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TOPIC:
MINERAL RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
- DEEPANSHU KUMAR YADAV
Roll No.:-13
B.Sc B.Ed IV SEM.

Use and over exploitation
01
Minerals and their ores
extraction
02
Mine Safety
03
Case Study
04
Environmental Problems
05

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline
solids having a definite chemical composition and
characteristic physical properties
Minerals are formed over a period of millions
of years in the earth’s crust
Mineral Resources

Characteristics of minerals
Ubiquitousin nature (found everywhere )
Both organic and inorganic
Organic minerals:Coal,Petroleum&NaturalGas
Inorganicminerals:Iron ,Copper,Manganeseetc…
Metallicmineralsare not readily usable
They are found in the form of ores.
Mineralsare used electricalappliances.
Mineralsprovideraw materialto industries.
Most mineralsoccur in crustbut some occur very deep intotheearth(petroleum)

Section
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• Metallic Content
-Metallic minerals
-Non metallicminerals
• IronContent
-Ferrousminerals
-Non ferrrousminerals

Major Reserve and important
uses
Metal Major WorldResources Major uses
Aluminium Australia, Guinea,Jamaica Packaging food items, transportations, utensils
Chromium CIS,SouthAfrica For making high strength steel alloys
Copper USA, Canada,CIS,Chile,Zambia Electricand Electronicgoods
Iron CIS,SouthAmerica,Canada,USA Heavy machinery, steel production transportation means
Lead NorthAmerica, USA,CIS Leaded gasoline,Car batteries, paints
Manganese SouthAfrica,CIS, Brazil,Gabon High strength, heat resistantsteel alloys
Platinumgroup SouthAfrica,CIS Use inAutomobiles, catalytic converters, electronics,medicaluses
Gold SouthAfrica ,CIS,Canada Ornaments, medicaluse,electronics use
Silver Canada,SouthAfrica, Mexico Photography, electronics,jeweler
Nickel
CIS,Canada, New Caledonia

National Mineral Scenario
India produces as many as 87 minerals, which
includes 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 47 non-metallic, 3
atomic and 23 minor minerals (including building
and other materials).
India possesses a large variety of mineral-
ores in fairly huge quantities
India is rich in coal, manganese, iron,
chromites and mica. It is deficient in the
gold, silver, nickel etc.

1. Use and Over Exploitation

Use And Exploitation
Development of industrial plants and machinery
Generation of energy e.g. coal, lignite,uranium
Construction, housing, settlements.
Transportation means
Defense equipments weapons, armaments

Use And Exploitation
Communication- telephone wires,cables, electronic devices
Medicinal system- particularly inAyurvedic System
Formation of alloys for various purposes (e.g. phosphorite)
Jewellery–e.g. Gold, silver, platinum, diamond
Agriculture –asfertilizers, seed dressings and fungicides (e.g. zineb
containing zinc, Maneb- containing manganese etc..)

2. Minerals and their ores
extraction

MINING
Minerals and their ores need to be extracted from the earth’s
interior so that they can be used. This process is known as mining.
Mining operations generally progress through four stages:
• Prospecting: Searching for minerals.
• Exploration: Assessing the size, shape, location, and
economic value of the deposit.
• Development: Work of preparing access to
the deposit so that the minerals can be extracted from
it.
• Exploitation: Extracting the minerals from the mines.
• Reclaimation: for cleaner environment and stricter
laws regulating the abandonment of a mine.

Reclamation
Closure
Mineral
Resource
Development
Cycle
Ope
10-30 years
• Prospecting
• Exploration
• Development
• Exploitation
• Reclamation

Types of Mining
Surface Mining Underground Mining
Placer Mining
Strip Mining
Mountaintop
removal
Hydraulic
Open pit
Dredging
Drift Mining
Slope Mining
Shaft Mining
Hard rock
Bore hole
MINING
Mining is the extraction of valuable
minerals or other geological materials
fromthe earth from an ore body, lode,
vein, seam, or reef, which forms the
mineralized package of economic
interest tothe miner.

