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Affect in Human Factors, HCI &Information Behavior Research<br />Diane Nahl<br />Library and Information Science Program, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii November 15, 2010<br />LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />1<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />2<br />GUIDING PRINCIPLE<br />Fit the technology to the person instead of fitting the person to the technology.<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />3<br />DESIGN PHILOSOPHY<br />When those who benefit are not <br />those who do the design, <br />then technology is likely to fail.<br />Jonathan Grudin<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />4<br />GOALS OF HUMAN FACTORS<br />Convenience<br />Error prevention & reduction<br />Increased productivity & effectiveness<br />Injury reduction<br />User satisfaction<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />5<br />HUMAN FACTORS in SYSTEM DESIGN<br />Time to Learn<br />Retention Over Time<br />Speed of Performance<br />Rate of User Errors<br />Satisfaction<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />6<br />9 LAWS OF HUMAN INFORMATION BEHAVIOR<br />Uncertainty Principle<br />Law of Perceived Least Effort<br />Recognition Over Recall<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />7<br />9 LAWS OF HUMAN INFORMATION BEHAVIOR<br />Law of Mental Models<br />Zeigarnik Effect<br />Magic Number Seven<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />8<br />9 LAWS OF HUMAN INFORMATION BEHAVIOR<br />Yerkes-Dodson Arousal Law <br />Age of Anxiety, Fear, Rage <br />Positive Bias Effect<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />9<br />Affective HCI<br /><ul><li>Symbiotic biocybernetic monitoring of attention, stress and emotionsduring computer use (Licklider, 1960; Hudlicka, 2003; Beale & Peter, 2008)

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Affect detection, emotion recognition

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Context-based domain ontologies

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Intelligent interruption

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Task negotiation and scheduling

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Error assistance, reduction and prevention</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />10<br />Affective HCI<br /><ul><li>Donald Norman’s three levels of emotional response (Norman & Ortony, 2003)

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Visceral, behavioral, reflective

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Highly motivated users respond more interactively and are more willing to cope with usability problems (Walker & Prytherch, 2008)

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Emotionally engaged users are more likely to be affected than those less engaged (Creed & Beale, 2008)</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />11<br />User Coping Skills<br />High Low (Max)<br /> (n=39) (n=32) (p<.0001)<br />Optimism 27 22.7 (30)<br />Self-Efficacy 27.3 22.7 (30) <br />Evaluation 20.5 18.3 (30)<br />Relevance 8.7 7.4 (10)<br />Satisfaction 9.3 7.7 (20) <br />Nahl, 2005<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />12<br />Affective HCI<br /><ul><li>Adding emotional states to game characters made the game more engaging (Jones & Sutherland, 2008)

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With emotion detection of automobile drivers, navigation systems some day might be able to respond appropriately to the driver to de-stress and calm the person (Jones & Jonsson, 2008) </li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />13<br />The Information Environment is Affect-Driven<br />All information need, information seeking, information reception, and information use is processed through the emotional system.<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />14<br />Threefold Biological Information System<br /><ul><li> Sensorimotor System

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Identifying, noticing, ignoring, performing, verbalizing, executing

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Cognitive System

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Interpreting, appraising, planning, problem-solving

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Affective System

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Coping, evaluating, value-attaching, prioritizing, regulating, intending, engaging</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />15<br />Community Practices of Information Reception & Use<br /><ul><li>Noticing and Appraising Relevance

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Evaluating, Emotional Involvement and Value-attaching

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Goal-setting Intentions and Engaging (Wanting to do something with or about information)</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />16<br />Information Behavior<br /><ul><li>Is directed by Social Communication Practices

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Operates through Individual Biological Procedures

