Summer Training Program on Robotics and Internet of Things (IoT) [Day-1]

1. National Institute of Electronics &
Information Technology, Gorakhpur
Deepam Dubey
(Scientist-B)
An Autonomous Scientific Society under
Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India
“4 Weeks Summer Training Programme”

2. About the Institute:
 NIELIT: National Institute of Electronics & IT.
 It is an Autonomous body under Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology, Government of India.
 There are 35 centres of NIELIT through out the country.
 Institutes main objective is to carry out the Human Resource
Development and related activities in the area of Information,
Electronics & Communications Technology.
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3. About the Course:
 4 weeks Summer Training Programme.
 Target Audience: Engineering/Diploma pursuing (completed)
candidates.
 1 Session per day with 2-3 Hrs. each.
 Theory and Practical are inclusively covered in each session.
 The initial part of the course will cover Electronics
Fundamentals and Embedded System basics which is necessary
for both Robotics and IoT based Embedded System Design.
 From the second week, the batches for “Robotics” and “IoT
based Embedded System Design” will be dispersed. 3

4. About the Course:
 Robotics:
• The session will cover the programming in Embedded-C Environment for
Robotic Kit.
• There will be task based experiments on the Robotic Kit.
 IoT based Embedded System Design:
• The session will cover the programming in Embedded-C Environment for
Embedded Kit.
• There will be task based experiments.
 At the end of these courses there will be a small innovative /
experiment based project which the student are expected to do
based on their learning. The students will also be writing a
“Quiz” at the end of this session.
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5. Why these batches are merged?
ROBOT:
“An epitome of an Embedded System”
Internet of Things:
“Implementation based on Embedded System”
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6. Agenda of our discussion:
 Technological Development (Historical Perspective).
 Basic Electronics: Revision / Review.
 Lumped Components: R, L & C.
 Power Supplies & Batteries.
 Embedded Systems.
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7. What is IoT?
 IoT: Internet of Things.
 What is Internet?
 Connects the device.
 To be more precise it connects the Users.
 Internet of Things: Instead of creating network that connects
people, it is the network that connects things. Once connected,
the things can communicate with each other for variety of
useful purposes.
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8. What is IoT?
 Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are
linked through wired and wireless networks.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity—that enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.
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9. IoT: Various names but one concept
 M2M (Machine to Machine)
 “Internet of Everything” (Cisco Systems)
 “World Size Web” (Bruce Schneier)
 “Sky-net” (Terminator movie)
 IoT (Kevin Ashton)
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10. Where is IoT?
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Smart Appliances
Healthcare
Wearable Tech

12. IoT Market?
 As of 2013, 9.1 billion IoT units
 Expected to grow to 28.1 billion IoT devices by 2020
 Revenue growth from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to $7.1 trillion in
2020
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13. Robotics…???
 Idea of a Robot: Rooted at-least 2000 years back
 Robot: was coined by a Czech writer and was derived from
the word “Robota”.
 Interdisciplinary branch of Engineering.
 It includes: Mechanical Engineering, Electronics Engineering
and Computer Science.
 These technologies are used to make such a machine which
can substitute the Humans.
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14. Robotics…???
 Mechanical Aspect:
• Mechanical construction like a frame, form or shape designed to
achieve a particular task.
• For example, a robot designed to travel across heavy dirt or
mud, might use caterpillar tracks.
• The mechanical aspect is mostly the creator's solution to
completing the assigned task and dealing with the physics of the
environment around it.
• Form follows function.
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15. Robotics…???
 Electrical/Electronics Aspect:
• Electronics and Electrical components which power and control
the machinery.
• The electrical aspect of robots is used for:
Movement: through motors.
Sensing: where electrical signals are used to measure things
like heat, sound, position, and energy status.
Operation: Robots need some level of electrical energy
supplied to their motors and sensors in order to activate and
perform basic operations.
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16. Robotics…???
 Computer Science / Programming Aspect:
• Programs are the core essence of a robot.
• There are three different types of robotic programs: remote
control, artificial intelligence and hybrid.
• Remote Control Program: Pre existing commands, responds to a
remote control signal.
• Artificial Intelligence: Interaction with the environment.
• Hybrid: Combination of both RC & AI
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17. Robotics…???
 Applications:
Military Robots.
Agricultural Robots.
Medical Robots.
Domestic Robots.
Swarm Robotics.
Nano-robotics.
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18. What is Electronics?
Electronics is the branch of science that deals with:
 The study of flow and control of electrons (electricity)
 The study is in terms of their behavior and effects in
vacuums, gases & semiconductors and with various devices
using such behaviors of electrons.
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19. What is a Circuit?
A Circuit is a Combination of electronic components and power
sources, connected together with wires, in a particular manner.
It's like a physical program.
Open Circuit:
An incomplete electrical circuit in which no current flows.
Closed Circuit:
A complete electrical circuit through which current can flow
when a voltage is applied.
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20. Types of Electronic Components:
Passive Component:
These are those devices or components which do not require
external source of energy to perform their intended operation.
These are incapable of controlling current by means of other
electrical signals
Example: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Transformers, etc…
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21. Types of Electronic Components:
Active Component:
These are those devices or components which require a source
of energy to perform their intended function.
These are capable of controlling current by means of other
electrical signals
Example: Diodes, Transistors, Integrated Circuits, etc…
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22. Identifying the Electronic Components:
 Component Number / Data Sheet:
 Physical Appearance:
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23. Identifying the Electronic Components:
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24. Identifying the Electronic Components:
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25. What are resistors?
Resistors provide a specific amount of
resistance to a path in a circuit or wire.
Resistance is the impediment to the free
flow of electrons through a conductor.
Ohm's Law: I = V/R
I = Current measured in Amps
V = Voltage measured in Volts
R = Resistance measured in Ohms
Resistors are color coded.