3. Mine Safety

Mine Safety
• Mining is a hazardous
occupation, and the safety of
mine workers is an important
environmental consideration of
the industry.
• Surface mining is less hazardous than
underground mining.
• Metal mining is less hazardous than
coal mining.

Mine Safety
• Mines, rock and roof falls,
flooding, and inadequate
ventilation are the greatest
hazards.
• Large explosions have occured
in coal mines, killing many
miners. More miners have
suffered from disasters due to
the use of explosives in metal
mines

3. Mine Safety

Case Study
4.

Mining in Sariska Tiger Reserve in Aravallis
• The Araballi range is spread over about 692Km in the North-West India
Coverving Gujarat. Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi.
• The hill region is very rich in biodiversity as well as mineral resources.
• The Sariska Tiger reserve has gentle slopy hills, vertical rocky valleys, flat
plains as well as deep gorges.
• The reserve is very rich in wild life and has enormous mineral reserves like
quartzite, Schists, marble and granite in abundance.
• Mining operations within and around the Sariska Tiger reserve has left many
areas permanently infertile and barren.
• The precious wild life is under serious threat.

• We must preserve the Aravalli series as a National Heritage and the
Supreme Court on December 31st, 1991 has given a judgement in
response to a Public Interest Litigation of Tarun Bharat Sangh, an NGO
wherein both Centre and State Government of Rajasthan have been
directed to ensure that all mining activity within the park be stopped.
• More than 400 mines were shut immediately. But, still some illegal
mining isin progress.

• About 200 open cast mining and quarrying centers in Udaipur about half to which are
illegal are involed in stone mining including soap stone,building stone, rock phosphate
and dolomite.
• The mines spread over 15,000 hectares in Udaipur have caused many adverse
impacts on environment. About 150 tones of explosives are used per month in blasting.

• The waste water flows towards a big tank of “BagDara”.
• Due to scarcity of water people are compelled to use this
effluent for irrigationpurpose.
• The blasting activity has adversely affected the fauna and the
animals like tiger, lion, deer and even hare, fox, wild cats and
birds have disappeared from the mining area.
• The overburden, washoff, discharge of mine water etc. pollute
the water.The Maton mines have badly polluted theAhar river.
The hills around the mines are devoid of any vegetation
except a few scattered patches and the hills are suffering
from acute soil erosion.

Truth behindmining……
July 22,2012 Footertexthere
16

5. Environmental
Problem

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
MINERAL EXTRACTION AND USE
.
The issue related to the limits of the mineral
resources in our earth's crust or in the ocean is not
so significant. More important environmental
concern arises from the impacts of extraction and
processing of these minerals during mining,
smelting etc.
• Jaduguda Uranium Mine, Jharkhand—exposing local
people to radioactivehazards.
• Jharia coal mines, Jharkhand—underground fire
leading to land subsidence and forced displacement
of people.
• Sukinda chromite mines, Orissa—seeping of
hexavalent chromium into river posing serious
health hazard, Cr6+ being highly toxic and
carcinogenic. of groundwater.
Jaduguda UraniumMine Jharia coal mines
Sukinda chromitemines

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS OF MINERAL EXTRACTIONAND
USE
.
The issue related to the limits of the mineral resources
in our earth's crust or in the ocean is not so
significant. More important environmental concern
arises from the impacts of extraction and processing of
these minerals during mining, smelting etc.
• Kudremukh iron ore mine, Karnataka—causing river
pollution and threat tobiodiversity.
• East coast Bauxite mine,Orissa—Land encroachment
and issue of rehabilitation unsettled.
• North-Eastern Coal Fields, Assam—Veryhigh
sulphur contamination
Kudremukh iron ore mine

The environmental damage caused by
mining activities are as follows:
• Devegetation and defacing of landscape
• Subsidence ofland
• Groundwater contamination
• Surface waterpollution
• Airpollution
• Occupational Health Hazards
Devegetation
Subsidence ofland
waterpollution waterpollution
Airpollution