8. Venous drainage
Internal haemorrhoidal plexus
in submucosa
drain in superior rectal vein
Communicate with external
plexus
Site of communication between
portal and systemic veins
Veins at 3,7 and 11 o’clock
position are large
Potential site for primary
haemorrhoid
9. Venous drainage
External haemorrhoidal plexus
Lies outside muscular coat of
anal canal
Communicate freely with internal
plexus
15. Pathogenesis
Various theories are :
1. Portal hypertension and varicose veins
2. Upright posture of human beings
3. Hyperplasia of corpus cavernosum recti
4. Erosion and weakening of wall of veins due
to infection secondary to trauma
5. Hard faecal matter obstructing venous return
6. Raised anal canal resting pressure
16. CURRENT VIEW
Shearing forces acting on anus
Caudal displacement of anal cushions and
mucosal trauma
Fragmentation of supporting structures
Loss of elasticity of anal cushions
Loss of retraction of cushions
17. Anal Cushions
Haemorrhoidal venous plexuses together with
some arteriovenous anastomoses surrounded by
smooth muscle, elastic and fibrous tissue
in the subepithelial space both above & below the
pecinate line.
18. Shield anal canal and sphincter during evacuation.
Complete the closure of the anal canal.
Contribute 15% of the anal canal’s pressure.
Congest during Valsalva manoeuvre or increased
intra-abdominal pressure.
Increase in the size is the starting point of
haemorrhoids.
20. Incidence
Difficult to evaluate.
Prevalence ~ 5%.
Peak of prevalence is between 45 and 65.
unusual before the age of 20.
Caucasians > Afro-Caribbeans.
21. Earliest symptom
Bleeding { A splash in the pan }
Discharge
Prolaps H’oids
Haemorrhoids
& Pruritus
Pain
( If complication )
Symptoms
22. Physical Examination
Left lateral decubitus position
Any rashes, condylomata, or eczema
Any abscesses, fissures or fistulae
23. Digital Rectal Examination
The resting tone of the anal canal
voluntary contraction of the puborectalis and
external anal sphincter.
mass / any area of tenderness.
Int. hemorrhoids are generally not palpable
Appear as bulging mucosa on Anoscopy
24. Diagnostic Tests
Physical examination.
Proctoscopy.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Evaluation under anaesthesia in acute pain
Anal manometry
if h/o soiling & incontinence
25. • Classified according to origin of haemorrhoid.
• Above or below the Pecinate line?
External or Internal
26. External hemorrhoid Internal hemorrhoid
Below dentate line Above dentate line
Varicosities of veins Varicosities of veins
draining draining
inferior rectal artery superior rectal artery
Lined by Lined by
squamous epithelium columnar epithelium
Painful Pain insensitive
Prone to thrombosis if May prolapse outside
vein ruptures anal canal
(Thrombosed pile) (prolapsed hemorrhoid)
27. Gr I Gr II Gr III Gr IV
not prolapse returns spontaneously manually returned remains prolapsed
Grading of hemorrhoids (on history)
28. Complications of hemorrhoids
prolapse
Gripped by Ext. sphincter
Impeded venous return
Gangrene Strangulation Fibrosis
Ulceration Thrombosis
Suppuration
Portal pyaemia
35. Dietary & Lifestyle
modifications
Ifprolapses,
gently push back
into anal canal
Use moist towelettes or wet toilet paper
instead of dry toilet paper.
37. Used now a days includes
Calcium dobesilate .25%
Anhydrous lignocaine 3%
Hydrocortisone acetate .25%
Zinc 5%
38. Sitz bath
Sitz mean to sit
Used in treatment of
Gr. IV hemorrhoids
Duration:15-20 minutes
Cold water is used
Draw heat out of sore piles
Reduce blood flow in them
Reduce pressure inside
swollen piles
39. Sitz bath
Postoperative
Warm water is used
Dialatation of blood vessels
Allow blood to pass through
swollen piles more quickly
Relaxes muscles so ease anal
sphincter tone
40. Oral Medications
Oral vasotopic drugs.
Most common - purified flavonoid fraction.
Actions:
Increases vascular tone
Increases lymphatic drainage
Anti-inflammatory effects.
Several recent studies have shown it to be
effective.
