
greater attention perfected over the years
E) Outside temperatures reached 50°C E) Scuba divers get a great deal of pleasure
05M from exploring wrecks
04M
3. When the feminist movement came into 6. ____, when Eveready introduced the
being, _____. alkaline battery.
A) a major issue is still the right to vote A) Their technological success is stili being
B) the aim had been to combat oppression questioned
C) women were seen as constituting a single B) Many new materials have been adapted for
class battery use
D) discrimination against women still continues C) Mercury, too, has recently been eliminated
in the workplace from batteries on account of its toxicity
E) The professional-class working mother is D) The lifespan of these batteries are expected
another exception to improve
05K E) The first major advance in flashlight batteries
came in 1959
04K
33

37. 7. In good hands, the harpsichord will 10. ____ that basic evolutionary processes
always have things to offer____. in the future will differ substantially from
those in the past.
A) that its value has never been doubted
B) which other musical instruments cannot A) The breaking up of habitats will create
C) if yet another challenge had to be faced populations
D) even when the performances were not quite B) Nobody had thought to ask themselves
flawless C) They are carrying out a study of island
E) since a substantial amount of his earthy biogeography
period has been recorded D) There is no reason whatsoever to assume
04K E) The argument was further supported
02M
8. Kerrich carried out exhaustive 11. Though some scholars argue that ____,
experiments in probability ____. others say that the beginning of the 15th
century saw its real rise.
A) until the coin has been tossed a thousand
times A) by the latter part of the 12th century most of
B) if he had been arrested when the Germans the literary conventions of Urdu literature have
invaded Denmark already been well established
C) whether the coin toss is truly random B) the 12th century was the time of the great
D) while he was interned in a camp in Jutland religious movements in India
for the duration of the war C) Urdu literature dates back to the 12th century
E) that he has been acclaimed as one of South D) most of the literary writings in India in the
Africa's leading mathematicians 12th century consisted of religious tracts and
02M allegories
E) most Urdu poets in the 12th century turned
to romances and narratives of heroic deeds
02K
9. After he had learned my side of the story 12. ____, there just wasn't enough
from Molly, ____. evidence to convict him.
A) his apologies are obviously worthless A) If the trial had been postponed to a later date
B) he phoned me to apologize for his attitude B) Since almost nothing the accused himself said
C) I don't even want to listen to his apologies could be substantiated
D) he's still too proud to admit he behaved badly C) Though he seemed extremely reluctant to
E) it will obviously be better to forget all about it sign the statement
02M D) Even before the judge had finished summing
up the case
E) Although everyone was convinced that Smith
had committed the murder
02K
34

38. 13. _____, so the introduction of 16. ____ ,we need to find ways to cope
metalworking made trade with the outside with it.
world inevitable.
A) As the disease wasn’t cured
A) Compared with those of the iron ages, stone B) If relaxation was essential for a healthy mind
age tools were very primitive and body
B) Many ores, such as copper and tin are not C) After we had learned the living conditions
found in all countries D) Whether he has confidence in our plans or
C) The "bronze age" is a term used in prehistoric not
archeology E) Since we can not remove stress from our
D) The chemical processes involved in the lives
smelting of ores were not as complicated 01M
E) Subsequently the knowledge of metalworking
must have spread among the less advanced
communities around
01M
14. Iron deficiency is one of the commonest 17. ____ , Japanese firms moved the more
causes of anemia _____. intensive phases of their production
process to cheap labour sites in East Asia.
A) since even in a good diet the supply of iron is
only just adequate A) As production cost in Japan had become
B) why adolescents outgrow their stores of iron excessive
C) which would result in brittle nails B) Unless the working day is kept at eight hours
D) though new ways of treating pernicious C) Once the trade unions in Japan have won a
anemia were soon introduced few more victories
E) as numerous iron preparations are available D) So long as a reduction in costs remains the
for treatment primary goal
01M E) If interest rates in Japan had remained high
00M
15. Pharmaceutical companies are unlikely 18. ____ a greet many alarming theories
to develop a vaccine for an uncommon are sure to spring to the fore.
disease like leprosy______.
A) Before the truth had been verified
A) how early diagnosis could help B) Even though his death had almost certainly
B) so that pressure would be put on them been from natural causes
C) if the choice had been given to them C) If several perfectly natural explanations had
D) until the various charities were informed been put forward
E) that can be treated with drugs D) Whenever there are anonymous terrorist
01M attacks
E) As soon as this admittedly unpleasant
incident got forgotten
00K
35