26. All are 1000 Ohm Resistors

27. Reading Resistor Color Codes
1. Turn resistor so gold or silver band is at right
2. Note the color of the two left hand color
bands
3. The left most band is the left hand value
digit
4. The next band to the right is the second
value digit
5. Note the color of the third band from the
left, this is the multiplier
6. Multiply the 2 value digits by the multiplier

28. Reading Resistor Color Codes

29. Reading Resistor Color Codes
(Practice Problems)
1. Orange, orange, red?
2. Yellow, violet, orange?
3. Brown, black, brown?
4. Brown, black, green?
5. Red, red, red?
6. Blue, gray, orange?
7. Orange, white, orange?

30. Capacitor
 A device that stores energy in electric field.
 Two conductive plates separated by a non
conductive material.
 A capacitor blocks the passage of DC
 A capacitor passes AC
 The unit of capacitance is the farad.

31.  The unit of capacitance is the farad.
 A single farad is a huge amount of
capacitance.
 Most electronic devices use capacitors that
have a very tiny fraction of a farad.
 Common capacitance ranges are:
 Micro - 10-6
 Nano - 10-9
 Pico - 10-12

32. The Inductor
 An inductor is a coil of wire through which
electrons move, and energy is stored in the
resulting magnetic field.
 Inductance is measured in Henry(s).
 A Henry is a measure of the intensity of the
magnetic field that is produced.
 Typical inductor values used in electronics are in
the range of milli Henry (1/1000) and micro
Henry (1/1,000,000)

33. The Diode
 This is the process of rectification, allowing
current to flow in only one direction.
 i.e., changing AC into DC
• Allows electricity to flow in one direction only

34. Common Electronic Component Symbols

35. Power Supply
A presentation of eSyst.org
• All electronic circuits need a power source to work.
• For electronic circuits made up of transistors and/or ICs, this
power source must be a DC voltage of a specific value.
• A battery is a common DC voltage source for some types of
electronic equipment especially portables like cell phones
and iPods.
• Most non-portable equipment uses power supplies that
operate from the AC power line but produce one or more DC
outputs.

36. Power Supply for Robot
A presentation of eSyst.org
Auxiliary Power Supply.
Battery Power Supply

37. DC Signals
 Circuits that are powered by battery sources are
termed direct current circuits.
 This is because the battery maintains the same
polarity of output voltage. The plus and minus
sides remain constant

38. Waveform of DC Voltage

39. AC Signals
 An alternating voltage source periodically
alternates or reverses in polarity.
 The resulting current, therefore, periodically
reverses in direction.
 The power outlet in your home is 60 cycle ac -
meaning the voltage polarity and current direction
go through 60 cycles of reversal per second.
 All audio signals are AC also.

40. Waveform of AC Voltage

41. Uninterruptible power supply
 An uninterruptible power supply,
also uninterruptible power source, is an
electrical apparatus that provides emergency
power to a load when the input power source or
mains power fails.

42. Linear regulator
 The function of a linear regulated power supply is
to convert a varying DC voltage to a constant, often
specific, lower DC voltage. In addition, they often
provide a current limiting function to protect the
power supply and load from over
current (excessive, potentially destructive
current).

43. Switched-mode power supply
 In a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), the AC
mains input is directly rectified and then filtered
to obtain a DC voltage.

44. Battery
 A battery is an electrochemical cell (or enclosed
and protected material) that can be charged
electrically to provide a static potential for power
or released electrical charge when needed.

45. Types of Batteries
• The primary battery converts chemical energy
to electrical energy directly, using the chemical
materials within the cell to start the action.
• The secondary battery must first be charged
with electrical energy before it can convert
chemical energy to electrical energy.
• The secondary battery is frequently called a
storage battery, since it stores the energy that
is supplied to it.

46. Volt-Ohm-Meter Basics
Meter Reading Digits
DC Voltage Scales
AC Voltage Scales
Probes
Function Selection

47. Volt-Ohm-Meter Basics
Resistance
DC Current (low)
DC Current (high)
Transistor Checker
Diode Checker

48. Measuring voltage
• Meter Set-up
– Scale set to
highest
predictable
– Probes into right
jacks
– Note voltage
polarity +

49. Measuring Voltage
• Set-up VOM on
600V DC Scale
• Touch red probe to
(+)
• Touch black probe
to (–)
• Read voltage to
nearest 1 volt

50. Thank You