1. -Topic-
Ethics, Environment,
and Conflicting Priorities/ Planning Goals. (2)
(Justice, Conflict, and the Right to the City)
By :
Desy Rosnita Sari
P28017016
2014.01.10
3rt Presentation

2. Excavating Lefebvre : The right to the city and its urban politics of -
the inhabitant
-- Mark Purcell--
Published in : GeoJournal 58: 99–108, 2002
Keywords : cities, citizenship, democracy, globalization, governance
ARTICLES :
Fresh wind or hot Air - Does the governance -
discourse have something to offer to spatial planning
-- Henning Nuissl and Dirk Heinrichs--
Published in : Journal of Planning Education and Research 31: 47, 2011
Keywords : governance, governance discourse, spatial planning practice, -
empirical analysis of planning
Negotiating planning gains through the British -
Development Control System
-- Jim Claydon and - Bryan Smith --
Published in : Journal of Urban Study 1997
Keywords : planning gains, negotiation, planning authority, The British –
planning system
,

3. REASONS for 3 chosen articles :
1. AICP Code Of Ethics and professional conduct - American Planners Association 2005
2. Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities - Scott Campbell 1997
3. Environmental Ethics and Planning Theory - Timothy Beatley 1989
1. The City of theory -- Peter Hall 2001
2. Planning in the face of conflict - John Forester 1987
3. Contested Cities: Social Process and Spatial From - David Harvey 1997
1. Negotiating Planning Gains through the British Development Control System - Jim Claydon and Bryan Smith
1997
2 Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant - Mark Purcell 2002
3. Fresh Wind or Hot Air - Does the Governance Discourse Have Something to Offer to Spatial Planning -
Henning Nuissl and Dirk Heinrichs 2011
(Planning “Practice” issue in global neoliberalism's influences)
1
2
3

4. 1/27
Jim Claydon
Negotiating planning gains through the British -
Development Control System
Journal of Urban Study 1997
BOOKS (Town Planning Review, Planning Practice, and Research)
• Extending sustainably : An article from: Town and Country Planning 2005
• The RTPI's Education Commission: Context and Challenges (Caroline Brown, Jim Claydon, and Vincent Nadin) 2003
• Health and Urban Planning ( Hugo Barton, Jim Claydon, Isobel Daniels) 1999
• Negotiations in planning (Helen Sheldon and Jim Claydon) 1991
• Economic development is small district authorities (Jim Claydon, Jean Hillier) 1989
• Local authority economic development initiatives in South West England (Jim Claydon, Derrick Johnstone) 1986
*2007/8 President of Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI)
*Technical Director of Terence O'Rourke Planning Consultants
founded : 2009
*Head of School of Planning and Architecture at University of the West of
England (UWE) with 20 years lecturing experience and 30 years in
planning practice
Bryan Smith
**UK and Ireland Planning profession Association.
founded :1914 with over 23,000 members in 2012.
BSc MSc Dip TP MRTPI
**Defra (marine planning), Bath & NE Somerset Council (strategic
planning), CCW and Cornwall Council (maritime strategy)

5. The British Planning System
Planning Process
Planning Gains
Discretionary scope principles
(Private – public) negotiation
British Planning Frameworks
examined
3 cases relate commercial uses
Analytical framework
• Activity of negotiation
• The influences on it
• The actors involved
2/27

6. The British Planning Context
S70. 1990 Town & Country Planning Act, DoE, 1996, para. 117
Local authority is in principle entirely free to determine the material consideration that is
relevant to a particular planning application and impose such condition on planning permission
PPG24 (DoE, 1994, para. 2) Planning & Noise
To achieve separation in land uses, local planning authorities should consider whether it is practicable
to control or reduce noise levels, or to mitigate the impact of noise, through the use of conditions or
planning obligations.
PPG21 (DoE, 1992, para. 5.32) Tourism
Acceptable proposal for tourism related development may raise objections which if unresolved
would justify a refusal of permission. In such circumstances the local authority should consider
whether its objections can be resolved by imposing a planning condition
PPG17 (DoE, 1991, para. 22) Sport & Recreation
In built up areas, opportunities for creating new public open space may request local authorities to
enter planning obligations
PPG6 (DoE, 1996, para. 3.16) Town Center & Retail Developments
PG1 (DoE, 1997b, para. 36 ) General Policy & Principle
Planning obligations are useful instruments, fairly and reasonably related in scale and kind of
development… Planning obligations directly related to the proposed development….Planning
permission can not be bought and sold; local planning authorities can not allow their decisions to be
affected by the offer of extra inducements
…(parking provisions of town-center & superstores……it can play a dual role, servicing superstore as
well town center…it can be achieved by imposing/seeking agreement.
3/27