41. Topical medications
Commonaly used is
Combination of
Calcium dobesilate & docusate sodium
43. Docusate sodium:
Stimulant laxative,
makes bowel movement softer and easier
to pass
Reduces pain or rectal damage caused by
hard stools or straining
45. Sclerotherapy(Mitchell)
For Gr I to II haemorrhoids.
phenol, vegetable oil,
quinine, and urea
hydrochloride.
Albright solution:
5% phenol
in almond or arachis oil
with 140 mg of menthol
to make 30 ml
Injected in submucosa
around pedicle
46. Sclerotherapy
Causes
oedema,
inflammatory reaction
& intravascular thrombosis.
Submucosal fibrosis &
scarring
minimises the extent of
mucosal prolapse
and potentially shrinks the
haemorrhoid as well.
Injected in submucosa
around pedicle
47. Sclerotherapy
Quick
painless
Follow up after 6 weeks
2-3 further injections may
be required
Free from major
complications
Injected in submucosa
around pedicle
49. Barron’Band Ligation
Large Gr I & Gr II witout
external component
2 bands
Not >2 hemorrhoids at a
time
Follow up after 1 month
Success rate:50-100%
occlude base of hemorrhoid
above dentate line
50. Barron’Band Ligation
Band causes ischemic
necrosis ulceration and
scarring
Fix connective tissue to
rectal wall
necrosis in 24-48 hrs &
slough off in 7 days
May cause pain for 24-48
hrs and secondary
hemorrhage
occlude base of hemorrhoid
above dentate line
51. Barron’Band Ligation
Complications:
anal stenosis
Inclusion of dentate line
cause pain
vasovagal shock
sepsis
occlude base of hemorrhoid
above dentate line
52. cryosurgery
Freezing of hemorrhoidal tissue
liquid Nitrogen probe at -160oC for 3 minutes
Applied for 10-15 minutes
Over upper part of hemorrhoidal area
Profusewatery discharge is most common
complication (in first 3 hrs)
53. Cryosurgery
Painless
Causes necrosis of hemorrhoidal tissue
Healing completes in 4-6 wks
Little efficacy in prolapsed hemorrhoids
56. BICAP Electrocoagulation
Theoretically similar to photocoagulation
Probe must be left in place for ten minutes.
Poor patient tolerance minimizes the effect of
this procedure.
57. Lord’s Maximal anal dilatation
Spasmof int sphincter responsible for many
symptoms of hemorrhoids
Reserved for large Gr II & Gr III hemorrhoids
NOT eliminate redundant tissue
Risk of incontinence
58. Haemorrhoidolysis
Therapeutic galvanic waves
Produce chemical reaction
Shrink and dissolve hemorrhoidal tissue
Most effective on internal hemorrhoids
59. Indications of surgery
Mainly driven by impact of symptoms on
quality of life
3rd and 4th degree piles
2nd degree not cured by conservative means
Fibrosed hemorrhoid
Interno-external hemorrhoid
Bleeding sufficient to cause anemia
Soiling
Ulceration,thrombosis,gangrene
93. Advantages
Lesser pain
Quick return to normal activity
Lesser mean hospital stay
Risks
Higher chances of recurrence and prolapse
May be unsuccessful in large hemorrhoids
Pelvis sepsis and sphincter dysfunction
94. Laser surgery of hemorrhoid
Pile mass excised or vaporised using laser
beam
Allow precision and accuracy
Rapid and unimpaired healing
Lesser bleeding and pain as laser seal off
tiny blood vessels and nerves
Can be combined with other modalities
95. HAL-RAR Hemorrhoidectomy
HAL - Doppler guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation
RAR - Recto anal repair proctoplasty (mucopexy)
Combine two methods
Artery ligated 3-4 cm proximal to dentate line
Reducing blood flow to inner hemorrhoidal plexus
Mucopexy combined for grade 3-4 hemorrhoid
97. Complications of surgery
Early complications
Post operative pain lasting 2-3 weeks
Wound infection rarely
Post op bleeding
Swelling of skin bridges
Short term incontinence
Difficult urination
98. Complications of surgery
Late complications
Anal stenosis
Anal fissure
Fecal impaction
Mild incontinence
Submucous abscess
Delayed bleeding
Skin tags
Recurrence
99. Prevention
Eat high fiber diet
Drink Plenty of Liquids
Fiber Supplements
Exercise
Avoid long periods of standing or sitting
Don’t Strain
Go as soon as you feel the urge
Difficult to evaluate due to the fact many do not seek medical advice because of the embarrassment or because of the fear of the pain of treatemnt.. Prevalence of approximately 5%. Peak of prevalence is between 45 and 65. Development before 20 unusual. Caucasians more affected than Afro-Caribbeans.
