This document provides biographies of several important figures in the development of thermodynamics, including Heraclitus, Anaximenes, Aristotle, Galen, Robert Boyle, Johann Becher, Georg Stahl, Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Black, Count Rumford, Sir Humphry Davy, Julius Mayer, James Joule, Sadi Carnot, Lord Kelvin, and Democritus. It also gives a brief overview of the history of ideas about heat and temperature, from early Greek philosophers' qualitative descriptions to the proposal of the phlogiston theory and beginnings of quantitative analysis in the 18th century. Finally, it mentions Johann Becher and Georg Stahl's contribution of the ph

1. PROYECTO SINTESIS
Calor Termodinámica
David Alejandro Gonzalez Sierra
Amanda García (Ingles)
Jesús Gutiérrez (Filosofía)
Diego Gómez (Informática)
Dora Téllez (Física)
Rene Camacho (Calculo)
Colegio San Francisco I.E.D
11-01
Bogotá D.C
2017

2. TABLA DE CONTENIDO
Temas Pág..
1.Abstract……………………………………………………………………3
2.Biografías………….………………………………………………………4
3.Estado del arte de la calor termodinámica……..…………………………19
4.Referentes y sus aportes de la calor termodinámica……...........................21
5.La historia de los matemáticos que aportaron al calor termodinámico.….23
6.Bibliografías……………………………………………………………...25

3. Abstract
Heat is a state that describes states of equilibrium through internal energy and volumen also of magnitudes of temperature, the
pressure that is derived from the volumen and the internal energies
The thermodynamics Is about the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical energy and the reverse process, turning the
work In heat, because almost all the available energy of matter raw is released in the form of heat is easy to warn that
thermodynamics has a too important role in science and technology
We see the point of view of physicists philosophers and mathematicians, to the thermodynamic heat and give us to know different
points of view since each is from a different time though with his thoughts had laces for great contributions to thermodynamics
conclusion that thermodynamics is a very interesting topic and that is also very everyday and can help us to understand some things
that occur or some objects or devices that we use on a daily basis these days that is too cold, thermal cups, where we serve us our
daily coffee, thermodynamics helped me to explain that these processes are dealing with walls that occupy separate so that the
content not relate to outer space and not like all normal products which are temperature, but that the temperature of what in contains
this at a constant temperature and that can be given a thermal equilibrium.

4. Biografías

5. Heraclitus of Ephesus: (c. 535 – c.475) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, and a native of the city of Ephesus then part
of the Persian Empire. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he
regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the apparently
riddled and allegedly paradoxical nature of his philosophy and his stress upon the needless unconsciousness of
humankind he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher".

6. Anaxímenes of Miletus (c.585 – c.528) was an Ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher
active in the latter half of the 6th century BC.One of the three Milesian philosophers, he is
identified as a younger friend or student of Anaximander Anaxímenes, like others in his
school of thought, practiced material monism This tendency to identify one specific
underlying reality made up of a material thing is what Anaxímenes is principally known
for today.

7. Aristotle (384–322) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father,
Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in
Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics,
aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato
died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC.
Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an abundance of supplies. He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in the production of
many of his hundreds of books. The fact that Aristotle was a pupil of Plato contributed to his former views of Platonism, but, following Plato's death, Aristotle immersed
himself in empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to empiricism. He believed all peoples' concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception.
Aristotle's views on natural sciences represent the groundwork underlying many of his works.

8. Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (129 c- 200c), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon was a prominent Greek
physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen
influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well
as philosophy and logic.
The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a
successful career as a physician and philosopher. Born in Pergamon (present-day Bergama, Turkey), Galen traveled extensively, exposing
himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society
and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors.

9. Robert William Boyle FRS (1627–1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist and inventor born in
Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the
founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's
law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the
temperature is kept constant within a closed system. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in
the field of chemistry. He was a devout and pious Anglican and is noted for his writings in theology.

10. Johann Joachim Becher (1635 –1682) was a German physician, alchemist, precursor of chemistry, scholar and adventurer,
best known for his development of the phlogiston theory of combustion, and his adva.

11. Georg Ernst Stahl (1659–1734) was a German chemist, physician and philosopher. He was a supporter of vitalism, and
until the late 18th century his works on phlogiston were accepted as an explanation for chemical processes He was born in
St. John's Parish in Ansbach, Brandenburg on October 21, 1659. His father was Johann Lorentz Stahl. He was raised in
Pietism, which influenced his viewpoints on the world. His interests in chemistry were due to the influence a professor of
medicine, Jacob Barner, and a chemist, Johann Kunckel von Löwenstjern.

12. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on
both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".
It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry largely stem from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one.
Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the
phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He
predicted the existence of silicon (1787) and was also the first to establish that sulfur was an element (1777) rather than a compound. He discovered that,
although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.