7. Case Studies
1. Superstore, ten-pin bowling center, public park and road improvements at
Bexleyheath, in south-east London in the London Borough of Bexley
Horizontal axis : Negotiating stages in the planning application process (pre-submission-post-decision)
Vertical columns : Activities, the influences upon them and the involvement of key actors at each stage
Framework used to analyze the evidence in case studies
Development
control process
Pre-application Submission Consultation Recommendation Outcome
Activity
Influences
Actor
Table : Development Control as a negotiating process
2. Superstore, football stadium and highway works at Weymouth, on the south
coast of southern England
3. Supermarket, industrial units, housing and highway improvements in the
Liverpool suburb of Woolton in north-west England
4/27

8. 1. Bexleyheath, south-east London
a) As major suburban shopping center in
the London Borough of Bexley
a) Being identified as a strategic center
in the Greater London Council
Development Plan.
Development
control process
Pre-application Submission Consultation Recommendation Outcome
Activity *Superstore 60.000
sq ft gross floor area
*Replace the
bowling center with
ice rink
Improve the
environmental quality
Additional size of
land for parking
load
*Adjoined design/physical fabric
to Parish church of Bexleyheath
(building mass and grounds)
*Ten-pin bowling center
preservation (near by the site)
*Local authority
*Land extension
Influences Major suburban
shopping center
*(Local politician
concern) risk for small
individual shop
*Supported by
LPA
*Asda’s ground-
level parking
*Agreement
among many
landowners
*Conservation act *Politicization of
the proposal
*Subsequent local
publicity
*Carters’
negotiation &
mediation among
landowners
Actor *Carters’ *LPA, *Borough Council,
*Local Politician,
*Carters’ (consultant)
*LPA, *Borough
Council, *Carters’
(consultant)
*Borough Council, *LPA,
*Carters’ (consultant), *Relevant
committee (Church)
*City planning
division, *Carters’
(consultant)
CASE in 1985
Bargaining
5/27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexleyheath

9. 2. Weymouth, south coast of southern England
Development
control
process
Pre-application Submission Consultation Recommendation Outcome
Activity *Superstore in the
site of Weymouth
town football club
*Relocation
football club into
urban fringe
*Clear land purchase
agreement
*Scheme for new stadium *Re-negotiation
between Club &
Carters over additional
cost implications of
stadium safety features
*Local authority
*Permission over a
protracted period over new
stadium site
Influences *High number of
inhabitant
*New stadium site
integrated with local
community
*Fringe zone may
reduce club’s
ambience
*Supported by LPA
*Future planning to secure
new stadium
*Different local authority
for new stadium site
*Fire disaster at
Bradford stadium
*Negotiation was political
Both local & national levels
over stadium safety
Actor *Carters’ *Weymouth &
Portland Borough
Council, *Football
club committee,
*Carters’
*LPA, *Weymouth &
Portland Borough Council,
*Football club committee,
*Carters’, *Representatives
of the adjoining District
Council
*Football club
committee, *Carters’
*Carters’, *LPA,
*Development Company,
*Local politicians,
*Community representatives,
*Representatives of the
adjoining District Council
CASE in 1985
a) As popular holiday resort in southern
England with 60.000 inhabitants
b) A naval base and an origin for a ferry
service to the Channel Islands and Brittany.
Bargening & Mediating
6/27
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset

