PoP wk 11

1. Motivation &
Emotion

2. Motivation
 Instinct
 Drive-Reduction Theory
 the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused
tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)

3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

4. Motivation-Hunger

5. Motivation-Hunger

6. Eating Disorders
(Zellner, Harner, & Adler, 1989)

7. Women’s Body Images

8. Sexual Motivation

9. Sexual Motivation
 Same drives, different attitudes

10. Growth Needs, Social Motives
& the Stimulus Drive
Stimulus Drive:
Reflect needs for
information, exploration,
manipulation, and
sensory input

11. STIMULUS DRIVE

12. Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from
within, not from external rewards; based on
personal enjoyment of a task
• Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious
external rewards, obligations, or similar
factors

13. Motivation to Learn
• Human participants in a study are intrinsically
motivated to please the experimenter:
– Prove their proficiency at the task
– Maintain attention and ‘interest’
• Motivation effects
– amount of time devoted to the material
– degree of attention devoted to the material

14. Emotion

15. Theories of Emotion
 Does your heart pound because
you are afraid…or are you afraid
because you feel your heart
pounding?

16. Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
• The Facial EMG
– Electromyograph (EMG)
– Electrodes placed on the
face record activity in
various muscles

17. Schachter’s Two-Factor
Theory of Emotion
 To experience
emotion one
must:
 be physically
aroused
 cognitively
label the
arousal
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)

18. The Cognitive Component
Dimensions of Appraisal
• Cognitive dimensions closely linked to
emotion:
– Pleasantness: Is event enjoyable?
– Attention: Is one focused on event?
– Agency: Does one believe he/she is in control?
– Certainty: How clear is situation and is outcome
predictable?

19. James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
 Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing
stimuli
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

20. Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
 Emotion-arousing
stimuli simultaneously
trigger:
 physiological responses
 subjective experience
of emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)

21. Two Routes to Emotion

22. Cognition and Emotion

23. Experienced Emotion
 The Amygdala--a
neural key to
fear learning

24. Two Dimensions of Emotion
Positive
valence
Negative
valence
High
arousal
Low
arousal
pleasant
relaxation joy
sadness
fear
anger

26. Arousal and Performance
 Performance
peaks at lower
levels of
arousal for
difficult tasks,
and at higher
levels for easy
or well-learned
tasks

27. Patterns of Arousal: the
Polygraph
measures several of the
physiological responses
accompanying emotion
 perspiration
 cardiovascular
 breathing changes
Relevant > Control  Lie

28. Polygraph
(Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

29. Which emotions are universal?

30. Expressed Emotion
 Culturally universal expressions

31. Experienced Emotion

32. How well do people identify
emotions?

33. Expressed Emotion
 People more speedily detect an angry face than a
happy one (Ohman, 2001a)