13. Joseph Black (1728 – 1799) was a Scottish physician and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat,
specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years
from 1756, and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766, teaching and lecturing
there for more than 30 years.
The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black.

14. Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753 –1814) was an American-born British physicist and inventor whose challenges
to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. He served as lieutenant-colonel of the
King's American Dragoons, part of the British Loyalist forces, during the American Revolutionary War. After the end of the war
he moved to London, where his administrative talents were recognized when he was appointed a full colonel, and in 1784 he
received a knighthood from King George III. A prolific designer, Thompson also drew designs for warships. He later moved to
Bavaria and entered government service there, being appointed Bavarian Army Minister and re-organizing the army, and, in
1791, was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire.

15. Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) was a Cornish chemist and inventor, who is best remembered today for isolating a series of
substances for the first time: potassium and sodium in 1808 and calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron the
following year, as well as discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. He also studied the forces involved in these
separations, inventing the new field of electrochemistry. Berzelius called Davy's 1806 Bakerian Lecture On Some Chemical
Agencies of Electricity "one of the best memoirs which has ever enriched the theory of chemistry. He was a Baronet, President
of the Royal Society, Member of the Royal Irish Academy, and Fellow of the Geological Society. He also invented the Davy
Lamp and a very early form of incandescent light bulb.

16. Julius Robert Mayer (1814–1878) was a German physician, chemist and physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics.
He is best known for enunciating in 1841 one of the original statements of the conservation of energy or what is now known as
one of the first versions of the first law of thermodynamics, namely that "energy can be neither created nor destroyed".In 1842,
Mayer described the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living
creature. His achievements were overlooked and priority for the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat was attributed
to James Joule in the following year. He also proposed that plants convert light into chemical energy.

17. James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) was an English physicist and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature
of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). This led to the law of conservation of energy, which
led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after James
Joule. He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature, which came to be called the Kelvin scale.
Joule also made observations of magnetostriction, and he found the relationship between the current through a resistor and the
heat dissipated, which is now called Joule's first law.

18. Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796–1832) was a French military engineer and physicist, often described as the "father of
thermodynamics". In his only publication, the 1824 monograph Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, Carnot gave the first
successful theory of the maximum efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's work attracted little attention during his lifetime, but it
was later used by Rudolf Clausius and Lord Kelvin to formalize the second law of thermodynamics and define the concept of
entropy.

19. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907) was a Scots-Irish mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824. At the University of
Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify
the emerging discipline of physics in its modern form. He worked closely with mathematics professor Hugh Blackburn in his work. He also had a career as an
electric telegraph engineer and inventor, which propelled him into the public eye and ensured his wealth, fame and honour. For his work on the transatlantic
telegraph project he was knighted in 1866 by Queen Victoria, becoming Sir William Thomson. He had extensive maritime interests and was most noted for his
work on the mariner's compass, which had previously been limited in reliability.
Absolute temperatures are stated in units of kelvin in his honour. While the existence of a lower limit to temperature (absolute zero) was known prior to his work,
Lord Kelvin is widely known for determining its correct value as approximately −273.15 degree Celsius or −459.67 degree Fahrenheit.

20. Democritus (c. 460–c. 370) was an influential Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an
atomic theory of the universe.
Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace, around 460 BC, although, some thought it was 490 BC. His exact contributions are difficult to
disentangle from those of his mentor Leucippus, as they are often mentioned together in texts. Their speculation on atoms, taken from
Leucippus, bears a passing and partial resemblance to the 19th-century understanding of atomic structure that has led some to regard
Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers; however, their ideas rested on very different bases. Largely ignored in
ancient Athens, Democritus is said to have been disliked so much by Plato that the latter wished all of his books burned. He was nevertheless
well known to his fellow northern-born philosopher Aristotle. Many consider Democritus to be the "father of modern science". None of his
writings have survived; only fragments are known from his vast body of work

21. Estado del arte de la calor
termodinámica.

22. La primera referencia formal sobre la importancia del fuego se encuentra en Heráclito (540 a. C.-475 a. C.), quien sostenía que
el fuego era el origen primordial de la materia.
Para Anaxímenes lo caliente y lo frío son estados comunes de la materia. Consideraba que lo comprimido y condensado era
frío, y que lo raro y “laxo” era caliente, por tanto, según él, la ‘‘rarefacción’’ daba cuenta del proceso mediante el cual se
calentaban las cosas, hasta quedar convertidas en vapor.
Aristóteles (384 a. C.-322 a. C.), agregó dos pares de cualidades fundamentales: caliente y frío, seco y húmedo. La razón por la
cual un cuerpo tenía cierta temperatura, venía dada por las cantidades que en él se encontraban estas dos cualidades
fundamentales.
Galeno (129-199) propuso una escala cualitativa que costaba de cuatro estados de calor y cuatro de frío, el punto neutro se
obtenía agregando cuatro partes de agua hirviendo y cuatro partes de hielo.3