10. 3. Woolton. north-west England
Development
control process
Pre-
application
Submission Consultation Recommendatio
n
Outcome
Activity *Supermarket
40 000 sq
*Rejected by LPA
& Liverpool City
Council
*Carters’ appeal submission *Mixed-use
proposal approved
*Local authority
*Planning permission
in conservation area
Influences *Prosperous
suburb
*Conservation
policies
*Mainly for
industry & housing
with modest retail
*Autumn 1996 Inspector acting on
behalf of the Secretary of State
*Relate to planning and highway
matters (range of highway works in
and around the conservation area
*The outcome of
the appeal
*Low political
involvement
*Inspector had
effectively acted as an
arbitrator imposing a
binding solution on
the participants.
Actor *Carters’ *LPA , *City
Council, *Carters’
*Technical officers of the City
Councils, *Carters’ consultants,
*Local politician
*Inspector,
*Planners for both
Carters’ & City
council
*Inspector, *City
council, *Carters’
CASE in 1994
A prosperous suburb with relatively
deprived conurbation,
Arbitrating
(State function)
7/27
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolton

11. Influences on Negotiation
1. Developer’s organizational structure
2. Developer’s Interest and concern
3. Political culture of the local authority (manner of negotiation between parties)
4. Planning gains on offer and being sought
5. The relative merits of planning conditions and planning gains.
Local Planning Authorities
Developer
Conclusion
1. Discretionary scope of development principles (open to negotiation)
2. Bureaucratic arrangements & political hierarchy (bureaucratic & judicial procedure)
3. Range of potentially involved actors (democracy : equality consequence)
8/27
Summaryof 3 Case Studies
No “set formula” for securing planning gain
(despite in a certain level of government guidance)

12. 9/27
• The Down-Deep Delight of Democracy (2013)
• To Inhabit Well: Counterhegemonic Movements and the Right to the City (2013)
• The Right to the City and Contemporary Urban Movements (2011)
• Hegemony and difference in political movements -- New Political Science (2009)
• Resisting neo-liberalization: Communicative Planning or Radical Democratic Movements? --Planning Theory (2009)
• Recapturing Democracy: neoliberalism and the struggle for alternative urban futures (2008)
• City-Regions, Neoliberal Globalization, and Democracy: A Research Agenda. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (2007)
• Urban Democracy and the Local Trap -- Urban Studies (2005)
• Citizenship and the right to the global city: reimagining the capitalist world order -- International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (2003)
BOOKS AND ARTICLES
Excavating Lefebvre : The right to the city and its -
urban politics of the inhabitant
Published in : GeoJournal 58: 99–108, 2002
Keywords : cities, citizenship, democracy, globalization, governance
Mark Purcell, MA, PhD
*Associate Professor, Urban Design and Planning.
University of Washington
Urban Geography, Urban Politics and Planning, Urban Democracy and
Citizenship, Globalization and governance change in cities, Political and
Social Theory, Urban political movements (especially Los Angeles and
Seattle), The politics of scale and the re-scaling in the global political
economy
1995 MA, 1998 PhD University of California (USA)
1992 BA Duke University (Russian)

13. 1. Articulate a detailed statement of Lefebvre’s "right to the city" entailed
Henri Lefebvre :
The right to the city ’Le Droit à la ville’1968
*Right to change ourselves by changing the city (freedom to make & remake our cities). The transformation inevitably
depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization
The critique of everyday life. 1968, 1973, 1996
*Capitalism is surviving and reproducing itself in everyday-lives that continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and
inhibit real self-expression
**Individuality, Mystifications, Money (fetishism & economic alienation), Needs (psychological & moral alienation),
Work (alienation of worker/man), Freedom (man’s power over nature & over his own nature)
10/27
Excavating Lefebvre :
The right to the city, & its “urban politics of the inhabitant”
Purpose :
2. Examine the neoliberal restructuring’s consequences for urban democracy

14. Democracy
City
Neoliberal restructuring processes
„Right to the city‟
11/27
Globalization
Neo-liberal
Economy
Capitalisms
City
laissez-faire
Potential to be
disenfranchisement
Equality
City new shape
**Globalization of Large corporations by capitalism power/
neoliberalism will increase disenfranchisement of citizenship
and imperiled democracy.

15. 12/27
Globalization
Laissez-faire
Economy capitalism
Neo-liberalization
Disenfranchisement
Authoritarianism
The right to the city
Domination
Democratic challenge
“Urban politics”
http://theoccupiedtimes.org/?p=11978
?

