module 1-1.pptx

What is a computer?
An electronic device that is programmed to
accept data, process data into useful
information and store it for later use.
“Commonly Operated Machine Purposely
Used for Trade and Engineering
Research”

Information Processing System
• DATA is a collection of independent and
unorganized facts.
• INFORMATION is the processed and organized
data presented in a meaningful form.
• DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing
things in a sequence of steps.

• COMPUTER is an electronic machine that
follows a set of instructions in order that it
may be able to accept and gather data and
transform these into information.

PROCESSING
SYSTEM
DATA INFORMATION

Functions of an Information
Processing System
1. It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)
2. It processes data to become information.
(PROCESSING)
3. It stores data and information. (STORE)
4. It presents information. (OUTPUT)

Three Major Components of an
• HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer
system.
• SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that tells
the computer how to do its job.
• PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use and
operate the computer system, write computer
programs, and analyze and design the
information system.

Basic hardware of a PC system
i. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
ii. Memory Unit
iii. Input Devices
iv. Output Devices
v. Secondary Storage Devices

i. Central Processing Unit
• Brain of the computer.
• It directs and controls the entire computer
system and performs all arithmetic and logical
operations.

ii. Memory Unit
Storage place in the computer
Memory is primarily of three
types;
1.Primary memory/ main memory
2.Secondary memory
3. Cache memory

1.Primary memory
• It holds only those data and instructions on
which computer is currently working.
• It has limited capacity and data is lost when
power is switched off.
 Random Access memory(RAM)
Read Only Memory(ROM)

Characteristics of Main Memory
• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary

 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is used to
store the programs and data that you will run.
Exists only when there is power.
1. SRAM(Static RAM): The word static indicates that
the memory retains its contents as long as power
is being supplied. However data is lost when the
power gets down due to volatile nature.
2. DRAM(Dynamic RAM): Unlike SRAM it must be
continually refreshed in order to maintain data.
This is done by placing the memory on a refresh
circuit that rewrites the data several hundred
times per second.

 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains the pre-
programmed computer instructions such as the Basic
Input Output System (BIOS).
1. Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)
This type of ROM can be re-programmed by using a
special device called a PROM programmer. Generally,
a PROM can only be changed/updated once.

2. Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
This type of ROM can have its contents erased by
ultraviolet light and then reprogrammed by an RPROM
programmer. This procedure can be carried out many
times; however, the constant erasing and rewriting will
eventually render the chip useless.
3. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
(EEPROM)
Which requires use of high voltage electric pulses for
erasing information stored in it. It is programmed and
erased electrically.
It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten
thousand times.

2.Secondary memory
• This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-
volatile.
• It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing
data/information permanently.
• CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are
accessed via input-output routines.
• The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the
main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk,
CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory
• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is
switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary
memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

3.Cache Memory
• Also called CPU memory, is Random Access Memory
that a computer can access more quickly than it can
access regular RAM. It is used to hold those parts of
data and program which are most frequently used by
CPU.

iii. Input Devices
• Allows data and programs to be sent to the
CPU.
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Joystick
– Microphone
– Webcam
– Scanner
– Monitor

iV. Output Devices
Media used by the computer in displaying its
responses to our requests and instructions.
• Monitor
• Audio Speakers
• Printer
• Plotters
• Screen image projector

5. Secondary Storage Devices
• Attached to the computer system to allow you
to store programs and data permanently for
the purpose of retrieving them for future use.
• Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom, pen drive

Operating System
• An operating system (OS) is a collection of software
that manages computer hardware resources and
provides common services for computer programs.
The operating system is a vital component of the
system software in a computer system. Application
programs usually require an operating system to
function.

Functions
Providing a user interface
Running applications
Support for built in utility programs.
Control to the computer hardware

Types
1. Single User ,Single task OS
2. Multi user, Multi task OS
3. Real Time OS
4. Single user , Multi Task OS
5. Batch OS
6. Time sharing OS
7. Multiprocessing OS

1. Single User ,Single task OS
• This type manages the computer so that one
user can effectively do one thing at a time.

2. Multi user, Multi task OS
• Allows two or more users to run programs at
the same time. Some operating systems
permit hundreds or even thousands of
concurrent users.

3. Real Time OS
• RTOS are used to control machinery, scientific
instruments, and industrial systems. There is
typically very little user- interface capability.
Resources are managed so that a particular
operation executes precisely the same every
time.

4. Single user , Multi Task OS
• This is the type of operating system most
desktops and laptops use today. Microsoft’s
Windows and Apple’s MacOS are both
examples of operating systems that will let a
single user have several programs in operation
at the same time.

5. Batch Operating System
• This type of operating system do not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes
similar jobs having same requirement and group them
into batches. It is the responsibility of operator to sort
the jobs with similar needs.

6. Time sharing Operating
system
• Each task has given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets time of CPU as they use single system.
These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can
be from single user or from different users also. The time that each
task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is
over OS switches over to next task.

7. Multiprocessing OS
• A computer Operating system with multi
processors. Two or more CPU in a single OS.

Control Panel
• The Control Panel is a component of
Microsoft Windows that provides the ability
to view and change system settings. It consists
of a set of applets that include adding or
removing hardware and software, controlling
user accounts, changing accessibility options,
and accessing networking settings.

CD writing
1. Place an empty disc into your CD/DVD
writable drive.
2. In the Blank CD/DVD-R Disc notification that
pops up at the bottom of the screen, select
Open with CD/DVD Creator. ...
3. In the Disc Name field, type a name for
the disc.
4. Drag or copy the desired files into the
window.

• CDBurnerXP Pro - Free Microsoft Windows CD and
DVD burner software program.
• Nero - One of the most popular and widely
recommended programs to create CDs.
• Alcohol 120% - Another popular and widely used
program to create CDs.
• Easy Media Creator or Toast - Products from Roxio,
Easy Media Creator is a widely used program for
Windows computers. Toast is one of the most
popular programs to create CDs
on Apple Macintosh computers.

module 1-1.pptx

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module 1-1.pptx