39. 19. While businesses and stores have 22. Before Freud shed light on dreams and
started to perform well and make profits, extraordinary role of the subconscious,
____ . ____ .
A) only a crack in the stock market was to be A) there are many who have grasped their
feared significance
B) inflation and unemployment have been held B) educated people in particular regarded
in check dreams as meaningless and pointless
C) the economy ought to be able to withstand a C) many traditional ways of interpreting dreams
recession are being analyzed
D) the Euro currency could stand up to so much D) the relationship between stress and dreams
criticism would surely have been recognized
E) fiscal transfers across European nation states E) many great writers still draw on the principles
were of minimal importance of human psychology
99K 98K
20. ____ , there will be a notable decrease 23. ____ until Thomas Paine published The
in the profits of most businesses. Common Sense and sparked off the
American Revolution.
A) If people start to spend less and save more
B) However efficiently the inflation was curbed A) George Washington considered himself a loyal
C) Had these reasonable measures been British subject
introduced earlier B) Idealism hasn’t often been a determining
D) Before the financial situation could be fully factor
understood C) Voltaire’s influence would have been more
E) Though the leading economists had started to pervasive,
grow more hopeful D) That was a period of radical change in all
99K spheres
E) They were the people responsible for shaping
the national character of the United States
98K
21. As heavy rain had been forecast for the 24. ____ that scientists are now sending
area, ____ . out “e prints” instead of preprints of
unpublished articles.
A) record harvest are expected this year
B) they would presumably cancel the excursion A) Prior to the internet, it was not possible
to the ruins in the valley B) One change that the advent of the internet
C) I can’t imagine why they neglected to take all has brought is
necessary precautions to avoid flooding C) The internet has indeed opened many doors
D) farm labors would have to work overtime and D) The benefits of technology should not be
weekends overrated
E) the resulting floods caused widespread E) Among academics, technological advances
hardships attract less attention
98M 98K
36

40. 25. ____ while such African languages as 28. In general, when credit demand is low,
Hausa and Swahili continued to serve the ____.
everyday needs of the masses.
A) it is not sensible to take out loans during
A) During the colonial era in Africa, English deflation
became the shared language of the B) following the wrong guideline could have
administration and a Western-educated elite, been catastrophic
B) In colonial Africa, the teaching of English C) interest rates measure the cost of credit, not
literature is no longer popular the price of money
C) Modern African writers have found it D) interest rates are correspondingly low
necessary to adapt certain aspects of English, E) precautionary savings were rising at this time
D) Today, English is the official language of 06M
sixteen countries in Africa,
E) English as a second language has been taught
in Africa for nearly four hundred years,
06K
26. Before the 21st century has run its 29. ____ when countered by antistress
course, ____. measures such as exercising, enjoying time
with friends and cultivating a hobby.
A) the powers of computers have expanded
vastly due to advanced research A) The ladder of success is a hard one
B) countless technologies not envisioned yet will B) There must be a balance between tension and
be available to us relaxation
C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made C) Workloads seem lighter
to find solutions to complex problems D) Relaxation techniques are easy to learn
D) most people in developed countries enjoy a E) Stress can be understood in a variety of ways
state of true health throughout their lives 07M
E) our knowledge of the world around us has
improved to a great extent
06K
27. By 1809, Sweden’s military power had 30. The United Nations officially recognized
waned to such an extent ____. the greenhouse effect in 1995, ____.
A) as a new constitution transferred power from A) when its International Panel on Climate noted
the king to Parliament that human activity had a discernible influence
B) so that it could no longer continue as a great on global temperatures
power B) as the economies of developing nations will
C) that the country was forced to surrender part grow over the next few decades
of its territory to Russia C) if developing nations were exempted from the
D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, Kyoto Agreement
mostly to America D) since the US government announced that it
E) even though the Swedes had contributed to would not participate in Kyoto Agreement
Europe’s Age of Enlightenment with advances in E) that the participating nations must make
science large and costly changes in their energy systems
06K 07M
37