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Interacts with Technological Information Devices</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />17<br />Information Reception & Use Model<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />Examples of SL Satisficing Affordances<br />Name Tag floating above avatar’s head<br />Profile information of an avatar (1st & 2nd life)<br />Note Cards from owner of an object or place<br />YAH map showing the location of avatars<br />Posted Help, tutorials, Support Wiki & SlBlog<br />Reading/hearing IMessages, local chat, group chat, & voice chat<br />Visual 3-D environment<br />Ambient sound<br />Ambient movement <br />Avatar movements, interactions, groupings, & joint activities<br />Events, conferences, memorials, etc.<br />18<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />Examples of SL Optimizing Affordances<br />Download free SL application<br />Become Resident: Log in & obtain avatar<br />Move avatar by controlling, direction, speed, style<br />Modify avatar appearance, height, shape, style<br />Operate Camera Controls to view location, zoom, pan, mouselook, etc.<br />Teleport to location via mouse clicks<br />Right click on avatars to view profile, affiliations, add friend, etc.<br />Create Landmarks<br />Search for people, groups, objects, places<br />Use SL teaching tools<br />Send IM to groups or individuals <br />19<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />Avatar Reference Interaction Analysis<br />The Three Biological Satisficing Practicesin Information Reception Through Avatars<br /> User noticesavatar and desk area “There’s a person …<br />[performing sensorimotor practices]<br /> User appraisesavatar as SL librarian … who works here.”<br />[performing cognitive practices]<br /> User attaches valueto the information: “Good, I can ask here.”[performing affective practices]<br />20<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />Avatar Reference Interaction Analysis<br />The Three Biological Optimizing Practicesin Information Use Through Avatars<br /> User intendsto ask avatar librarian for help“I will ask him …<br />[performing affective practices]<br /> User planshow to ask SL librarian avatar … when and where the next Sci-Fi Fantasy book talk is happening.”<br />[performing cognitive practices]<br /> User executesby typing in local chat window and sending“HiJoel, do you have a schedule and LM for the Sci-Fi Fantasy discussions?” [performing sensorimotor practices]<br />21<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />22<br />Affect in Information Behavior Research<br /><ul><li>Julien etal.: affect continues to be a marginalized variable … that focuses on information retrieval from computerized systems</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />23<br />Research on the Role of Affect in Information Behavior<br /><ul><li>Wilson: Self-efficacy is integral to information behavior

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Nahl: Self-efficacy significantly improves success in search tasks

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Spink: Uncertainty has an affective component</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />24<br />Affective Load Theory<br /><ul><li>Successful information behavior depends on continuous coping procedures to regulate negative and positive affective forces operating on individuals in information intense environments. (Nahl, 2005)

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Negative forces: uncertainty, irritation, frustration, stress, time pressure

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Positive forces: optimism, self-efficacy, acceptance, pleasure, interest</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />25<br />Affect Theory in Information Behavior Research<br /><ul><li>Isenet al.:Positive affect facilitates cognitive processes

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Kuhlthau: Feelings are integral to the Information Search Process, and uncertainty leads people to be less willing to continue searching or interacting with a system

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Wilsonet al.: Affective goal states impart directionality to problem-solving steps</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />26<br />Significance of Social Context and Affect in Information Behavior<br /><ul><li>Katopol: culture determines what we find important, how we show it is important and what ways are considered correct in information behavior

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Chatman: Affective states such as “alienation,” “information avoidance,” and “disinterest” exert a strong influence on information behavior in everyday contexts</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />27<br />Significance of Social Context and Affect in Information Behavior<br /><ul><li>Dervin & Rienhard: found six dimensions of emotionality that operated both independently and interactively within situations

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Berryman: stronger affective responses were stimulated by the task and its context rather than the search

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Fidel: personal, contextual and task-based constraints,and the values people (actors) hold influence their information behavior</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />28<br />Significance of Social Context and Affect in Information Behavior<br /><ul><li>Agosto: when viewing Web sites, teen searchers apply [de]selection practices, termination practices, and personal preferences

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McKnight: nurses frequently expressed frustration with a variety of human, paper and automated information systems</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />29<br />Value-Attachment in Affective IB Research<br /><ul><li>Massie etal.: children enjoy having multiple emotional experiences when reading … When children felt mixed emotions about a story with a happy ending, and were more likely to recommend that book to a friend.