23. Estas ideas se mantuvieron durante más de 23 siglos. Es curioso observar, que en este período ya se apreciaba que algunos de
los fenómenos físicos, como la dilatación de sólidos y líquidos, y la expansión térmica del aire y el vapor, dependían del calor,
pero no se prestaba atención a las temperaturas porque no eran parte de las cualidades referidas en la física aristotélica.
Las ideas de Aristóteles comienzan a ser cuestionadas a mediados del siglo XVI, cuando se propone la existencia de una
quintaesencia de la materia, la existencia de un agente universal responsable de todas las reacciones químicas. Robert Boyle
(1627-1691), negó al fuego todo carácter corpóreo y consideró que debía existir cierta unidad de la materia, lo que implicaba
que debería estar compuesta por corpúsculos.

24. Referentes y sus aportes de la calor
termodinámica.

25. -Unos de los aportes que se han dado durante la historia ha sido la teoría del flogisto la cual fue dada a conocer por el alquimista y físico
alemán Johann Becher (1635-1682) y fue respaldada por su compatriota médico y químico Georg Stahl (1659-1734) y tiene que ver con
sustancia hipotética que representa la inflamabilidad, es una teoría científica obsoleta según la cual toda sustancia susceptible de sufrir
combustión contiene flogisto, y el proceso de combustión consiste básicamente en la cadencia de dicha sustancia.
-El calórico fue otra teoría que se llevó a cabo entre (1775-1787) Lavoisier elaboró una teoría de los gases, en las que introducía el principio
del calórico. En este periodo surgía el concepto de temperatura y empezaron a construirse termómetros, para medir la frialdad de las cosas.
-Joseph Black (1728-1799) utilizó estos termómetros para estudiar el calor, observando cómo las diferentes sustancias que se encontraban a
desiguales temperaturas tendían a llegar a un equilibrio cuando se les ponía en contacto.
Sus investigaciones más importantes se centraron en el campo de la termodinámica, donde estableció una clara distinción entre temperatura y
calor.

26. -En (1798) Benjamín Thompson, conde de Rumford, observó en Baviera, que al perforar cañones, la cantidad de calor que
se obtenía dependía del estado del taladro y llegó a la conclusión de que el calor no era un fluido, sino una forma de
movimiento. Dedujo la posibilidad de generar por rozamiento una cantidad ilimitada de calor, ya que el calor generado era
aproximadamente proporcional al trabajo realizado, hecho que no era fácilmente argumentable con la teoría del calórico.
-En (1812) Humphry Davy confirmó la presunción anterior. Esta idea culmina con los trabajos del médico y físico Julio R.
von Mayer en (1842) y posterior y definitivamente en (1850) con James Prescott Joule, que establecen que el calor y el
trabajo no son más que manifestaciones de la energía térmica, la cual puede ser convertida en un porcentaje en trabajo,
mientras que el trabajo puede ser totalmente convertido en calor.

27. La historia de los matemáticos que aportaron al calor
termodinámico.

28. -Aristóteles (384 a. C.-322 a. C.) fue un polimata filosofo lógico científico y matemático de la Antigua Grecia el
consideraba que el fuego era uno de los cuatro elementos que explicaba cualitativamente el comportamiento de los cuerpos
calientes
-Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) normalmente llamado Sadi Carnot fue un físico matemático e ingeniero francés
pionero en el estudio de la termodinámica. Se le reconoce hoy como el fundador o padre de la termodinámica. Describió el
ciclo térmico que lleva su nombre (ciclo de Carnot), a partir del cual se deduciría el segundo principio de la termodinámica.
Hijo del revolucionario Lazare Carnot, en 1812 ingresó en la École Politechnique y se graduó dos años después.

29. -William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) fue un físico y matemático británico.
Lord Kelvin destacó por sus importantes trabajos en el campo de la termodinámica y la electricidad, gracias a sus profundos
conocimientos de análisis matemático. Es uno de los científicos que más contribuyó a modernizar la física. Es especialmente
conocido por haber desarrollado la escala de temperatura Kelvin.
-El atomismo es una parte central de la actual relación entre la termodinámica y mecánica estadística. Los antiguos pensadores
tales como Leucipo y Demócrito, después los Epicúreanos, advirtiendo el atomismo, pusieron las bases para la posterior teoría
atómica [la cita necesitada]. Hasta que las pruebas experimentales confirmaron la existencia de los átomos en el siglo XX, la
teoría atómica estuvo conducida en gran parte por consideraciones filosóficas e intuición científica.

30. Bibliografías.

31. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor#Historia_de_la_teor.C3.ADa_del_calor
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_del_flogisto
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_cal%C3%B3rica
https://natahenao.wordpress.com/about/termodinamica/personaje-importantes-de-la-termodinamica/
https://es.slideshare.net/NodierRodriguez/historia-de-la-termodinamica
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/16370732.pdf