41. Benzer cümle soruları
31. Oxygen, sugars and amino acids are 1. Until recently people felt that Nigerian
allowed into the brain ____. ministers were being too optimistic, but
there is now no question that the country’s
A) as toxins could severely impair the brain’s financial position is growing steadily
functioning stronger.
B) which provided early evidence of the blood-
brain barrier A) It is now clear that Nigeria’s economy is in a
C) but most other substances are kept out strong upward cycle but previously people
D) that controls which molecules in the doubted the hopeful attitude of Nigerian
bloodstream can enter the brain ministers.
E) just as no other organ is equally efficient B) Nigerian ministers today have no
07M apprehensions about their country’s financial
status, as it is plain that it is constantly getting
better.
C) In the past, even though Nigeria’s economic
status was constantly improving, people were
often mistrustful of its ministers’ confident
views.
D) Though Nigerian ministers were previously
skeptical of positive ideas about their country’s
financial status, it has become obvious that its
economy is advancing day by day.
E) Today we see that Nigeria is progressing
economically, but in the recent past, this was
not the case and economists were wary of the
optimistic views of its leaders.
06K
38

42. Paragrafa uymayan cümle soruları
1. (I) X-rays, chemical analysis of paint and 3. (I) In 1912 some of the top
close scrutiny by expert eyes are all used to mathematicians in the world received
tell art forgeries from the real thing. (II) letters full of incredibly complex formulas.
But now computer scientists at America's (II) They came from Madras, India, from a
Dartmouth College have come up with a 23-year-old accounts clerk named Srinivasa
digital method for sorting the real from the Ramanujan. (Ill) He claimed to have
counterfeit. (III) Drawings or paintings are worked them out in his spare time after
scanned at high resolution and a computer leaving school. (IV) It is an ambition one
breaks them down into digital elements shares with lots of people, of all ages and
called wavelets. (IV) An analysis of backgrounds. (V) One of the letters
Madonna with Child by the Renaissance reached Professor G.H. Hardy of Trinity
painter Perugino showed that at least four College, Cambridge, who soon realized that
people had worked on the six faces in the the formulas were the work of one of the
painting. (V) The wavelets are then greatest mathematical geniuses of all time.
analyzed statistically to find consistencies
or differences. A) I
B) II
A) I C) III
B) II D) IV
C) III E) V
D) IV 02K
E) V
05M
2. (I) in India, a lower-middle-class group 4. (I) Global warming is bringing new
is steadily emerging, (II) it was a long time arrivals to British shores. (II) Since
before any improvements were made to the 1980,18 new fish species have been caught
infrastructure, (III) Further, with the off the coast of Cornwall. (Ill) As the water
arrival of television, the expectations of warms up, they feel the need to move
these people have risen considerably. (IV) northward. (IV) Since they are cold-
Indians are now demanding better blooded creatures, they have to find
education for their children. (V) They are suitable surroundings in which to regulate
also asking for tarred roads to facilitate their temperature. (V) Indeed, between
business, and better products and services 1960 and 1980 no new species were
to make their lives easier. reported any where in the area.
A) l A) I
B) II B) II
C) III C) III
D) IV D) IV
E) V E) V
04M 02K
39

