2. Topic For The Presentation
What is Qualitative Research
Focused interview
Semi standardized interview
Problem centred interview
Ethnographic interview
Phenomenography interview
Validity and reliability in
qualitative data
3. What is Qualitative Research?
Any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by
means of statistical procedures or other means of
quantification."
(Strauss & Corbin, 1990)
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“the human element of qualitative inquiry is both is strength and
weakness - its strength is fully using human insight and
experience, its weakness is being so heavily dependent on the
researcher’s skill, training, intellect, discipline, and creativity.
The researcher is the instrument of qualitative inquiry, so the
quality of the research depends heavily on the qualities of that
human being”. (Patton, 1988)
4. Focused interview
Focus group interviews are interviews that conduct with a group of
participants to collect a variety of information. These interviews can be as
small as four participants and sometimes as large as ten but normally conduct
between 6 to 8 people.
This technique is used to collect qualitative data by setting up a situation (the
interview) that allows a respondent the time and scope to talk about their
opinions on a particular subject. The focus of the interview is decided by the
researcher and there may be areas the researcher is interested in exploring.
5. Why Focus Group?
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To Replicate people’s natural
interacting rather then Artificial .
Different view around the research topic.
Flexibility.
Complex questions and issues can be
discussed / clarified.
High Validity.
Shape the idea.
6. Limitation of focus group
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Depends on the skill of the interviewer (the ability to think of questions
during the interview, for example) and articulacy of respondent.
Time Consuming / expensive.
Depth of qualitative information may be difficult to analyse (for example,
deciding what is and is not relevant).
Biased results.
7. Semi standardized interview
“allow researchers to develop in-depth accounts of
experiences and perceptions with individuals” (Cousin,
2009, p71).
characteristic “The defining characteristic of semi-structured
interviews is that they have a flexible and fluid structure”
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8. Advantage
Advantage and Limitation of Semi Structure Interview.
limitation
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Learning about interpretations,
meanings and intentions.
Giving a space for interviewee to
set part of the agenda.
Language and question may
adjust.
Getting in-depth data – ‘a rich
picture’.
Flexibility.
More open-ended questions.
Not so stick.
The use of an occasional spontaneous
question makes the answers difficult to
quantify and analyze.
Can be time consuming.
Not suitable for generalizations.
Prone to possible bias
9. Problem centred interview
The concept of a Problem centred interview uses
largely from the theory-generating procedure of
grounded theory (GLASER & STRAUSS 1998), which
on the one hand addresses the critique of a
hypothetically deductive procedure in which data can
only be collected and verified through steps
determined ex-ante in the operationalization.
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10. Cont….
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• A ‘problem-
centred
orientation’ toward
socially relevant
problems.
• Methodological
flexibility.
• A ‘process
orientation’ to
reconstruct the
actions and
orientations of the
participant.
11. Ethnographic interview
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Research describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of
values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group
(Harris, 1968).
Ethnography involves extended observations of the group, most often
through participant observation, in which the researcher is immersed
in the day-to-day lives of the people and observes and interviews the
group participants.
Study the meaning of the behaviour, the language, and the interaction
among members of the culture-sharing group.
12. Cont……
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Realist Ethnography
(Van Maanen, 1988)
Realist ethnography is an objective account of
the situation, typically written in the third person
point of view and reporting objectively on the
information learned from participants at a site.
I. The authors advocate for the freedom of groups
marginalized in society.
II. A critical ethnographer will study issues of power,
empowerment, inequality, inequity, dominance,
repression, hegemony, and victimization.
Critical
Ethnography
(Carspecken &
Apple, 1992;
Madison, 2005;
Thomas, 1993)
13. Phenomenography interview
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A phenomenography interview describes as several
individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a
phenomenon.
Phenomenologists focus on describing what all participants
have in common as they experience a phenomenon.
Data from persons who have experienced the phenomenon
are composite to describe the essence of the experience
for all of the individuals.
15. Validity and reliability in qualitative data
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Validity in qualitative research means “appropriateness” of the tools,
processes, and data. Whether the research question is valid for the desired
outcome, the choice of methodology is appropriate for answering the research
question, the design is valid for the methodology, the sampling and data
analysis is appropriate, and finally the results and conclusions are valid for the
sample and context. In assessing validity of qualitative research, the challenge
can start from the ontology and epistemology of the issue being studied, e.g.
the concept of “individual” is seen differently between humanistic and positive
psychologists due to differing philosophical perspectives.
In quantitative research, reliability refers to exact replicability of the processes
and the results. In qualitative research with diverse paradigms, such definition
of reliability is challenging and epistemologically. Hence, the essence of
reliability for qualitative research lies with stability.
16. Validity and reliability in qualitative data
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Credibility Transferability
Dependability Confirmability
17. Credibility
The credibility criteria involves establishing that
the results of qualitative research are credible or
believable from the perspective of the participant
in the research. Since from this perspective, the
purpose of qualitative research is to describe or
understand the phenomena of interest from the
participant's eyes, the participants are the only
ones who can legitimately judge the credibility of
the results.
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18. Transferability
Transferability refers to the degree to which the results of
qualitative research can be generalized or transferred to
other contexts or settings. From a qualitative perspective
transferability is primarily the responsibility of the one
doing the generalizing. The qualitative researcher can
enhance transferability by doing a thorough job of
describing the research context and the assumptions that
were central to the research. The person who wishes to
"transfer" the results to a different context is then
responsible for making the judgment of how sensible the
transfer is.
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19. Dependability
The traditional quantitative view of reliability is based on the
assumption of repeatability. Essentially it is concerned with
whether we would obtain the same results if we could observe
the same thing twice. But we can't actually measure the same
thing twice -- by definition if we are measuring twice, we are
measuring two different things. In order to estimate reliability,
quantitative researchers construct various hypothetical notions
(e.g., true score theory) to try to get around this fact.
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20. Confirmability
The degree to which the results can be
verified by others.
- Results should be well-reasoned
- The results of the study vs. the
researcher’s bias?
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