16. Sao Paolo, Brazil
https://coto2.wordpress.com/2009/12/
13/27
41,901,219 in 2012

17. Jakarta - Indonesia
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1579066&page=4
14/27
9,588,198 inhabitant in 2013

18. 15/27
Lefebvre’s “right to the city” New urban politics
“Urban politics of the inhabitant”
Social & Spatial
structure of the city
desirable/undesirable
outcomes
spatial
social
**Offers radical alternative, directly
challenges & rethinks to current structure of
capitalism & liberal-democratic citizenship,
that seems disconcerting because we don’t
understand what kind of a city these
new urban politics will produce

19. Problem: Global restructuring and declining enfranchisement in cities
“Right to the city”
Geography / spatial
Social (democracy & enfranchisement in cities)
16/27
3. Transferred state functions
(Goodwin & Painter 1996; Jones 1999)
Post-1970. Cities’ global restructuring --in the way cities are governed-- :
1. Re-scaled City
2. Re-oriented policy
into non-state & quasi-state bodies
(shifting government to governance)
(from redistribution toward competition)

20. 17/27
Solution : Right to the city?
“Right to the city”
Lefebvre : A call for radical restructuring of
social, political, and economic relationship
1. Liberal-democratic citizenship relations (right to
participation in the face of governance
change)
2. Capitalist social relations (inhabitants participate
centrally and directly in decision-making)
Purcell : Scalar politics (scale /degree of
participation/empowerment)
1. Rescaling of the present structure of democratic
participation
2. Rescaling of how political membership is
defined.

21. Urban
Regional
National
Global
Urban
Regional
National
Global
Figure: Alternative scalar relationships for defining
political membership
Current relationship
National hegemonic
Right to the city
Urban hegemonic
18/27 Conclusion

22. Fresh wind or hot Air - Does the governance -
discourse have something to offer to spatial planning
Henning Nuissl
Dirk Heinrichs
Published in : Journal of Planning Education and Research 31: 47, 2011
Keywords : governance, governance discourse, spatial planning practice, -
empirical analysis of planning
Professor
at Applied geography & town planning department
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Research fellow of Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—
UFZ in Leipzig, Germany.
interest : urban sprawl, land use change, social geography, and
urban and regional governance.
Teacher
at the Technical University of Berlin and the
Vietnamese-German University. Ho Chi Minh City
Senior researcher at the Institute of Transport Research of the
German Aerospace Center. Berlin-Germany.
Interests : governance of climate change, linkages between land
use change, housing policy, and social-spatial segregation.
19/27

23. Controller & regulator structure
societal actors
/Politician
governmental
Type of governance concept :
1. Governance as the opposite of government
2. Governance as a normative set of rules
3. Governance as a comprehensive analytical category pertaining to the
regulation of publicly relevant affairs at the interface of state, market, and
civil society.
(Spatial planning as one of its products)
20/27

24. Article discussion :
1. What constitutes “good governance” and its potential
assumptions for “good planning”
2. Aspects relates governance concept (understanding how
actors, relationships, and formal and informal norms that
shaped real “planning situations” and outcomes.
21/27

25. 22/27

26. 23/27

27. Potential “Governance Concept” for Spatial Planning
24/27
1. Reflecting on Normative Principles of “Good” Planning
2. Reflecting on the Practice of Spatial Planning

28. The Governance Concept : as a Tool for Exploring
Planning Processes
25/27
1. Actors
2. Relationships
3. Institutional Framework
4. The Decision-Making Process
5. Summary

29. Conclusion26/27
Type of Concept of governance has potential to inform and support
spatial planning in several ways :
1. It provides orientation for the contemporary role of spatial planning
in the wider context of society
2. Encourages systematic reflection on current planning practices,
3. As base concept for empirical analysis of planning processes
4. May appear as normative device for planning profession

30. Reflection
Bargaining
Carters‟ 3 cases
Mediating
Arbitrating
“Negotiation”
New urban politics
everyday life
Governance
Concept
27/27
How Planner should react and act in this kind reality ?

31. Xie Xie Ni
Thank You
Terima Kasih
http://twistedsifter.com/2013/11/aerial