43. 5. (I) It should be stated at the outset that 7. (I) In Brazil, as in much of Latin
it is the successful farmers with the best America, oil in particular has long been a
quality land who have generally benefited political symbol. (II) This has been
from all the government support. (II) represented by the country's federal oil
Traditionally the farmers on plateau in company Petrobras. (III) Consequently,
Central India cultivated a large number of mismanagement and subsidized pricing
unirrigated wheat varieties. (III) With the paralyzed the system with debt. (IV) When
introduction to this region in the late founded in 1962, it was regarded as an icon
sixties of electricity, and the technology for of emancipation from foreign economic
digging deep wells, they were induced to domination. (V) Yet, today the Brazilian
change to irrigated farming. (IV) Moreover, government has taken serious steps to end,
to develop high-yielding varieties of wheat through privatization, Petrobras's oil
appropriate for irrigated farming, the monopoly.
government set up a wheat research centre
in the area. (V) This was then backed up A) I
with the organization of special training B) II
courses for farmers. C) III
D) IV
A) I E) V
B) II 99K
C) III
D) IV
E) V
00M
6. (I) The collapse of the economies of
south east Asia in the early years of the
decade was later followed by that of Korea,
the classic tiger economy. (II) What
happens next in a region that is now
strewn with the wrecks of so-called
economic miracles? (Ill) This leaves Europe
and United States as significant mass
markets. (IV) The assumption that
recession will spread in the region owing to
capital flight and belt-tightening is most
plausible. (V) This will deepen as foreign
investors increasingly reduce their profile
in south east Asia.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
00M
40

44. KEY TO TENSES
26 C 4A
BOŞLUK 27 E 5C BENZER CÜMLE
DOLDURMA 28 B 6E 1A
1E 29 E 7B
2D 30 A 8D PARAGRAF
3A 9B 1D
4B ÇEVĐRĐ 10 D* 2B
5E 1C 11 C 3D
6C 2C 12 E 4E
7E 3A 13 E 5A
8D 4D 14 A 6 A*
9C 5C 15 E 7 C*
10 B* 6A 16 E
11 A 7D 17 A
12 E 8B 18 D
13 E 9D 19 B*
14 C 10 A 20 A
15 E 11 D 21 C*
16 C 12 B 22 B
17 C 13 E 23 A*
18 C 14 E 24 B
19 E 25 A
20 A CÜMLE 26 B
21 C TAMAMLAMA 27 C
22 A 1A 28 D
23 E 2A 29 C
24 D 3C 30 A
25 D 31 C
41

45. OUTLINE OF MODALS
MODAL KULLANIM PRESENT / FUTURE PAST
1- kibar ricalar May I use your internet? X
2- izin isterken
may You may wait in the lobby. X
(resmi)
3- düşük ihtimaller She may forget to bring the camera. She may have forgot to bring the camera.
might
düşük ihtimaller She might forget to bring the camera. She might have forgot to bring the camera.
1- tavsiyeler I should stop smoking. I should have stopped smoking.
should-ought to
He should be delayed in the traffic. He should have been delayed in the traffic.
2- yüksek ihtimaller
had better You had better come early, or else we start eating without X
tehditkar tavsiyeler you.
be supposed to öngörü You are to be here at 9:00. You were to be here at 9:00.
1- kendimiz için emir I must see the headmaster. I had to go to class yesterday.
must You must not enter that room. X
2- yasaklar
I heard a voice. There must have been somebody
3- yüksek ihtimal
I hear a voice. There must be somebody outside. outside.
1- dıştan gelen emir I have to see the headmaster. He asked for me. I had to see the headmaster. He had asked for me.
have to
2- gereksizlik
You don't have to buy onions. We have enough. You didn't have to buy onions. We had enough.
1- kesinlik (gelecek) X
I will be at the meeting at 3:00.
will
2- kibar ricalar Will you please show me the way? X
1- kabiliyet Can you ride a horse? Could you ride a horse when you were a child?
can 2- izin isterken Can I borrow your ruler? X
3 - ihtimal Diving can be dangerous. Diving could have been dangerous.
need gereklilik The room needs cleaning. The room needed cleaning.
You needn't buy eggs. We have enough. You needn't have bought eggs. We had enough.
used to eski alışkanlıklar X I used to like fish before.(would kullanılmaz)
*
would eski alışkanlıklar * X I would see the dentist every week before.
** durum bildiren fiillerle kullanılamaz. bkz. appendix 2
43