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McKechnie etal.: people read as an act of love, for emotional connection to textual worlds, to find coping information, and for mastery and control of emotions</li></li></ul><li>LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />30<br />Affective Literature<br />Agosto, D. E. 2001. Bounded rationality and satisficing in young people's Web-based decision making. JASIST53(1): 16 - 27.<br />Bandura, A. 1994. Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.<br />Bandura, A.1997.Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.<br />Bilal, D. 2007. Grounding children’s information behavior and system design inchild development theories. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 39-50.<br />Chatman, E. A. 1990. Alienation theory: Application of a conceptual framework to a study of information among janitors. RQ 29(3) (Spring): 355–67.<br />Compton, W. C. 2005. An introduction to positive psychology. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth.<br />Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C. & Kalin, N. H. 2000. Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. PsychologicalBulletin 126(6): 890-909.<br />Dervin, B. & Reinhard, C. D. 2007. How emotional dimensions of situated information seeking relate to user evaluations of help from sources. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 51-84.<br />Fidel, R. 2006. An ecological approach to the design of information systems. Bull. of ASIST, (Oct/Nov): 6-8.<br />Goleman, D. 1995. Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.<br />Heise, D. R. & Smith-Lovin, L. Eds., 1988. Analyzing social interaction: Advances in affect control theory. New York: Gordon and Breach.<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />31<br />Affective Literature<br />Hudlicka, E. 2003. To feel or not to feel: The role of affect in human-computer interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 59: 71-5.<br />Isen, A. 2004. Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 417-35). New York: Guilford.<br />Julien, H., McKechnie, L.E.F., & Hart, S. 2005. A content analysis of affective issues in library and information science systems work. Library & Information Science Research, 27(4): 453-466.<br />Katopol, P. 2006. Cognitive work analysis. Bull. of ASIST, (Oct/Nov): 9-11.<br />Kuhlthau, C. C. 1993. A principle of uncertainty for information seeking.Journal of Documentation 49 (4), 339-355.<br />Fisher, K.E. & Landry, C.F.2007.Understanding the information behavior of stay-at-home mothers through affect. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 211-234.<br />Licklider, J.C.R. 1960. Man-computer symbiosis. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics 1: 4-11.<br />Massie, S.A., Druin, A. & Weeks, A.C. 2007. Emotion, response, and recommendation: The role of affect in children’s book reviews in a digital library. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 135-160.<br />McCown, K. S., Jensen, A. L., Freedman, J. M. & Rideout, M. C. 1998. Self science: The emotional intelligence curriculum. San Mateo: Six Seconds.<br />McKechnie, L.E.F., Ross, C.S. & Rothbauer, P.M. 2007.Affective dimensions of information seeking in the context of reading. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 187-196.<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />32<br />Affective Literature<br />McKnight, M. 2007. Affective dimensions of critical care nurses information interactions. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 121-134.<br />Nahl, D. 2007. A discourse analysis technique for charting the flow of micro-information behavior.Journal of Documentation 63(3) May: 323-339..<br />Nahl, D. 2006. A symbiotic human-machine model for tracking user micro-attributes. Skilled Human-Intelligent Agent Performance: Measurement, Application, and Symbiosis Symposium, HICSS-39 (Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences), January 4, Kauai, (Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press). <br />Nahl, D. 2005b. Affective and cognitive information behavior: Interaction effects in Internet use. Proceedings of the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, October 28-November 2, Charlotte, NC, Medford, NJ: Information Today.<br />Nahl, D. 2010. Affective load and engagement in Second Life: Experiencing urgent, persistent, andlong term information needs.International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments 1(3), (July-September): 1-16.<br />Nahl, D. 2005a. Affective load theory. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L.E.F. (Eds.). Theories of information behavior (pp. 39-43). Medford, NJ: Information Today.<br />Nahl, D. 1990. Measuring information searching competence. College & Research Libraries 51(5): 448-462.<br />Nahl, D. 2004. Measuring the affective information environment of web searchers. Proceedings of the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science & Technology (pp. 191-197). Providence, RI, Medford, NJ: Information Today.<br />Nahl, D. & Bilal, D., (Eds.), 2007. Information and emotion: The emergent affective paradigm in information behavior research and theory. Medford, NJ: ITI.<br />Norman, D. A. 2004. Emotional design: Why we love or hate everyday things.New York: Basic Books.<br />

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LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10<br />Diane Nahl University of Hawaii <br />33<br />Affective Literature<br />Norman, D. 1981. Twelve issues for cognitive science. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Perspectives on cognitive science (pp. 265-95). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum: Basic Books.<br />Panksepp, J. 1998. Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <br />Parker, N. & Berryman, J. 2007. The role of affect in judging what is enough? In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 85-98.<br />Peter, C. & Beale, R. (Eds.) 2008. Affect and emotion in human-computer interaction: From theory to applications. Springer. <br />Picard, R. 1997. Affective computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<br />Picard, R. et al. 2004. Affective learning: A manifesto.BT Technology Journal 22(4): 253-69.<br />Scheutz, M. & Sloman, A. 2001. Affect and agent control: Experiments with simple affective states. World Scientific. Retrieved November 2010 http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/scheutz.sloman.affect.control.pdf<br />Seligman, M. 1990. Learned optimism: How to change your mind and yourlife. New York: Pocket Books.<br />Simon, H. A. 1967. Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychological Review 74(1): 29-39.<br />Simon, H. 1956. Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63: 129-138.<br />Wilson, T.D., Ford, N.J., Ellis, D., Foster, A.E., & Spink, A. 2000. Uncertainty and its correlates. Paper presented at Information Seeking in Context, August. Gothenburg, Sweden. <br />Wilson, T.D. 1999. Models in information behavior research. Journal of Documentation 55 (3): 249-270.<br />