2. Renal diseases: The kidneys tend to be damaged & are
not able to filtrate or do its function as it should waste material
builds up in the body that can harm our well being.
• It can be attributed to a variety of causes which, include genetics,
injuries and medicine.
Renal failure Significant loss of renal function in both
kidneys to the point where less than 10-20% of normal GFR
remains.
•Either there is glomerular dysfunction or tubular dysfunction.
5. Classification
1. Inherited:
a) Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
b) Tuberous Sclerosis
c) Alport Syndrome
d) Von-Hippel Lindau Syndrome
2. Congenital:
a) Renal agenesis (unilateral or bilateral)
b) Supernumerary kidneys
c) Renal ectopia, renal fusion
d) Cystic diseases of kidney
3. Acquired:
a) Glomerular diseases.
b) ARF/CRF
c) Nephrolithiasis
d
6. Disorders of the renal system
Nephrotic
Syndrome
Nephritic
Syndrome
Glomerular
Diseases
Tubulo-interstitial
Diseases
Renal vascular
Diseases Others
•Renal artery
stenosis
•Renal infarcts
•Hypertensive
vascular
diseases
•Renal stone
•Neoplasms
•Acute Tubular
Necrosis
•Acute &
Chronic
Pyelonephritis-
infective.
•Gout
nephropathy-
noninfective
7. Glomerular Diseases
• Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny
filters in your kidneys (glomeruli).
• Glomeruli are filtration unit of kidneythey
remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste
from your bloodstream and pass them into
your urine.
8.
9. Nephrotic Syndrome
• Definition: It is a clinicopathological condition
characterized by heavy proteinuria (>3.5 gm/day),
hypoalbuminaemia, edema, hyperlipidaemia,
lipiduria, hypercoagulability.
14. Nephritic Syndrome
• Definition: It is a condition characterized by
acute onset of haematuria, proteinuria,
hypertension, edema & oliguria following an
infective illness about 10-12 days earlier
18. Acute Renal Failure
• Definition: Syndrome characterized by rapid onset of
renal dysfunction, chiefly oliguria or uremia.
• Sudden decrease in renal function & sudden increase in
metabolic waste products (urea & creatinine) in blood with
consequent development of uraemia.
• Manifestation:
- Oliguria
- Possible edema & fluid retension
- Elevated BUN & serum creatinine
- Alteration in serum electrolytes
21. Treatment:
• Prevention of acute renal failure through
support of blood pressure and blood volume.
• Correction of fluid & electrolyte imbalance.
• Dialysis, which may be employed while the
kidneys are in recovery phase.
• Low protein, high carbohydrate diet to minimize
the formation of nitrogenous wastes.
22. Chronic Renal Failure
• Definition: It is a syndrome characterized by
progressive & irreversible deterioration of
renal function due to slow destruction of renal
parenchyma, eventually terminating in death
when sufficient number of nephrons have
been damaged.
26. Treatment
• Careful management of fluids & electrolytes.
• Prudent use of diuretics.
• Careful dietary management, restriction of
dietary protein inatke.
• Recombinant erythropoietin to treat anemia.
• Renal dialysis.
• Renal Transplantation.
27.
28. Renal Function Test
1. Clearance test:
- Clearance test- Gives estimation of GFR.
- Insulin clearance- Gives very close estimate of GFR.
2. Urine Test:
-Dipstick
- Protein creatinine ratio,
- Microalbumin
3. Blood Test:
A. Electrolytes- Na (137-145 mmol/L), K (3.5-5.1mmol/L), Cl (98-107 mmol/L).
B. Creatinine (0.7-1.2 mg/dl), Uric acid (2.5-6.2 mg/dl), BUN (9-20 mg/dl)
C .Calcium (8.4-10.2 mg/dl), Phosphorus (2.5-4.5 mg/dl)
D. Total Protein6.3-8.2 gm/dl
E . Cystin C eGFR , it tells the condition of the kidney quiet before the creatine (6-8 weeks before).
4. Tubular Function test:
- Dilution test
- Concentration test