46. MODALS
ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR
Boşluk doldurma soruları
1. It's not considered safe to leave your 4. Cross-border shopping is a fundamental
computer on when you are not in the office, right under EU law and ____ as a form of
so you____ do so. tax evasion.
A) don't have to A) must not have been regarded
B) mustn't B) had not been regarded
C) needn't C) should not be regarded
D) haven't got to D) would not have been regarded
E) don't need to E) was not being regarded
02M 06M
2. Applicants ____ the ability to work well 5. If a financial gain is thereby achieved,
in a multicultural environment and ____ to then the time spent in the educational
work to tight deadlines. process____ seen as an investment.
A) have had / had been able A) might have been
B) should have / be able B) would be
C) must have / were able C) was
D) will have / had had D) had been
E) could have / have had E) can be
05M 07M
3. All hay fever sufferers will be aware of
the pollen “rain” that ____ them in the
spring and summer.
A) should afflict
B) can afflict
C) had afflicted
D) would afflict
E) afflicted
06K
44

47. Çeviri soruları
1. Eğer bir kişiyi kendi davan için kazanmak 3. Rescuers estimate that up to 5000
istiyorsan, önce onu, onun gerçek dostu people may have died in a remote province
olduğuna ikna etmelisin. of northern Afghanistan after an
earthquake completely devastated the
A) In winning a person to support your cause, area.
you must first of all establish that you are truly
his friend. A) Bölgeye giren kurtarma ekipleri, Kuzey
B) Before you can win a man to your side, you Afganistan’ın uzak bir eyaletini tamamen tahrip
must first prove to him that you are a faithful eden bir depremden sonra 5000 kadar insanın
friend. ölmüş olabileceğini bildirmektedir.
C) If you want to win a man to your cause, you B) Kurtarma görevlileri, Kuzey Afganistan’ın
must first convince him that you are his true uzak bir eyaletinde meydan gelen tahrip gücü
friend. çok yüksek depremden sonra 5000’den fazla
D) The very first step in persuading to take up insanın ölmüş olduğunu açıkladılar.
your cause is to impress on him that you are C) Kurtarma uzmanları, Kuzey Afganistan’ın
genuine friend of his. uzak bir eyaletini tamamen tahrip eden
E) Should you wish to win a man over to your depremden sonra, en az 5000 kişinin ölmüş
side, you have in the first place to convince him olabileceğinden endişe etmektedirler.
of your true friendship. D) Kurtarma görevlilerince, en az 5000 kişinin
98M ölümüne neden olan depremin, Kuzey
Afganistan’ın uzak bir eyaletini tamamen yerle
bir ettiği bildirilmiştir.
E) Kurtarma görevlileri, Kuzey Afganistan’ın uzak
bir eyaletinde, bölgeyi tamamen tahrip eden bir
depremden sonra 5000 kadar insanın ölmüş
olabileceğini tahmin ediyorlar.
99M
2. Eğer hafif uçaklar veya helikopterler 4. Cinsel iktidarsızlık, yaşlanmanın doğal
mevcut olsaydı, felaket alanı üzerinde bir işareti olabileceği kadar, bünyede şeker
bunlarla yapılacak alçak uçuşlar, hasarın veya yüksek tansiyon gibi ciddi bir
coğrafi boyutları hakkında hızlı bilgi gelişmenin belirtisi de olabilir.
sağlayabilirdi.
A) Diabetes and hypertension, which are
A) If light aircraft or helicopters were available, generally regarded as serious bodily
low altitude flights over the disaster area would developments, have the same symptoms as
yield rapid information on the geographic extent sexual impotence in old age.
of the damage. B) One of the serious developments that old age
B) Had light aircraft or helicopters been ready, causes in the body is sexual impotence which
flights at low altitudes over the disaster area may also be a common symptom of diabetes
could have provided useful information as to the and hypertension.
geographic extent of the disaster. C) It is not only old age but also diabetes and
C) The geographic extent of the damage in the hypertension which, as serious developments in
disaster area could have been established by low the body, cause sexual impotence.
altitude flights If light aircraft and helicopters D) The causes of sexual impotence, a natural
had been available. condition of old age, are usually regarded as
D) So long as light aircraft and helicopters for related to diabetes or hypertension.
low altitude flights are available, valuable E) Sexual impotence can be as much a natural
information concerning the geographic extent of sign of growing old as the symptom of a serious
the damage in the disaster can be obtained. development in the body, such as diabetes or
E) The geographic extent of the damage in the hypertension.
disaster area could have been rapidly learned if 99M
only light aircraft and helicopters could have
been made available for low altitude flights.
99K
45