Normally easily made on a physical exam. Preferably accompanied by proctoscopy. Rarely a flexible sigmoidocopy is used but this is less sensitive than a proctoscope at detecting haemorrhoids and is used mainly as part of further investigations exclude inflammatory bowel disease/malignancy. Acute pain may require an evaluation under anaesthesia in the operating room. However in the absence of thrombosis acute anal pain is rare in uncomplicated haemorrhoidal disease and may indicate the presence of another disease such as abscess, o fissure. Patients with soiling and incontinence should be investigated with anal manometry to decide on the type of treatment they receive as they are at increased risk of developing incontinence post-surgery. .
Topical Treatment Many over the counter medications available. Include: Pads, ointments, creams, gels, lotions and suppositories. Cocktail of local anaesthetics, corticosteroids, antiseptics, astringents and other ingredients. Treatment of symptoms rather than a cure for the haemorrhoids.
These treatments were first described in the treatment of varicose veins, venous ulcers, and edema. Purified flavonoid fraction is a botanical extract from citrus. It exerts its effects on both diseased and intact vasculature, increasing vascular tone, lymphatic drainage, and capillary resistance; it is also assumed to have antiinflammatory effects and promote wound healing. Lately, several randomized controlled studies evaluated the use of oral micronized, purified flavonoid fraction in the treatment of hemorrhoidal bleeding.In all of the studies, bleeding was relieved rapidly, and no complications were reported.
These treatments were first described in the treatment of varicose veins, venous ulcers, and edema. Purified flavonoid fraction is a botanical extract from citrus. It exerts its effects on both diseased and intact vasculature, increasing vascular tone, lymphatic drainage, and capillary resistance; it is also assumed to have antiinflammatory effects and promote wound healing. Lately, several randomized controlled studies evaluated the use of oral micronized, purified flavonoid fraction in the treatment of hemorrhoidal bleeding.In all of the studies, bleeding was relieved rapidly, and no complications were reported.
Again requires a proctoscope 1 to hold, one to grasp the haemorrhoid. Ligation with a rubber band causes ischaemic necrosis, ulceration and scarring. Fixes connective tissue to the rectal wall. If treating mixed haemorrhoids, analgesia is essential! As the anoderm will be involved which is heavily innervated.
Again requires a proctoscope 1 to hold, one to grasp the haemorrhoid. Ligation with a rubber band causes ischaemic necrosis, ulceration and scarring. Fixes connective tissue to the rectal wall. If treating mixed haemorrhoids, analgesia is essential! As the anoderm will be involved which is heavily innervated.
Again requires a proctoscope 1 to hold, one to grasp the haemorrhoid. Ligation with a rubber band causes ischaemic necrosis, ulceration and scarring. Fixes connective tissue to the rectal wall. If treating mixed haemorrhoids, analgesia is essential! As the anoderm will be involved which is heavily innervated.
During the procedure, a circumferential purse-string suture is placed approximately 2 cm proximal to the dentate line. The stapler is introduced transanally, and the suture is tied around the shaft. On closing and firing the stapler, a circumferential band of excessive rectal mucosa and submucosa proximal to the hemorrhoidal tissue is excised, and the defect in the mucosa is simultaneously closed by the stapler while fixing the mucosa to the underlying rectal wall. This procedure also interrupts the blood supply of the superior hemorrhoidal artery proximal to the hemorrhoidal tissue. So it treats the mucosal prolapse, with concurrent disruption of the blood supply to the hemorrhoidal tissue.
During the procedure, a circumferential purse-string suture is placed approximately 2 cm proximal to the dentate line. The stapler is introduced transanally, and the suture is tied around the shaft. On closing and firing the stapler, a circumferential band of excessive rectal mucosa and submucosa proximal to the hemorrhoidal tissue is excised, and the defect in the mucosa is simultaneously closed by the stapler while fixing the mucosa to the underlying rectal wall. This procedure also interrupts the blood supply of the superior hemorrhoidal artery proximal to the hemorrhoidal tissue. So it treats the mucosal prolapse, with concurrent disruption of the blood supply to the hemorrhoidal tissue.